Writing Skills: The Paragraph

4,750,704 views ใƒป 2013-07-22

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi, welcome again to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today's lesson is about the paragraph. It's
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๆฎต่ฝใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
00:08
a writing lesson, and I want to show people what a paragraph is and how to construct one,
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ใฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€
00:14
what to do, what not to do so you can write very clear, very tight paragraphs. This is
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใงใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’ไบบใ€…ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใชใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
00:20
especially important for IELTS, TOEFL, SAT students but everybody has to follow the exact
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IELTSใ€TOEFLใ€SAT ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใจใฃใฆ็‰นใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใŒใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜่ฆๅ‰‡ใซๅพ“ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
00:26
same rules. Now before I even begin, I must say that I'm
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฉฑใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ€็งใฏไธปใซใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚„ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:30
talking mostly about academic writing or even business writing. Creative writing like novels
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ใ€‚ ๅฐ่ชฌ
00:37
or short stories, anything fiction, you can do anything you want. Only always remember:
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ใ‚„็Ÿญ็ทจๅฐ่ชฌใชใฉใฎๅ‰ตไฝœ็‰ฉใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใชใ‚‰ใชใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅธธใซ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:43
somebody has to read what you wrote so it has to be clear. But academic essays, for
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ชญใพใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใฏใ€
00:49
example, certain rules you have to follow; you have to be very careful about them. So
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅๅˆ†ใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏ
00:54
let's begin. In terms of like the actual way a paragraph
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๆฎต่ฝใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
00:58
looks: you have to indent or skip a line. So let me just make sure you understand what an indent is.
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่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใงใฏใ€่กŒใ‚’ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใพใŸใฏใ‚นใ‚ญใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:08
This is an indent, the first line a little bit pushed in or you can make
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใงใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ่กŒใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ๆŠผใ—่พผใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹
01:14
sure you skip a line between paragraphs. But don't do both. If you skip a line, don't indent.
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ใ€ๆฎต่ฝ้–“ใฎ่กŒใ‚’ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไธกๆ–นใ‚’่กŒใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่กŒใ‚’ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:22
Okay? That's the main thing. Now, that's in terms of the way it looks.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒไธปใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:27
In terms of content -- and this, I can't stress this enough -- very, very, very important:
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ๅ†…ๅฎนใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ„ใใ‚‰ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ—ใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆ
01:34
one central idea in one paragraph. Okay? I've seen many people, I've seen many essays where
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใฏ ๅคšใใฎไบบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:41
you start a paragraph talking about one thing, and then you go off on a tangent and talk
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
01:46
about something completely unrelated. So for example: if you start a paragraph and you're
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ใพใฃใŸใ้–ขไฟ‚ใฎใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆ
01:50
talking about apples, continue to talk about apples. If you go to oranges, that's maybe
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ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—็ถšใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใซ่กŒใ
01:57
okay because you're still talking about fruit. But if you start with apples, go to oranges,
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใพใ ๆžœ็‰ฉใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธ
02:02
go to bananas, and then end up with monkeys in space there's a bit of a problem; the reader
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ใ€ใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎใ‚ตใƒซใซใŸใฉใ‚Š็€ใใจ ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชญ่€…
02:06
has no idea what you're talking about. One paragraph, one central idea.
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ 1 ใคใฎใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ€1 ใคใฎไธญๅฟƒ็š„ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€‚
02:12
Now, make sure that you tell the reader what this central idea is. This is your thesis
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใฎไธญๅฟƒ็š„ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชญ่€…ใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ซ–ๆ–‡
02:18
statement. Okay? It's a very general sentence. All it does is introduce the topic of the
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ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ”ใไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฎต่ฝใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹
02:25
paragraph, nothing else. All the details comes after.
