How to Solve the World’s Biggest Problems | Natalie Cargill | TED

譯者: Lo Julia

I'd like to start with a true anecdote,

我想以一件真實軼事 作為開頭

which is that my friends have genuinely asked me

是我朋友真誠地要求我

to stop sharing facts about wheat to our group chat.

停止分享關於小麥的真相 到我們的聊天群

I know, what’s wrong with them? They must be mad.

他們怎麼回事? 他們肯定瘋了

But to be fair to them,

不過為他們說句公道話

they have been hearing a lot lately about wheat,

他們最近早已聽聞 關於小麥

wheat-related innovation,

與小麥相關的創新

how it was funded by philanthropists,

慈善家是如何將之 創建的

and how it might have saved a billion lives.

以及可能如何去拯救 十億人的生命

So I'd love to share this story with you now

所以現在我樂於分享 這個故事給你們

as I’m here to talk about the huge

同時我在此談論這龐大

and I think still largely hidden potential of philanthropy

以及依舊認為主要是 在慈善有著隱藏潛力

to completely transform our world.

去完全地徹底改善 我們的世界。

After World War II,

二戰結束後

the global population shot up

全球人口快速增加

and it really wasn't clear how we were going to grow enough food

而的確不清楚我們會如何 去種植足夠的食物

to feed everybody.

來餵養每個人。

In lots of places, the soil was completely depleted of nutrients,

在許多地方，土壤的養分 已全然耗盡

lots of the crops that did grow were destroyed by disease

許多成熟的作物遭疾病 破壞

and the situation got really bad.

並且情況變得很糟糕。

By the 1960s, scientists were saying mass famine is inevitable.

1960年代，科學家們據稱 大飢荒是不可避免的。

Millions of people might die.

百萬人民可能死亡。

However, what they failed to fully take into account

然而他們未能考慮周全

was the fact that decades before this,

是此真相是在幾十年前

philanthropists had already started funding research

慈善家已著手資助研究

into how we could improve crop yields in really difficult conditions.

我們如何能在極度艱困 條件下改善作物的產量

The team was led by this man, Norman Borlaug,

這支團隊由此男性帶領 諾曼·布勞格，

and he worked in collaboration with the Mexican government.

並且他與墨西哥政府 合作

They made some really incredible innovations.

他們建構出一些非常 厲害的革新

So first they made the wheat grains about three times bigger,

那首先他們將小麥穀物 變身約三倍大

which was amazing because they were massive.

這令人讚嘆 因為它們規模驚人

It wasn't perfect, however, because they kind of fell over.

然而它不完美 因為它們會有些微傾塌

They then made the stems of the wheat much shorter and stronger,

他們將小麥的莖稈變得 更短又更強壯

which was ideal because they were massive and didn't fall over.

這是理想狀態因為它們 規模驚人而且不會傾塌

Great situation to be in.

最佳狀態應是如此

So after much of what I now call wheat-related YMCA,

因此後現在有許多稱為 小麥相關的基督青年會

the team were able to develop really robust,

此團隊曾能夠發展出 非常健全

disease-resistant and incredibly high-yield crops.

具抗病性以及極高產 穀物

This new way of doing things spread throughout the entire world

這種新的從事方法 擴展至全世界

and the results were quite literally miraculous.

並且成果毫不誇張 地神奇

Entire countries came back from the brink of famine.

所有國家都從飢荒邊緣 恢復過來

Global cereal production as a whole tripled in just 50 years.

全球穀物產量總體上 僅在五十年內變三倍多

And our friend Norman was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.

而我們朋友諾曼在1970年 得到諾貝爾和平獎

I really love this story.

我非常喜歡這則故事

Not because it was the foolproof solution to global hunger,

並非因它解決全球飢餓 是一項萬無一失的方法

because of course it wasn’t,

而根本就不是如此

and actually it was fraught with problems of its own,

而實際上本身就問題 重重

but because it demonstrates two really important ideas

然而由於其顯示了 兩種很重要的概念

that I think we're neglecting to apply to improving the world today.

