Advanced English Grammar: Dependent Clauses

1,278,052 views ใƒป 2015-10-16

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam, and today's lesson is a special lesson. It's
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใง ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:07
an introduction to dependent clauses. Now, before I begin, I want you to understand I'm
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎ็ดนไป‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ ใ‘ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:15
only going to look at the functions of the dependent clauses today. I'm not going to
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ใ€‚
00:20
look at how they're built, how to structure them, the conjunctions they use, the relative
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹้€ ๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้–ขไฟ‚
00:25
pronouns they use; only about the functions, because it's very important that you are able
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่ชฟในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€้–ขๆ•ฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใฟ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
00:31
to recognize the different types of dependent clauses. Once you recognize the function of
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ใ€‚ ็ฏ€ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
00:37
a clause, you know how it's built, you know what it's doing in the sentence, you can understand
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ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
00:43
the sentence better, you can write better sentences.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใงใใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:46
So, dependent clauses, what are they? First of all, they're also called subordinate clauses.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹? ใพใšใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
00:52
You might see "subordinate", you might see "dependent". They're very different from the
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ใ€Œๅพ“ๅฑžใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€Œๅพ“ๅฑžใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ ใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
00:56
independent clause. The independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself, and
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ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงๆˆใ‚Š็ซ‹ใค็ฏ€ใง
01:03
has a complete meaning. It doesn't have... It doesn't need any other information. A "clause"
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“... ไป–ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็ฏ€ใ€
01:08
is a collection of words-sorry-that must include a subject and a verb.
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ใจ ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้›†ใพใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
01:15
Okay, we have basically four types. Technically, we think of three types, but there's one extra
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ4ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซ ใฏ 3 ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใŒ
01:22
one that we're going to look at today. We have "noun clauses", we have "adjective clauses"-adjective
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ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ่ฉž ็ฏ€ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ - ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏใ€Œ้–ขไฟ‚
01:29
clauses" are also called "relative clauses"-we have "adverb clauses", and we have something
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็ฏ€ใ€ใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ ใพใ™ - ใ€Œ
01:35
called a "that clause", which is really none of these three. It's closest to the noun clause,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ . ๅ่ฉžๅฅใซๆœ€ใ‚‚่ฟ‘ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใฎ
01:40
but it doesn't function like a noun clause.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—
01:44
We're going to start with the noun clause, then. What is a noun clause? First of all,
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ใพใ›ใ‚“. ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™. ๅ่ฉžๅฅ ใจใฏ? ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซ
01:50
a noun clause has a specific function in a sentence. It is used, just like it's called,
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ใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใซใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ๆ–‡. ใใ‚Œใฏๅ‘ผใฐ
01:56
it's used like a noun. You think of a noun clause as you would a noun, except that it's
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ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™, ๅ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™. ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใพใ™. ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ
02:02
a clause. There's a subject, there's a verb, there's other pieces to it. We can use it
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. ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไป–ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œ
02:07
as a subject of a sentence, we can use it as a subject of an otherwise independent clause.
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ใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ— ใ€ใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™.
02:13
"What you do in your free time is your business." So, look... Let's, first of all, look at all
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‡ช็”ฑๆ™‚้–“ใซ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใงใ™.ใ€
02:19
the verbs, here. We have "do" and we have "is". We have two verbs. The subject for "you"...
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. "do" ใจ "is" ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ . 2 ใคใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. "you" ใฎไธป่ชžใฏ
02:26
For "do" is "you". Okay? What is the subject for "is"? Well, if you look around, it's not
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... "do" ใฎไธป่ชžใฏ "you" ใงใ™. ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’่ฆ‹ๆธกใ™ใจใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ
02:34
"time", it's not "your", and it's not "you" because "you" is already being used. So the
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ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใฏใ™ใงใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
02:38
whole thing: "What you do in your free time", this is the subject, this is the verb, this
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ใ€Œ่‡ช็”ฑๆ™‚้–“ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธป่ชžใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
02:46
is the subject complement. Okay?
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ใŒไธป่ชž่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:49
Now, very rarely do people actually use noun clauses as subjects, especially in writing.
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็พๅœจใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚็‰นใซๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:57
What they might say is "it": "It is your business what you do in your free time." Okay? We call
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ™๏ผšใ€Œ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‡ช็”ฑใชๆ™‚้–“ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใงใ™.ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:08
this a "preparatory 'it'". It means we prepare you for the subject that's going to come later.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฎใ‚คใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ€ๅพŒใงๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™.