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ใ ใ‘ใงใ€ไป–ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ฉณ็ดฐใฏใ™ในใฆๅพŒใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:31
So speaking of details, we'll talk about details in detail, but all other ideas, all the other
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่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€ไป–ใฎ
02:38
sentences, all your sentences with the details must directly relate back to the main idea.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ ใ€ไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซ็›ดๆŽฅ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:45
So let's say here is your thesis statement; very general, every sentence after must relate
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ€ใใฎๅพŒใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
02:56
back to that thesis statement. Okay? You can't go off to another idea. Everything must support
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ใใฎ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใฎๅฃฐๆ˜Žใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซ็งปใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใŒ
03:07
this, must talk about the same topic. Very important. Okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:12
How long should your paragraph be? Technically, a paragraph could be one sentence, but in
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ๆฎต่ฝใฎ้•ทใ•ใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏ ใ€ๆฎต่ฝใฏ 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
03:18
an academic essay that rarely happens. But it could be any length you want, as long as
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ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงใฏใ‚ใฃใŸใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€
03:24
you're still on that one topic, as long as you still have things to write and things
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใพใ ใใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€
03:28
to say about that topic, say it. If you have four sentences, fine; if you have 10 sentences,
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ใใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚„่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใพใ ใ‚ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€ๅฅฝใใช้•ทใ•ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใŒ 4 ใคใ‚ใ‚Œใฐๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ 10ๆ–‡ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
03:35
also okay. Again, for IELTS, TOEFL, SAT students: four, five sentences should be your limit.
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OKใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€IELTSใ€TOEFLใ€SAT ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€4ใ€5 ใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใŒ้™็•Œใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“
03:42
You can't be too long because you don't have time and you're going to start making mistakes.
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ใŒใชใ ใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€้•ทใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:47
So now, the details. Very important to have lots of details. Why is this topic important
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏ
03:54
to your overall idea of your essay? Not only tell me what is the topic, what is the thesis
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ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎๅ…จไฝ“็š„ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใชใœใงใ™ใ‹? ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹
04:01
statement of the paragraph, make sure you explain to me why this is important to the
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ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ผใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:06
general idea of the essay. Give me your reasons. Now, why is it important? And then reasons,
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. ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใชใœใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€็†็”ฑใ€
04:12
why you think what you're saying supports this idea. Examples, always use examples because
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใ€ๅธธใซไพ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
04:19
giving me the reasons is okay; examples make me see exactly what you're trying to say.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ•ใ›ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:25
Very easy for me to understand what you're trying to say.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:29
Now, in terms of flow, in terms of the way the reader can approach the paragraph, you
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆตใ‚Œใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒๆฎต่ฝใซใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใงใใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
04:34
have to have bridges. What is, what do bridges mean? Basically, when you have one idea in
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ใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธญใซไธ€ใคใฎ่€ƒใˆใŒๆตฎใ‹ใ‚“
04:41
this sentence, you must connect it to the next sentence, you must connect it to the
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ใ ใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใคใชใ’ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใคใชใ’ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:46
next sentence. Every sentence must have a link to the next sentence. This creates flow,
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ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ ใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใธใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆตใ‚ŒใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใ€
04:53
makes it much easier to read and understand, and it keeps you on the one topic.
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่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Š ใ€1 ใคใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ้›†ไธญใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:00
Now, key terms. If you're talking about something specific and you have to use a key term, use
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ใ•ใฆใ€้‡่ฆใช็”จ่ชžใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€้‡่ฆใช็”จ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
05:05
it as many times as you need to. Otherwise, avoid repetition.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใชใ ใ‘ไฝ•ๅบฆใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:15
Try not to use the same word more than once in one paragraph. Okay? For example: if you're using the word "moreover"
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1 ใคใฎๆฎต่ฝใงๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ 2 ๅ›žไปฅไธŠไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไพ‹: ๆฎต่ฝใงใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’
05:23
in the paragraph, don't use it, don't use "moreover" again -- use "in addition to",
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ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ๅ†ๅบฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:28
use "furthermore", "another", etc. Try to avoid using one word more than once, especially
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ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅˆฅใฎใ€ใชใฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ . ็‰นใซๅŒใ˜ๆฎต่ฝๅ†…ใงใ€1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ›žไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
05:35
in the same paragraph. But sometimes you'll get words, like for example you're writing
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐไธก่ฆชใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:39
an essay about parents. Not many words you can replace for "parents" so if you have to
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใ‚’็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅคšใใชใ„ใฎใงใ€
05:45
say "parents", "parents", "parents", "parents", so be it, do that. Once in a while: "mom and
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ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใจใใฉใใ€ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใจ
05:50
dad", "mother and father" but you don't want to add like "mother and father" three words,
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ใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใจใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใจใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ 3 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€
05:54
"parents" one word. Shorter is better, so keep that in mind.