是我覺得現今我們正 疏忽以其來改善全世界

One, it's pretty simple.

第一種很簡單

Huge problems can be solved

重大的問題能被解決

with the right amount of investment and cooperation.

用以適量的投資與合作

The second

第二種

is that philanthropy at its best

在於慈善在積極的 面向上

is one of the most transformative tools we have

是為我們所擁有最為 顛覆性的工具之一

to bring about that improvement.

去促成這種改善

Now, I say at its best,

那麼我會說是積極面

because I imagine you all know about philanthropy at its worst.

因為我猜想你們了解 慈善最糟糕的時候

At its worst, it can be little more than a tool

在最糟糕的時候它 只不過是一種工具

in the hands of the ultra wealthy

為超富有者掌控

to manage their own status or their own power.

來管理他們自身地位 或是自身權力

It can have very little regard for what's actually needed

它可以漠視實際所需

or what actually works.

或實際所從事的事物

Philanthropy at its best, however,

然而慈善在積極層面

is still one of the most powerful tools we have,

仍舊是我們所擁有 最強大的工具之一

especially when it can step in

尤其當它能涉足

and do the things that governments can't do

且執行政府無法執行的

and markets won't do.

以及市場將未從事的 項目

And this is exactly what happened with Norman and the Green Revolution.

這在諾曼與綠色革命間 確實曾發生過的事情

Philanthropic funding to the tune of 100,000 dollars a year

一年多達十萬元

from the Rockefeller Foundation in the '40s

來自於四十年代的 洛克菲勒基金會

in combination with government support,

結合政府支助 的慈善資助，

was what we needed to get the project going.

是我們需要藉此讓 計畫開始進行

If we'd had to wait for governments to take on all of that research

要是我們得需等待政府 承擔所有研究

and all of the funding,

還有一切資助

bearing in mind that governments tend to move slowly

考慮到政府偏於行動緩慢

and bearing in mind that extremely poor governments

以及考慮到極貧弱政府

don't tend to have an extremely large amount of money,

不易擁有一筆巨額資金

we might have been waiting for a really long time.

我們也許就已等了好長 一段時間了

Similarly, if we'd had to wait for private sector investors

同樣地，要是我們得需 等待私人部門投資人

to take on all that risk themselves,

自己去承擔所有風險

bearing in mind they probably thought

考慮到他們可能認為

they had more profitable things to be doing,

他們有更賺錢的事情 要做

we also might have been waiting a really long time.

我們也可能已等了 好長一段時間了

Philanthropy was the thing that could come in,

慈善曾是一種 可以介入的事情

speed things up and maybe save millions of lives.

能將事情加快進行並且 可能會拯救上百萬生命

And the final incredible fact about this story

而最後關於這則故事 有個難以置信的真相

is I had a really, really hard time choosing to tell it to you today,

我實在是很難選擇在 今日告訴你們這則故事

because history is full of these hidden philanthropic success stories.

因為歷史充滿了這些 隱藏的慈善成功故事

For example,

舉例

I could have equally told you about the pioneering suffragette

我同樣能告訴你們有關 先鋒派婦女參政運動者

and philanthropist Katharine McCormick,

以及慈善家 凱瑟琳·麥科密克

who single-handedly funded the development of the contraceptive pill.

其憑一己之力為發展 避孕藥提供資金

I could have told you about how 80 million Americans came together

我能夠告訴你們八千萬 美國人是如何團結起來

to fund the eradication of polio,

為根除小兒麻痺症 提供資金

or about how just two foundations funded conferences

或就兩家基金會是怎麼 為此會談提供資金

at the end of the Cold War

於冷戰結束之際

that dramatically reduced the nuclear stockpile.

此會談戲劇般地減低 核儲存

So bearing in mind what we can take from all of this

因此考慮到我們能 在這所有當中能獲得

are simple ideas: huge problems can be solved,

是諸簡單的概念: 重大的問題可以解決

philanthropy can be transformative.

慈善可具有顛覆性的

I'd like to invite all of you here today

我想在今天邀請你們 在座的各位

to go through a thought experiment with me.