03:19
Why do we do this? Because it's more... It's a bit awkward to do it like this. It's more
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ใชใœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใ ใ‹ใ‚‰โ€ฆ ใ“ใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใŽใ“ใกใชใ„ใ€‚
03:25
convenient to begin with "it", get to the verb, and get to whatever comes after the
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ใ€Œitใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใซ่กŒใใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซ่กŒใใ€
03:30
verb, and put the subject later because it's long. Okay? "What you do in your free time",
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ไธป่ชžใฏ้•ทใ„ใฎใงๅพŒใงๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ "What you do in your free time",
03:35
subject, "is", verb.
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ไธป่ชž, "is", ๅ‹•่ฉž.
03:37
Now, we can use it as a subject complement. A subject complement looks like an object,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชž่ฃœๆ•ฐใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
03:43
but it is not. It comes after a "be" verb. It comes after a "be" verb, okay? And it completes
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ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œ
03:50
the meaning of the subject. So, Tom, what do we know about Tom? "Tom isn't"... Isn't
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ใฏไธป้กŒใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒˆใƒ ใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏใƒˆใƒ ใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ ใฏใใ†ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€โ€ฆ
03:58
what? He "isn't what you would call friendly." This is the noun clause. There is the subject,
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ใˆ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‹ๅฅฝ็š„ใจๅ‘ผใถใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€. ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชž
04:06
there is the verb. These, by the way, these are just called the pronouns or the conjunctions,
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ๅ˜ใซไปฃๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ
04:15
whatever you want to call them. They begin the clause. Now, as we know from other lessons,
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‘ผใณๆ–นใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไป–ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
04:22
"is" works like an equal sign. Tom, not really friendly. That's basically what this sentence
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ใ€Œisใ€ใฏ็ญ‰ๅทใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒˆใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅ‹ๅฅฝ็š„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ
04:29
means. This is the subject complement to Tom, noun clause. Notice the conjunction "what"
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Tom ใฎไธป่ชž่ฃœ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€Œไฝ•ใ€
04:38
can only be used in a noun clause; not in an adjective clause, not in an adverb clause.
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ใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:44
Okay, we can also use a noun clause as the object of the sentence. "She said she was sorry."
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็”ณใ—่จณใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:53
So, what do we have, here? We have the subject, we have the verb. She said what?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:58
What did she say? That "she was sorry". Subject, verb. Okay? I put "that" in brackets because
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:08
"that" is a conjunction that we can often take out. You have the subject, here; we don't
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ†ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใชใฎใงๆ‹ฌๅผงใงใใใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซไปถๅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:13
need this. This is only used to introduce the noun clause. We can take it out, we can
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ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’
05:20
leave it in. Up to you. Some sentences, it is necessary to keep "that" in the sentence
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ๆฎ‹ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€"that" ใŒใชใ„ใจๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏๆ–‡ไธญใซ "that" ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
05:27
if it's not clear without it. If it's very clear without it, take it out. So, she said what?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใชใใฆใ‚‚้žๅธธใซใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
05:35
This is the object, this whole thing. Actually, I'll put it here. Object to "said".
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ“ใจใซ็•ฐ่ญฐใ‚’ๅ”ฑใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚
05:43
This is the subject complement to "Tom", this is the subject to "is".
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€ŒTomใ€ใ‚’่ฃœใ†ไธป่ชžใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œisใ€ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:49
We can also use noun clauses as objects of prepositions. "I don't worry." is a complete
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฟƒ้…ใ„ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ๅฎŒๅ…จใช
05:56
sentence. This is an independent clause; I don't actually need anymore. But I want to
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ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ง ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŒ
06:03
tell you specifically what I don't worry about. So I use the proposition "about", and now,
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ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใŠไผใˆใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œ็ด„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‘ฝ้กŒใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠๅบฆใฏใ€Œไป–ใฎไบบใŒใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‘ฝ้กŒใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚
06:10
"what others think", again, you have the conjunction, you have your subject, you have your verb.
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:17
This whole thing is now the object of "about". About what? "What others think". The whole
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ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใŒใ€Œ็ด„ใ€ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ๏ผŸ ใ€Œไป–ไบบใŒใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ€‚ ๅ…จไฝ“
06:24
thing, this whole thing: "about what others think", this whole thing is a complement to
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ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“๏ผšใ€Œไป–ใฎไบบใŒใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ ใ€ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ
06:29
this sentence. Okay.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฃœ่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:33
Now, we can also have an object of a verb that is not the main verb.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใชใ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:38
"I really want to believe." this is a complete sentence.