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ใ€Œไธก่ฆชใ€ใฎ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็Ÿญใ„ ใปใฉ่‰ฏใ„ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:00
At the end of your paragraph when you're coming to the end, if this is part of your body -- means
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆฎต่ฝ ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ - ๅˆฅใฎๆฎต่ฝใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ -
06:05
there's another paragraph coming -- leave me some sort of bridge to the next paragraph.
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ๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใธใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธใ‚’็งใซๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
06:12
Or if you can't do that, then just conclude the paragraph, make sure it's a very clear
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚’็ท ใ‚ใใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง
06:17
statement that this idea is finished; I'm done talking about this idea and then start
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใชใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏ ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
06:22
your next paragraph with some bridge to the previous one. So one paragraph connects to
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็ต‚ใˆใŸใฎใงใ€ๅ‰ใฎๆฎต่ฝใธใฎๆฉ‹ๆธกใ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€1 ใคใฎๆฎต่ฝ
06:28
the next paragraph. Same idea with flow: sentence connects to sentence, paragraph connects to
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ใŒๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ•ใƒญใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ ใฏๆ–‡ใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ—ใ€ๆฎต่ฝใฏๆฎต่ฝใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ—
06:34
paragraph. Okay? Now of course the easiest way to understand all this is to look at an
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€
06:40
actual paragraph and see all these points in it. Okay? So let's do that.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆฎต่ฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใใฎไธญใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใฏใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:46
Okay, don't be scared. This is a paragraph. Okay? First, before we do anything, let me
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฎต่ฝใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใšใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใจ่ฆ‹ใˆ
06:51
read it to you so in case you can't see it clearly.
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ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใซๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ€่ชญใฟไธŠใ’ใ•ใ›ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:55
"Great changes require a powerful hand to guide them and push them forward. Governments
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ใ€Œๅคงใใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฐŽใใ€ๅ‰้€ฒใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ‰‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚ๆ”ฟๅบœ
07:01
have the power and influence of the law to support them. Moreover, they have access to
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ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆดใ™ใ‚‹ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใฎๅŠ›ใจๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ› ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ
07:06
means with which to enforce the law and punish offenders. Individuals and corporations that
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ใ€ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใ‚’ๆ–ฝ่กŒใ—ใ€้•ๅ่€…ใ‚’็ฝฐใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆ‰‹ๆฎตใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅ€‹ไบบใจไผๆฅญ
07:13
pollute our air and waters will not stop doing so as long as they can profit from this action
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็งใŸใกใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใจๆฐดใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€็ตๆžœใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚
07:20
and do not fear consequences. A steel producer, for instance, will not cease dumping waste
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ใพใ›ใ‚“. ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€้‰„้‹ผ็”Ÿ็”ฃ่€…ใฏใ€ๅŽ็›Šใซ
07:26
in a nearby river if it does not affect its bottom line. Taxing this company, on the other
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ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€่ฟ‘ใใฎๅทใซๅปƒๆฃ„็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŠ•ๆฃ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใพใ›ใ‚“. ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ“ใฎไผš็คพใฏใ€
07:32
hand, might make it change its way of doing business. Yet, it is this very question of
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ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœไปฅๅค–ใฎ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒๆฑšๆŸ“ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่กŒๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅˆถ้™ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใพใ•ใซใ“ใฎใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™
07:38
costs that limits anyone but the government to act against pollution."
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.