跟我練習一場思想實驗

And as I say, it's my favorite type of experiment

而如我所說的它是我 最喜歡的實驗類型

because it's just really cheap to fund.

因為它所付出的資金 真的很低廉

OK, thought experiment is this.

好的 思想實驗就是這個

We're all philanthropists.

我們都是慈善家

We want to bring about transformative change,

我們想要創造顛覆性 的改變

maybe even on the scale of the Green Revolution.

或甚至是綠色革命的 規模

To do this,

為了完成這個目標

we want to start by tackling some of our largest and most solvable

我們想要藉由處理我們 最重大以及最能解決的

and our most neglected problems of all time.

和最為忽略的一些長期 以來的問題來著手

And I want you to, if you can, imagine something really crazy.

而我想要你們，假如你們 能想像某件事情很瘋狂

We actually have a massive pile of cash to do this with.

我們實際上擁有一筆 巨額現金來做這件事

I know.

我了解

Now, you might be thinking the eternal question,

那你們也許思考著 這長遠的問題

where are we going to get a massive pile of cash?

我們能得到一筆巨額 的現金嗎?

And I agree, you know, you rarely find them lying around anymore, sadly.

很遺憾地，我同意你們 很少發現到它們隨處可見

But I do have a proposal.

然而我有一項計畫

The one percent.

這百分之一

If everyone in the global top one percent of earners

假如在全球前百分之一 收入者中的每一位

gave away just 10 percent of their income,

只要捐贈出其收入的 百分之十

or if they are particularly wealthy

抑或假如他們 非常富有的話

and this would be more money,

那就有更多的錢

gave away just 2.5 percent of their net worth,

只要從其淨值贈出 百分之二點五

we would have an additional 3.5 trillion dollars to improve the world.

我就有額外的3.5兆元 能改善全世界

Now, this is a good number.

好的 這是一個優秀的數量

It's a decent amount of money, I agree.

這是一筆相當程度的金額 我同意

OK, this is 3.5 trillion

是的 這裡是3.5兆

over and above the one trillion that already goes to charity.

其多過已獻給慈善機構 的一兆

And -- this is a surprising bit --

並且-這有點令人訝異-

if you're earning over 60,000 dollars a year after tax,

假如你的年收入 稅後超過六萬元

assuming you're a single person bringing that home after tax,

假定你是位拿這稅後 實際收入的單身人士

you are in the global one percent.

你就是那全球百分之一

This is not to say that everyone bringing home 60K

這並不是說每位有 實際收入六萬

can afford to give away 10 percent

才能捐得出百分之十

because I absolutely see that is not the case.

因為我真的了解 情況並非如此

However, it is to say that global inequality is really, really extreme.

不過，換句話說 全球不平等真的很極端

OK, and as a final note, yes, this is just a made-up thought experiment,

好，最後的一點，沒錯 這就是虛構的思想實驗

but I think it can shine a real light on what we can do in monetary terms,

不過我認為此提供真正 曙光在金錢方面能做的

what it would take to solve some of our real problems in the real world.

在解決真實世界中一些 實際問題付出的努力上

So everything I'm about to share

因此我所要分享的一切

is the result of extremely real research by experts at places like the World Bank,

是由這些地方的專家提出 極為真實的研究結果

the United Nations

如世界銀行，聯合國

and my co-founder Simran Dhaliwal is here tonight,

以及今晚在此的共同 創辦人西姆蘭達利瓦爾

our own much smaller non-profit, Longview Philanthropy.

我們自己更小眾非營利 組織，長遠慈善

So,

好的

what could we do with one year of the one percent giving 10 percent?

年收入前百分之一捐出 其百分之十能做什麼?

Let's find out.

讓我們找找看吧

For 260 billion dollars,

針對兩百六十億元

we could ensure that nobody lives below the extreme poverty line for the year.

我們能確保一年中沒人 生活在低於極貧窮線

That line is incredibly low.

這條線基準非常低

It's 2.15 dollars a day

一天兩點一五元

and one in 12 people currently live below that line.