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ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไฟกใ˜ใŸใ„ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:44
I have here a subject, verb, object. I don't
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ใ“ใ“ใซไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:48
need anything else, but I want to add some more information. I want to add a complement.
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ไป–ใซไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฃœ่ถณใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:55
So: "that tomorrow will be better", I have my subject, I have my verb. This whole thing
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ€ ใ€็งใซใฏไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ™ในใฆ
07:01
is a noun clause, acting as an object to "believe". But "believe" is not the main verb of the
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ใŒๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:10
sentence. It is just... It is part of the object, the infinitive object. And I have...
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ... ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ไธๅฎšใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏ...
07:18
But it's a transitive verb, means it can take an object, so I give it an object. This object
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไป–ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใซใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™. ใ“ใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ
07:24
now acts as a complement to the word, to the verb "believe". So here is basically the noun
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ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbelieveใ€ใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„
07:31
clauses that you will find in your readings, the noun clauses that you should use in your
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ใซใ€ใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใงไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
07:36
writing, and we're going to move now to the adjective clauses.
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ใ€‚ๆฌกใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:41
Okay, so now we're going to look at the adjective clauses or the relative clauses. Just like
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ใงใฏ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใพใŸใฏ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:46
the nouns, the adjective clauses work as adjectives. They are modifying a noun, usually one that
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ๅ่ฉžใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ่ฉžใ€้€šๅธธใฏใใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆ
07:52
comes before it. Okay? We're going to look at three types. It's not really three types;
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ 3็จฎ้กžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 3 ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:57
there's only two types, but one of them is a little bit different, so we look at it separately.
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2็จฎ้กžใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€1็จฎ้กžใŒ ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ†ใฎใงๅˆ†ใ‘ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:02
You have identifying adjective clauses in which case you do not use commas. What does
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:08
"identifying" mean? It means that you're pointing to this noun and you're telling me what it
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ใ€Œ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹
08:13
is, or who it is, or where it is. It has to be specific, because otherwise, I don't know.
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ใ€่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€็งใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:18
The noun is too general. You need to identify it so there's no commas.
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ๅ่ฉžใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:24
On the other hand, we have the non-identifying one. If you're giving me a noun and I know
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅใงใใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใซๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใฆใ€็งใŒ
08:28
what the noun is, maybe it's a name, maybe you've already mentioned it in a previous
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ใใฎๅ่ฉžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‚ ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ๅ‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ™ใงใซ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
08:32
sentence, so I already know who, what, where this noun is. So, now, anything that you tell
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ใฎใงใ€็งใฏใ™ใงใซใ“ใฎๅ่ฉžใŒ่ชฐใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
08:39
me about it is extra information. You're still modifying the same thing, but you're giving
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็งใซใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ  ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
08:45
me extra. In this case, you're going to use commas before and after the adjective clause.
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็งใซไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใฎๅ‰ๅพŒใซใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:51
If the adjective clause ends the sentence, then of course, there's a period, not a second comma.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒๆ–‡ใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงใฏใชใใ€ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:57
And we have situational adjective clauses. Now, technically, they work the same way except
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็Šถๆณๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏ
09:04
that they're not modifying a noun. They're modifying an entire phrase or clause that
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ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ€ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใพใŸใฏๅฅๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆ
09:10
came before it. We're going to look at examples.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:13
So number one, identifying. "The girl who sold me the car said it was hers." Now, if
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็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ็งใซ่ปŠใ‚’ๅฃฒใฃใŸๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€
09:20
you ask: Who is this girl? I don't know. Lots of girls out there, so you need to tell me
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚‰๏ผšใ“ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
09:27
specifically which girl we're talking about. So that's why we have "who sold me the car".
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ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฉใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒ็งใซ่ปŠใ‚’ๅฃฒใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:35
Oh, sorry.
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ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:40
This is an adjective clause. We have the subject. So in adjective clauses,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏไธป้กŒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€
09:45
this can also be the subject and the verb. Okay? It is telling you something about the
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฅณใฎๅญใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:53
girl. It is telling you specifically which girl you're talking about. So now I know.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚’ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠ็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:57
In the next sentence, when you say "the girl", if you're still talking about the same girl
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œใใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ ใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅฅณใฎๅญใจๅŒใ˜็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
10:02
and the same situation, in the next sentence, you don't need to give me an identifying clause.