07:43
Okay, here's my paragraph. First of all, let me back up a little bit. My essay, what is
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๆฎต่ฝใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใš ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€็งใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฏไฝ•
07:49
my essay about? General topic: pollution. What is the question? Who is responsible to
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ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏ: ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹่ฒฌไปปใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
07:56
fix it? I say government is responsible to fix it. I suggested three reasons in my introduction:
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ใพใ™ใ‹? ๆ”ฟๅบœใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹่ฒฌไปปใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ดนไป‹ใฎไธญใงใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใ€ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ€ไฟก้ ผๆ€งใฎ 3 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:04
power, cost, credibility. Okay? This is my first body paragraph. I listed three reasons:
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆœฌๆ–‡ๆฎต่ฝใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใ€ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ€ไฟก้ ผๆ€งใฎ 3 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใŸ
08:12
power, cost, credibility. My first paragraph will also be my first reason mentioned.
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ใ€‚ ็งใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต่ฝ ใฏใ€่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็†็”ฑใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:17
I mentioned power in my introduction, I will talk about power in my first paragraph. Okay?
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ๅบๆ–‡ใงใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต่ฝใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:24
So first of all, I have my indent, okay? I prefer indent, some people prefer spacing.
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ใพใšใ€ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚ ็งใฏ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:32
But to be honest, figure out what style guide your professor or your company or whoever
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ ๆ•™ๆŽˆใ‚„ไผš็คพใ€ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐ
08:39
is asking you to use. There is MLA, APA, Chicago Manual of Style, each of them will tell you
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ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŠŠๆกใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ MLAใ€APAใ€ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใฎใ‚ทใ‚ซใ‚ดใƒžใƒ‹ใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใŒ
08:47
how to do this; to indent or to leave a line, etc., capitalization. Style guides are actually
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่กŒใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ™ ใชใฉใ€ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€‚ ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซ ใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใฏๅฎŸ้š›
08:54
very good sources of learning English. Very boring books, but very useful books.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใฎ้žๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆƒ…ๅ ฑๆบใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซ้€€ๅฑˆใชๆœฌใงใ™ใŒใ€้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚
08:59
Okay. Oh sorry, let me just mention also: OWL, OWL at Perdue is a very good website;
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ไธ€่จ€ใ ใ‘็”ณใ—ไธŠใ’ใฆใŠใใพใ™ ใ€‚OWLใ€Perdue ใฎ OWL ใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
09:07
lots of information to help you with writing. Okay, so I have my indent. Now, "Great changes
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ๅŸท็ญ†ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒ็››ใ‚Šใ ใใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ใ€Œๅคงใใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซ
09:13
require a powerful hand to guide them and push them forward." Have I said anything here?
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ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฐŽใใ€ๅ‰้€ฒใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ‰‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ใ‹่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
09:19
No. All I did was talk about change because that's what my general topic of the essay
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚ๅค‰ๆ›ดใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹
09:23
is, and power because that's my first focus, I'm going to talk about the power. Okay? Very,
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ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็„ฆ็‚นใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้žๅธธใซใ€
09:31
very general. "Governments have the power and influence of the law", so now here we
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้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœใฏๆณ•ๅพ‹ใฎๅŠ›ใจๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ€ใฎใงใ€ไปŠใ“ใ“ใซ
09:38
go, I had... Where'd I go? "Powerful" and I'm still talking about power. I'm connecting
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่กŒใใ€็งใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸ... ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒ•ใƒซใ€ใจ็งใฏ ใพใ ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.
09:43
the two sentences. Next, I introduce a new idea: "the law". Much
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ไบŒใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใคใชใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ ใ€Œๆณ•ๅ‰‡ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:48
more specific. Where does their power come from? It comes from the law. "...influence
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅŠ›ใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏๆณ•ๅพ‹ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ...
09:53
of the law to support them. Moreover," now, I'm not going to a new idea; I'm adding to
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ€ไปŠใ€ ็งใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่€ƒใˆใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏ
10:00
this idea that I just mentioned. "...they have access to means" - means ways of doing
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ไปŠ่ฟฐในใŸใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใซไป˜ใ‘ๅŠ ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ...ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏๆ‰‹ๆฎตใธใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ - ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
10:07
things - "with which to enforce the law". So here, again, another idea. Enforce means
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- ใ€Œๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ–ฝ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‰‹ๆฎตใ€ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใพใŸๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใ€‚ Enforce ใฏ
10:13
put into effect, make sure that it actually happens. "...enforce the law and punish offenders."