而且目前每十二人 有一位是低於此線生活

One solution to this is really simple and really effective.

一種解決此方式是非常 簡單而且很有效率

In fact, it's so simple, people are sometimes confused by it.

事實上，它真的很簡單 人們有時為之困惑

Why don't we give money directly to the poorest people in the world?

我們何不直接把錢給 全球最貧困的人民?

There's a very conveniently named organization that does this

這裡有個命名相當合宜 的機構在從事這活動

called GiveDirectly.

名為馬上捐

Over 300 studies have been done on this type of cash transfer,

在此類現金轉移已 進行了有三百多項研究

and the studies show that this works.

而且此諸多研究顯示 這是可行的

And it works because fundamentally people know what they need,

而可行是因為民眾了解 其所需

particularly when they're extremely poor.

尤其當他們極度貧窮時

Like Bahati, for example.

舉例 如巴哈蒂

With her transfer, she bought a tank to store rainwater,

透過她的轉移，她購入 一台水箱來儲存雨水

livestock and her first mattress.

還有家禽以及首個 屬於她的床墊

And the fact that people know what they need

而民眾知道他們的所需 的真相也是一項原因

is also the reason that cash transfers often do more

乃是現金轉移通常 更做為

to boost education than building schools.

推動教育多於建設學校

They often do more to support businesses than business training

他們通常更做為支持企業 多過於企業培訓

and they often do more to improve nutrition

以及更多做為改善營養

than all kinds of food programs.

甚於各種糧食企劃

People don't need to be "taught to fish."

人們不需要被”教會釣魚”

We need to end that meme now.

我們目前必結束此迷因

People are capable of fishing and investing

人們會釣魚和投資

and a whole lot else

還會超多其他的事情

once they're not trapped in completely debilitating poverty.

一旦他們未受困於十分 令人孱弱的貧瘠

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

For 300 billion dollars

就三千億元而言

we could massively reduce the risk of the next pandemic.

我們能大幅降低下一波 的流行疾病

And honestly, what concerns me

而老實說 令我擔憂的是

is that the next one is going to be even worse.

下一波的流行疾病 將會更加惡劣

And the reason is this.

而原因就在於此

It's currently possible

而近期有可能發生

for somebody with the right type of experience in bioengineering

是擁有合法生物工程學 經驗類型的某一位

to go on the internet, to order the DNA necessary

會上網下訂一種 去氧核醣核酸

to reconstruct the smallpox virus --

其對重建天花病毒 必不可少的-

and as you'll know,

而將如你們所知

smallpox is a horrendous disease that we've eradicated --

天花是一種我們已根絕 的可怕疾病-

to reconstruct that virus

去重建此病毒

and to release it into the world.

然後將之釋放至全球

This is not some wild conjecture or some theory.

這並不是一些胡亂臆測 或是某些理論

This is what scientists are warning us about

這是科學家們所警告 著我們的

and what studies on similar viruses are showing could be possible now.

而目前類似病毒的研究 上正顯示當下的可能性

We are not prepared for this.

我們卻未為此作準備

We're not even prepared for the next natural pandemic.

我們甚至未為下一波 非人為流行疾病作準備

Here are some things we could do.

有些事項是我們能做的

First, we could set up a screening program to track sewage and wastewater

首先，可建立監控程式 來追蹤汙水及廢水系統

for the early signs of the next potential pandemic.

針對下一波潛在流行病 的諸多初期徵兆

Then we could upgrade existing lab facilities worldwide

之後我們可將全球現有的 實驗室設備升級

to ensure that anyone who needs a new vaccine

以確保需要新疫苗的每位

can get it within six months.

能在六個月內取得之

Then we stockpile enough super effective super PPE

而後我們儲備足夠高效能 高端的個人防護裝備

to cover every single essential worker in the world,

來防護世界各地所有 不可或缺的勞工們

not just people in rich countries.

不僅是富有國家的人民

And we can also invest into research,

而我們也能去投資研究

into germicidal light and other technologies

投資殺菌燈以及 其他技術

that could literally kill viruses in the air

其確實可將空氣中的 病毒殺死

before we breathe them in.