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ใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง ็งใซ่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
10:08
In the next sentence, if you want to give me more information about her, then you're
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€ ๅฝผๅฅณใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€้ž็‰นๅฎšๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:12
giving me a non-identifying, because here, you've identified her. Next sentence, I know
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใ€็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
10:17
who she is; it's all extra information. Okay? Just a little bit of a refresher: "said" is
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใŠใ•ใ‚‰ใ„: "said"
10:25
a verb. What is this? This is a little bit of review. It's a noun clause, of course.
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ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:31
It's an object to "said". We took the "that" out.
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ใ€Œ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:35
Okay, let's look at the non-identifying clause. "My high school English teacher". Now, we're
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ใ•ใฆใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฎ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
10:42
talking about my high school, so I went to one high school and we're talking about one
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็งใฎ้ซ˜ๆ กใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็งใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹้ซ˜ๆ กใซ้€šใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ•™ๅธซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:47
specific class, and therefore, one specific teacher. So she's already been identified.
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ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใ™ใงใซ็‰นๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:52
"My high school English teacher", that's a very specific person. So I don't need to identify
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Š
10:58
her anymore; I've already identified her. So, now, I'm going to give you some information
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ™ใงใซๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ ใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
11:03
about her, but it's all extra. If I take this clause out... It actually starts here. Oh.
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ใŒใ€ใ™ในใฆใŠใพใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅค–ใ™ใจ ใƒปใƒปใƒป ๅฎŸใฏใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŠใƒผใ€‚
11:17
This is the adjective clause. If I take it out, my sentence is still okay.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ‘ ใฐใ€็งใฎๆ–‡ใฏใพใ ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
11:22
"My high school English teacher sends me a postcard." No problem.
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ใ€Œ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ ใŒใƒใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’้€ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ€‚
11:26
Good sentence. Complete idea. I know who she
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่‰ฏใ„ๆ–‡ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€‚ ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณ
11:29
is, I know what she did. No problem. So this is extra, and so I put it between commas.
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ใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ•้กŒใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใฎใงใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใงๅ›ฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:37
Okay? "Who is retired", so again, I have my subject and my verb, and "who now lives in
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒๅผ•้€€ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็พๅœจใƒ•ใƒญใƒชใƒ€ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบ
11:45
Florida". Because of the "and", I don't need to say this again. This just carries over
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ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ—ใฆใ€ใฎใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
11:50
to here. ", who is retired and who now lives in Florida, sends me a postcard". Between
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงๆŒใก่ถŠใ™ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅผ•้€€ใ—ใฆ็พๅœจ ใƒ•ใƒญใƒชใƒ€ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใŒ็งใซ่‘‰ๆ›ธใ‚’้€ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:57
commas. Just extra information. Okay? But it is still telling you something about my
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎ้–“ใ€‚ ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ ็งใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:04
English teacher. It is still giving you information about the noun that came before it. Just like
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. ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใพใ ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
12:10
this one tells you something about the noun that came before it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:14
Now, although it's not very common, you could have an adjective clause that doesn't modify
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ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใง ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็›ดๅ‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใชใ„ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ
12:21
the noun right before it. "I bought myself a motorcycle for my birthday." This is an
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใซใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
12:29
independent clause. It is fine. You don't need any more information. I could put a period,
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ตๆง‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ€
12:34
here, and be finished with this sentence. But I want to give you some more information,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง็ท ใ‚ใใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ
12:39
I want to give you my wife's reaction. Okay? "Which made my wife crazy". Now, you're thinking
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ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใฎๅฆปใฎๅๅฟœใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๅฆปใ‚’ๅคขไธญใซใ•ใ›ใŸใ€. ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
12:47
"which", are we talking about birthday? My birthday made her crazy? That doesn't make
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่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใฎ ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใฏๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’็‹‚ใ‚ใ›ใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
12:52
sense. She's my wife, she loves me, she loves my birthday, she wants to buy me a cake, she
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใฎๅฆปใงใ€็งใ‚’ๆ„›ใ— ใ€็งใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใ€็งใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใŒใ‚Šใ€
12:57
wants to make me a cake, but that's not what made her crazy. What made her crazy is that
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็งใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ไฝœใ‚ŠใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๅคขไธญใซใ•ใ›ใŸ็†็”ฑใงใฏใชใ„. ๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๅคขไธญใซใ•ใ›ใŸใฎใฏใ€
13:02
I bought myself a motorcycle. This situation, that's why I called it a situational, this
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็งใŒใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŒ็Šถๆณ็š„็Šถๆณใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใ ็†็”ฑ
13:08
situation is what I am describing. This situation made my wife crazy. So, we don't modify the
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใฏ็งใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณ ใฏ็งใฎๅฆปใ‚’ๅคขไธญใซใ•ใ›ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅ่ฉžใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:19
last noun. We actually modify the whole situation and we use a comma. We end the sentence with
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ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็Šถๆณๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ— ใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใฏ
13:26
it, so we use a period. If it was in the middle of a sentence, of course, comma and continue
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ใใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้€”ไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆๆ–‡ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ™
13:32
the sentence. So there you have three adjective clauses.