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ใ€ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆๆณ•ใ‚’ๅŸท่กŒใ—ใ€้•ๅ่€…ใ‚’็ฝฐใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
10:21
So they have the power of the law, with this power they can enforce and punish. Everything,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆณ•ๅพ‹ใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ ๅŠ›ใงๅผทๅˆถใ—ใ€็ฝฐใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใ€
10:27
I'm connecting everything to everything. Offenders, now here I'm talking about offenders.
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็งใฏใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใ™ในใฆใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใ€ไปŠใ“ใ“ใง็งใฏ็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:32
"Individuals and corporations that pollute", these are the offenders. So one sentence flows
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ใ€ŒๆฑšๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ€‹ไบบใ‚„ไผๆฅญใ€ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๅŠ ๅฎณ่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€1 ใคใฎๆ–‡
10:39
into the next sentence, into the next sentence. "...pollute our air and waters will not stop
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ใŒๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซๆตใ‚Œ่พผใฟใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซๆตใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ...็งใŸใกใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ—ใ€ๆฐด
10:45
doing so as long as they can profit". Okay? So here's my next idea. They will not stop
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ใŒๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ“ใงใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใ€‚
10:51
polluting because we're still talking about pollution. Okay? They will not, as long as
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็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ๆฑšๆŸ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆฑšๆŸ“ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€
10:56
they can profit, as long as they're making money. Why do people pollute? Because it pays
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ๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€ๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใชใœไบบใ€…ใฏๆฑšๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใฏ
11:00
to pollute. "...action and do not fear consequences." So they don't fear punishment and the law
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ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใ€็ตๆžœใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ฝฐใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใšใ€ๆณ•ๅพ‹
11:07
doesn't scare them. Okay? And again, we're still talking about pollution.
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ใ‚‚ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ— ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ๆฑšๆŸ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
11:11
"A steel producer, for instance," I'm introducing an example. Okay? If you can introduce a real
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ใ€ŒใŸใจใˆใฐใ€้‰„้‹ผใƒกใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใ€ใจไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:19
example like the name of the steel company, even better. But I don't want to offend anyone;
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้‰„้‹ผไผš็คพใฎๅๅ‰ใชใฉๅฎŸไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใชใŠ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:25
I'm keeping it a little bit more general. "The steel producer will not cease", now before...
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้‰„้‹ผใƒกใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏใ‚„ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ไปŠใ•ใ‚‰โ€ฆ
11:32
Here's the word "stop", I don't want to use the word "stop" again. Why? Because I have
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ไบŒๅบฆใจใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏไฝฟใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
11:37
other words. I have the word "cease", "cease" means "stop". Okay? Vocabulary variety very
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ไป–ใซใ‚‚่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ชžๅฝ™ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใฏ้žๅธธใซ
11:44
important. "...will not cease dumping" - it means throwing in or throwing away - "waste
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้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ... ๆŠ•ๆฃ„ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€ - ๆŠ•ๆฃ„ ใพใŸใฏๆจใฆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ - ใ€Œ
11:50
in a nearby river" - waste, pollution, I'm still on the same topic - "...if it does not
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่ฟ‘ใใฎๅทใฎๅปƒๆฃ„็‰ฉใ€ - ๅปƒๆฃ„็‰ฉใ€ๆฑšๆŸ“ใ€็งใฏใพใ ๅŒใ˜ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ - ใ€Œ... ใใ‚ŒใŒ
11:55
affect its bottom line." Now I'm not sure if everybody knows what "bottom line" is,
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ใใฎๅบ•ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ€‚" ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒใ€Œใƒœใƒˆใƒ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ€ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
11:59
but "bottom line" basically means "profit". I'm still connecting the ideas using different
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ใ€Œใƒœใƒˆใƒ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ€ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€Œๅˆฉ็›Šใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™. ็งใฏ ใพใ ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ตใณใคใ‘ใฆใ„
12:05
words. "Taxing this company", so taxing is a form
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใฎไผš็คพใซ ่ชฒ็จŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€
12:12
of punishment for companies especially. "Taxing this company, on the other hand," - so now
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็‰นใซไผๆฅญใซใจใฃใฆ่ชฒ็จŽใฏไธ€็จฎใฎ็ฝฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€ใ“ใฎไผš็คพใซ่ชฒ็จŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ - ไปŠใ€
12:18
I'm giving the other side of the situation - "might make it change its way of doing business."