在我們吸入空氣之前

It's really early days,

這的確是初期階段

but a breakthrough here could mean the end of airborne disease.

然而此處的突破能意味 著空氣傳播疾病的結束

For 840 billion dollars

就八千四百億元而論

we can double what we spend on clean energy research and development

我們將於再生能源的 研究以及開發和

and really speed up progress to end climate change.

確實加快完結氣候變遷 的進程可增加一倍費用

Clean energy R and D has been so effective so far.

再生能源R與D目前 為止已相當之效率

Over the last 10 years,

在過去的十年裡

the price of wind energy is down by 50 percent

風力能的價格下跌 百分之五十

and the price of solar energy is down by an incredible 90 percent.

而且太陽能價格下跌 了驚人的百分之九十

One thing we can do now is build on this and start a clean energy sprint.

能做的一件事是以此 開創一項再生能源衝刺

So yes, wind and yes, solar,

所以沒錯，風和太陽

but also nuclear, also geothermal.

還有核能，還有地熱

Also better ways of storing the energy we do create

而且我們能創造更好 保存能源的方法

and better ways of removing existing carbon from the air,

以及更佳使空氣中存有 的碳消除的方法

particularly right at the point where it's emitted.

尤其正是其被釋放的 關鍵所在

For now, very minuscule-looking, mere two billion dollars,

目前，看起來非常微少 僅僅是兩百萬元

an investment here, an endowment here,

有一項投資 有一道資助

could permanently quadruple philanthropic spending

能永續地將慈善費用 增加四倍

to reduce nuclear risk.

來降低核能風險

That is less per year than what we spend on novelty socks.

那是比每年花在趣味襪 上的費用還少

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Nuclear risk is almost the highest it's ever been.

核能風險有史以來 幾乎都是最高的

Right now, thousands of warheads,

目前有上千個核彈

each capable of killing hundreds of thousands of people,

每一顆能夠殺死 數十萬個人類

are set on high alert.

且處於高警訊狀態

We know that the early warning systems that should alert us to incoming attacks

我們明白該警告我們 即將來臨的攻擊之早期

have a massive history of false alarms,

警示系統記載大規模 警告誤報的歷史

which creates a huge risk of an accidental nuclear strike.

其創造出一齣意外的 核能打擊的巨大風險

And we know in the event a potential strike is incoming,

而我們了解在事件中於 未來會有一項潛在打擊

the US president would have just 15 minutes to decide how to respond.

美國總統決定如何回應 僅花十五分鐘

And we know that the US has actually really good early warning systems,

我們明白美國實際的確 有良好的早期警示系統

comparatively speaking.

其相較之下。

This situation is absolutely insane.

這種情況極其荒謬

Even if you think that living in a world without nukes is not feasible

即便你認為生活在沒有 核武器的世界裡不合理

or not even desirable,

或甚不值得嚮往

there are safer ways to live in a world with nukes than this.

比起這，還有更安全的 方式活在有核武的世界

And because this is such a neglected area,

由於這樣一塊疏漏的 範圍

even a tiny amount of philanthropic funding would go a really long way

甚至一小筆慈善資助 能真正發揮很大作用

to getting the better policies we need.

在於獲得我們所需的 良好政策

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Thank you.

謝謝

For one billion dollars

對於十億元

we could increase tenfold the philanthropic money

我們能將慈善資金 擴增十倍

going towards AI safety.

用於支付人工智慧安全

Bit of light relief because you're about to need it,

輕鬆一點 因為你們會需要的

that's less per year than what we spend on toys for pets.

這比我們每年花在 寵物玩具上還要少

This little one here is actually my dog

在此這小東西其實 是我的狗

and I think I'm quite a decent chunk of that one billion, if I'm honest.

要是老實說，我認為我 是佔那十億相當大一塊

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So, as you know,

因此如你們所了解的

top AI labs around the world are currently deliberately trying to create AI systems

全球頂尖人工智慧實驗室 近期有意欲創人工智慧系統

that are smarter than humans at everything humans do

其比在人為方面所做出 的一切都更為聰明

and then some and then some, because it won't stop there.