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
13:35
And again, just like with the noun clauses, sometimes you can take out the relative pronoun.
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ€้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:41
In this case, you can't because it is also the subject. But we will do... I will do another
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ™... ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใชใฉ
13:46
video lesson about how to construct all the different types of adjective clauses, noun
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ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใ‚’ใ™ในใฆๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ„
13:52
clauses, etc. The only thing I will mention right away today: We use "that" with identifying
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14:01
adjective clauses. So if you're identifying a thing, use "that". If you're modifying...
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€"that" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
14:08
If you're describing a noun that's a thing, but it's non-identifying, use "which". "That",
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ๅ ดๅˆ... ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€"which" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€
14:14
no comma; "which", with comma. Okay? Identifying, non-identifying, in case you're wondering:
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ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใ€‚ ใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžไป˜ใใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:21
"What's the difference between 'that' and 'which'?" Now, some teachers will tell you
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ€
14:25
they're both the same, you can use either one. You can. If you're going to write an
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ไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
14:29
IELTS test, a TOEFL test, an SAT test, a GRE/GMAT test, not okay. Identifying, non-identifying
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IELTS ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€TOEFL ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€SAT ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€GRE/GMAT ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ
14:38
is the correct distinction between these two. Okay, let's look at adverb clauses now.
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅŒบๅˆฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:44
Okay, so now we're going to look at adverb clauses. And just like noun clauses and adjective
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚„ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
14:49
clauses, what does an adverb clause do or how does it work? It works like an adverb.
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ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใ€ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:54
And what does it do? It shows our relationship. Now, what is the relationship between? It's
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไธก่€…ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏ๏ผŸ ๅพ“ๅฑž
15:01
very important to remember that a dependent clause is always joined to an independent
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็ฏ€ใฏๅธธใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹
15:07
clause or to other dependent clauses; it never stands by itself. Right? So an adverb clause
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็ฏ€ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซ็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ ่‡ช็ซ‹ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€
15:14
has a relationship with whatever clause it is attached to, usually the independent clause.
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ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไปปๆ„ใฎ็ฏ€ ใ€้€šๅธธใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:21
What kind of relationships? Well, here are some examples: there's a contrast, there's
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ใฉใ‚“ใช้–ขไฟ‚๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใซ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
15:25
condition, there's reason, there's time. Okay? There are others as well, but we're just going
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ใ€ๆกไปถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒใคๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้–ขไฟ‚
15:31
to look at a few just to get an example of the types of relationships you might have.
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ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ .
15:36
So, adverb clauses, of course, have their own conjunction. They're not "what", they're
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใซใฏ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œไฝ•ใ€ใงใ‚‚
15:43
not "that". We don't use "what", we don't use "that". You could use "who", you could
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ใชใใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œไฝ•ใ€ใ‚‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚‚ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œwhoใ€ใ‚‚ใ€Œwhoใ€ใ‚‚
15:48
use "which". No, we can't use "which", that's for a noun or an adjective. "Although", "if",
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ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ€Œwhichใ€ใฏๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€
15:54
"because", "when". Contrast, condition, reason, time. Okay? So we can use all of these conjunctions
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ใ€Œใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ€ๆกไปถใ€็†็”ฑใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
16:04
to show all kinds of relationships.
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ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:07
"Although he practiced every day", here's your adverb clause, "he didn't win", here's
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‹ใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
16:13
your independent clause. This is a sentence: "He didn't win." But the contrast, though:
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅ‹ใฆใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใซใ€
16:21
"Although he practiced every day". So, what's the...? What's the relationship of contrast?