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็งใฏ็Šถๆณใฎๅๅฏพๅดใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.ใ€
12:25
Again, what is business? Business is all about making money, costs. "Yet, it is this very
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใจใฏ ใ€ใŠ้‡‘ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็จผใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใพใ•ใซใ“ใฎ
12:32
question of costs" - and I'm connecting it. Where? Sorry, to business - "that limits anyone
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ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€ - ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็ตใณใคใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ“๏ผŸ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ไผๆฅญใซใจใฃใฆใฏ
12:38
but the government to act against pollution." I bring it right back to government acting
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ใ€ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœไปฅๅค–ใฎ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒๆฑšๆŸ“ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่กŒๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅˆถ้™ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€. ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ…ฌๅฎณใซๅๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆ”ฟๅบœใซๆˆปใ—
12:44
against pollution. This is my overall thesis: governments must act to stop pollution. Right?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๅ…จไฝ“็š„ใชไธปๅผตใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ”ฟๅบœใฏๆฑšๆŸ“ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
12:51
So remember: the paragraph, everything must connect to itself, but the paragraph must
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ€ใ™ในใฆ ใŒใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•
12:56
connect to the essay, to the whole idea. Now, what else did I do here? I introduced the
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ใฏใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขๅ…จไฝ“ใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใฏใ“ใ“ใงไป–ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
13:02
topic of "costs". What is my next paragraph going to be? Remember: I had three reasons
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ”็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฎๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใฏไฝ•ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ็งใŒ
13:08
for thinking government must act; power, costs, credibility. My next paragraph is costs.
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ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹็†็”ฑใฏ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใ€ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ€ ไฟก้ ผๆ€งใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใฏใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
13:15
I've already introduced this idea, I've started the bridge. In the next paragraph, I will
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็งใฏใ™ใงใซใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€็งใฏๆฉ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ. ๆฌกใฎๆฎต่ฝใงใฏ
13:21
end the bridge, get into my new topic. Costs and power are two different ideas. One paragraph:
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ใ€ใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใจ ้›ปๅŠ›ใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใงใ™ใ€‚ 1 ใคใฎใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•:
13:29
power, one paragraph: cost, one paragraph: credibility, and then of course your conclusion.
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ใƒ‘ใƒฏใƒผใ€1 ใคใฎใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•: ใ‚ณใ‚นใƒˆใ€1 ใคใฎใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•: ไฟก้ ผๆ€งใ€ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็ต่ซ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:35
Okay? So you have all these things, everything connects, sentence variety. Make sure that
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ ใคใชใŒใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:41
you're sticking to one topic, make sure you're preparing the reader for the next topic, and
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1 ใคใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซๅ›บๅŸทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ช ใ—ใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒๆฌกใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹
13:46
make sure that everything connects to the overall idea of the essay. Okay?
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ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ€ใ™ในใฆ ใŒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎๅ…จไฝ“็š„ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:52
If you need some more help with this and you have some more questions, go to www.engvid.com.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซใƒ˜ใƒซใƒ—ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใง ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:58
You can leave me a comment and I will get back to you. There will also be a little bit
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ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆŠ˜ใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ”้€ฃ็ตกใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€
14:01
of a quiz there to make sure you understand all this. Excuse me. And don't forget to go
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
14:06
to YouTube and subscribe to my channel. And of course, come back, see me again. Thank you.
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ใ€YouTube ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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