甚至更多還更多 因為這不會停止

They're funded by tech money from the likes of Google and Microsoft,

它們由諸如谷歌及微軟 提供技術支出所創立的

and most AI researchers think that in the coming years or decades,

而多數人工智慧研發者 認為會在未來幾十年後

they're going to succeed.

它們即將成功

What's going to happen then?

接著會發生什麼事?

We don't know.

我們一無所知

Which is terrifying

哪個是可怕的

because even with the relatively simple systems we have today,

因為甚至隨著今日我們 所使用相當簡易的系統

like ChatGPT,

像是聊天機器人程式

companies didn't know how they were going to behave in the real world

公司才了解其在現實 世界中會如何運作

until they've released them publicly onto the internet.

直到他們已將其公開 發布到網路上

And yes, they've done some brilliantly helpful things,

而沒錯，它們已經完成 一些卓著有益的事情

but they've also done some much less brilliantly helpful things

但是也製造出一些很多 少於卓著有益的事情

like threaten to kill people,

像是會有殺害人的危險

threaten to hack into people's emails and blackmail them.

會有駭入人類郵件 並且敲詐他們的危險

Now, fortunately, ChatGPT is not an existential risk.

幸運的是，聊天機器人 並不是一項生存危機

But as these systems rapidly become more and more powerful,

然而當這些系統迅速 變得越來越有力量時

this way of doing things is going to rapidly become

進行事物的方式則 會迅速變得

more and more deeply unsafe.

越來越極其不安全

We need to put pressure on these companies to slow down,

我們必須催使這些企業 慢下腳步

and when the time is right, to maybe even stop.

而當時機成熟時 或許甚至得停止

OK.

好的

So we have quite a lot of our budget left.

因此我們還有相當充足 的預算

Let’s speed things up and see what we can do

讓我們加快事情進展 也看看我們能做什麼

not just to survive this century, but to thrive in it.

不僅要拯救這世紀 也要在此繁榮茁壯

We could fund a 13-year plan

我們可以資助 一項13年計畫

to ensure that everybody has access to clean water

確保每人能永久地 使用乾淨的水

and sanitation once and for all.

以及公共衛生

We could provide the additional funding needed

我們能提供額外的 資金需求

to make sure that hunger and malnutrition are gone within a decade.

確保在一年內飢餓與 營養不良消失不見

We could give women control over their reproductive health

我們可為女性控管 其生殖健康

and fund free contraceptive --

以及資助免費避孕劑

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Free contraceptive, maternal and newborn care

免費避孕劑，孕婦及 新生兒照護

for every woman who needs it for at least five years.

至少有五年的時間提供 給每一位有需求的女性

We could fund the plan to end factory farming entirely by 2050.

可資助本計畫於2050 前全面終止工廠化養殖

We could massively suppress or even eradicate

我們能大規模禁止 或甚至杜絕

the 20 neglected tropical diseases,

這20個忽視的熱帶疾病

which tend to affect the poorest billion in the world

其往往影響這世界中 最貧困的十億人口

and tend to be incredibly cheap and easy to treat.

以及非常容易受到 廉價和隨意的治療

And we could massively suppress or even eradicate malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.

我們能大幅地禁止或甚 至根絕瘧疾結核病愛滋

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

We're not doomed.

我們並沒有就此絕望

We don't need to resign ourselves or our loved ones

我們無須將自己 或是我們的親人

or our fellow humans or future generations

或是我們的人類同胞 或我們將來世世代代

to unnecessary and avoidable suffering,

任受於不需要及可避免 的苦難之中

because we really can solve our biggest problems.

因為我們真的可以解決 我們最大的難題

And we don't need to throw away one of the most powerful tools

而我們無須拋棄其中 最強大的工具

we have to solve them,

我們必須要解決它們

because philanthropy really can be transformative.

因為慈善的確能有 改革作用的

And I think the thing to remember

而我認為要牢記的事情

is that everything I've gone through today,

則是今天我所歷經的 一切

it's not a complete list of the world's problems.