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€. ใใ‚Œใงใ€ไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹...๏ผŸ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏ๏ผŸ
16:26
It means opposite ideas. Right? Or opposite expectations. You think, he practiced every
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅๅฏพใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏๅๅฏพใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ๅฝผใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸ
16:32
day, he should be very good, he should win the contest. But he didn't win. So this is
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ใ€ๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใฏใšใ ใ€ๅฝผใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅ‹ใคในใใ ใจๆ€ใ†. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใฏๅ‹ใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™
16:38
like "but", although it creates a dependent clause.
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œbutใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:43
"If you help me pass this test, I'll buy you lunch." On what condition will I buy you lunch?
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ ใ€‚ใ€ ใŠๅผๅฝ“ใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๆกไปถใง่ฒทใ†ใฎ๏ผŸ
16:54
On the condition that you help me pass this test. So if you help me, I will buy. Okay?
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ใ“ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆกไปถใงใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰่ฒทใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
17:02
"I lent her my notes"-why?-"because she missed too many classes". So I'm showing you the
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซ็งใฎใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใŸใ€-ใชใœ?-ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎๆŽˆๆฅญใ‚’ๆฌ ๅธญใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€. ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŒ
17:10
reason that I lent her my notes. Independent clause, adverb clause, showing reason.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใซใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€็†็”ฑใ‚’็คบใ™ใ€‚
17:18
Now, this sentence I made a little bit more complicated. I put in a few dependent clauses,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:26
because you remember at the beginning I said there's a fourth type, "that" clause? We're
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ ใ€ใ€Œใใฎใ€็ฏ€ใจใ„ใ† 4 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใใ‚Œ
17:31
going to see that now, too. "When my mother, who was only 18 when she had me, told me I
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ใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
17:38
should wait until I got older to marry Lucy, I knew she was really happy I met the right
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ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅนดใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใพใงๅพ…ใคในใใ ใจๆฏใŒ็งใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ18ๆญณ ใ ใฃใŸ
17:45
person." Wow, that's a very complex sentence, you're thinking that, right? Too many things
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. ใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใŒ
17:50
going on. Well, not so complicated. "When my mother", okay? Where's the main verb?
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่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉ่ค‡้›‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆฏใฎใจใใ€ใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใฉใ“๏ผŸ
18:01
"Told me", "When my mother told me", that's your first adverb clause.
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ใ€Œๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๆฏใŒ็งใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚
18:09
Here, we have a comma and a comma. Here, we have an adjective clause.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใจใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
18:17
Here, we have an adverb clause. An adjective
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
18:22
clause is telling me something about my mother, but commas tell me it's not identifying. I
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็ฏ€ใฏๆฏใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ชžใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ็‰นๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใซ
18:27
only have one mother. She's already been identified, she's my mother. Not your mother, not his
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ใฏๆฏ่ฆชใŒไธ€ไบบใ—ใ‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ™ใงใซ็‰นๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใฎๆฏใงใ™ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆฏ่ฆชใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฝผใฎ
18:34
mother, not her mother. My mother. There's only one. So this is non-identifying adjective
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ๆฏ่ฆชใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎๆฏ่ฆชใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฎๆฏใ€‚ ใฒใจใคใ ใ‘ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
18:39
clause. "When my mother told me", told me what? "I should wait",
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็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆฏใŒ็งใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใ€็งใซไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็งใฏๅพ…ใคในใใงใ™ใ€ใ€
18:48
noun clause, object to "told". "Told me I should wait until I got older".