並不是全球問題的 完整清單

It is one option for what we could do with one year's worth of funding

它是我們可用一年的 資金中的百分之一就能

from the one percent giving just 10 percent.

提供百分之十之價值 所進行的一個選項

Imagine what we could do in year two.

想像我們在第二年 可以做些什麼

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause and cheers)

(鼓掌和歡呼)

Anna Verghese: Alright.

安娜·維蓋斯:好的

There is so much to get excited about.

還有很多感到興奮的事

So you did reference the people earning 60K,

因此你們確實參考收入 六萬元的人

maybe it's not as realistic to imagine committing 10 percent,

要設想投入百分之十 也許是不切實際

but I love to turn a thought experiment or an idea into actions.

但我喜歡換為思想實驗 或是想法化為行動

So how do we get even close to that 3.1 trillion number?

因此我們該如何達到 這3.1兆數目?

What do you think we need to do?

你們覺得我們需要 做些什麼?

Natalie Cargill: First of all, to reiterate that, it's not practical,

娜塔莉嘉吉:首先 得重申之，這不切實際

and there shouldn't be an exercise in, you know, making people feel guilty

且應該沒有一種執行作為 會形成人們有罪惡感

or that they should do things they can't afford.

或是他們應當進行 其無法擔任的事情

I think two things really help in terms of increasing donations.

我認為對於增加捐款 有兩件事的確有幫助

One is just information on global inequality.

其一就是全球不平等的 訊息

I think people think of the one percent in terms of rich countries

我認為就富裕國家來說 人們考量到此百分之一

and just being aware that what’s not extravagantly wealthy in rich countries

並恰好意識到富裕國家 並無整體過多奢華富有

is actually very wealthy in global terms.

其以全球情況來看 實際上是非常富足的

And I think the second thing is having options and having information.

而我認為其二則為 持有選擇以及訊息

I think a lot of people, most people are incredibly generous

我認為很多人大多數人 都非常慷慨

and do want to improve the world,

而且想要改變這世界

but it's not easy to navigate all the different options.

然而要掌握所有不同 的選擇是困難的

And so one thing we try and do

因此有個我們 努力並執行的事

is just share this information as widely as we can.

就是只要我們盡能夠 廣泛地分享此訊息

AV: So talk about information.

AV: 那來談談訊息

You mentioned GiveDirectly as a great organization.

你們提到像是馬上捐 這一大型組織

They're an Audacious grantee that we gave money to

他們是我們給予金錢的 大膽受贈者

during the COVID pandemic

在冠狀病毒流行病期間

and highly endorse sending your money that way.

而且其高度認同你們的 金錢交付方式

Are there any other ideas,

還有任何其他的想法

organizations that you have researched that people can get access to?

以及人們能夠方便接觸 你們已調查好的組織?

NC: Yes.

NC:是的

Seconding GiveDirectly is amazing.

其次馬上捐這組織很棒

I think for people giving,

我想到捐助者們，

considering that something of a benchmark can be really helpful.

考慮到某種基準點能夠 真正具有幫助

Another organization I'd really recommend people check out is called GiveWell.

我很想推薦大家去了解 另一名為行善的組織

So they're not a charity themselves.

那麼他們本身不是慈善 機構

They evaluate all kinds of global health interventions

他們對所有孩童的全球 健康干預活動做出評估

to see which ones are kind of the best recipients,

以確保哪幾位才是 最適合的收受人

if you're interested in global health and development.

假如你們對全球健康 及發展感興趣的話

Also, if you go to longview.org/pledge,

並且，假如你們前往 longview.org/pledge網站

you can see all of the research that we we put together for this talk

可看見我們為這次演講 放上全部的研究

and for each area we break down where we've got the estimate from

針對我們分析每一領域 我們有估算數值的來源

and where you can donate if you're interested.

以及假如你們有興趣 有可以捐助的地點

AV: Wonderful, thank you Natalie.

AV:太棒了 謝謝 娜塔莉

NC: Thank you all so much.

NC:非常謝謝

(Applause)

(鼓掌)