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€ใ€Œ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใธใฎ็•ฐ่ญฐใ€‚ ใ€Œๅคงไบบใซใชใ‚‹ ใพใงๅพ…ใฆใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€
19:02
Until when should I wait? Here,
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ใ„ใคใพใงๅพ…ใฆใฐใ„ใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
19:04
we have another adverb clause, with time. Right? This relationship of this clause is
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใจใจใ‚‚ใซๅˆฅใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎ็ฏ€ใฎใ“ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏ
19:11
to this clause. I should wait until a specific time. This is a noun clause. "To marry Lucy",
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ็ฏ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใพใงๅพ…ใคๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€
19:20
this is just a complement. "I knew she was really happy", what's the relationship? There's
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅนธใ›ใ ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸ ใ€ใ€้–ขไฟ‚ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅˆไฝ“ใฏใ‚ใ‚Š
19:32
no conjunction. This is a complete idea by itself. This sentence can stand by itself.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
19:39
This is your independent clause. Now, remember the "that" clause that I told you about? So,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ€Œใใฎใ€ๅฅใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
19:47
technically, there is a "that" here. But I took it out because I don't need it, I have
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ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ ่ฆใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
19:52
a subject. Remember "that"... We generally use "that" just to introduce a clause. It
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ใ€ใŠ้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ "that" ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„... ็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธ ใ€็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ ใ‘ใซ "that" ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ไปฅๅค–ใซ
19:58
doesn't have any particular function other than to introduce the clause.
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็‰นๅˆฅใชๆฉŸ่ƒฝใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
20:03
So "I met the right person".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œใ„ใ„ไบบใซไผšใˆใŸใ€ใ€‚
20:06
Now, is this modifying, "happy" or "she" or anything? No. So it's not an adjective
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅนธใ›ใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใชใฉใฎไฟฎ้ฃพ่ชžใงใ™ใ‹? ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
20:14
clause. There's no relationship of any kind, here, so it's not an adverb clause. There's
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚ ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:21
no noun and there's no situation, so it's not a noun clause.
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ๅ่ฉžใ‚‚็Šถๆณ ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:27
Basically, this is called a complement.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฃœๅฎŒใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
20:33
Complement.
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่ฃœไฝ“ใ€‚
20:36
It is just completing this idea. It's just a "that clause" we call
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‘ผใถใ€Œใ‚ใฎ็ฏ€ใ€ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›
20:41
it. It doesn't really have any type of a noun, adjective, adverb, but it just gives you a
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
20:45
little bit of extra information to complete the idea. "She was really happy that I met somebody",
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ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™. ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใซไผšใˆใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€
20:53
this completes the idea of basically happiness. So there you go, adverb clause,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใงๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๅนธ็ฆใฎๆฆ‚ๅฟตใŒๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€
21:00
adjective clause, noun clause, adverb clause, independent clause, and a "that" clause all
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใใฎใ€็ฏ€
21:06
in one sentence.
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ใ‚’ 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซใพใจใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:07
Now, why did we learn all this stuff today? Why did we have this introduction to dependent
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ใงใฏใ€ใชใœไปŠๆ—ฅใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใฎใฏใชใœ
21:12
clauses? So that when you see a sentence like this and it looks very complicated to you,
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ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹
21:19
understand that all you have to do is pick out all the different clauses, find out what
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ้ธใณๅ‡บใ—ใ€
21:25
is their function, what are they doing in this sentence. If you understand what they
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
21:30
are doing, what they are modifying, what they are explaining, what relationship they're
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ไฝ• ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’
21:35
showing, then you know what the sentence means. When you know the independent clause, that's
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็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ‚Œ
21:43
your main idea. "I knew she was really happy", this is the main idea. This is the most important
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ใŒไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅนธใ›ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆ
21:49
piece of information. All this other stuff just gives you more information; it just modifies
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ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚‚ใฎ ใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:55
the main idea. Know the function, know the type of clause, know how everything is working.
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ไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้–ขๆ•ฐใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€ ๅฅใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:02
Now, if you understand all this, do keep in mind I will make other videos, as I said.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ€็งใฏไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
22:09
I will show you how to construct a noun clause, an adjective clause, and an adverb clause.
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ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:15
Okay? I will show you how to make them, I will show you how to analyze them. They come
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:20
in different structures, they can be played around with. You need to know... You need
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆง‹้€ ใงๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใ„ใ˜ใฃใฆ้Šใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
22:23
to know all the different conjunctions; "who", "until", "when", "that", etc. But for now,
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใพใงใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
22:29
make sure you know what you're looking at, identify it, and work from there.
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ใชใฉใ€‚
22:35
Now, if you want to practice this a little bit, if you want to come and look at sentences
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ ใซๆฅใฆๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ฆ‹
22:40
and identify the clauses, go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz there that I put up there.
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ใฆ็ฏ€ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซ็งใŒๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
22:46
You can practice, you can ask me questions in the comment section, and that's it.
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:53
It's all good.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใ‚ˆใƒผใ€‚
22:54
Don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel, and I'll see you again soon. Bye.
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็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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