A Moral Blueprint for Reimagining Capitalism | Manish Bhardwaj | TED

譯者: Lily Cheng 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

Folks, in 2022, we know capitalism has a problem.

朋友們，2022 年了 大家都知道資本主義有問題

The system that undergirds much of our way of life in the West

這個系統支撐起西方的生活方式

is exacerbating injustice and inequality.

也加劇了不公義和不平等

We know that women still get paid less than men.

女性的薪資仍低於男性

This is 2022.

都 2022 年了

And the share of the bottom half of the world’s population and wealth

世界底層一半人口總財富在全球

is just two percent.

只佔百分之二

We know that the playing field is not level.

我們知道這個賽場並不公平

And yet, even as we are awash in new ideas and thinking and approaches,

儘管身邊圍繞著新的點子、想法、方案

technologies and gadgets,

和科技小玩意兒

we somehow do not seem to know how to address the fundamental problems

卻不太明白如何釐清根本問題所在

at the heart of it all.

最核心的問題

Now I can’t claim to have all the answers,

我不是說我知道所有答案

but today I want to talk to you about a tool

但我今天想和大家分享一項工具

that can help us design more just systems.

可以幫助我們設計更公正的系統

And that tool is moral clarity.

那就是：道德清晰

Now, moral clarity is not an ideology.

道德清晰不是一種意識型態

It's not righteousness.

也不等於正義

Moral clarity is doing the right thing because it is right

道德清晰是發自內心做對的事

and not from fear of sanction or an expectation of reward.

而不是因為害怕懲罰或期待獎賞

It is clarity of the demands that we are allowed to make of others.

我們能向別人提出明確的要求

It is to never confuse what we ought to do with what we can do.

絕不混淆該做的事和能做的事

No one ought to starve.

沒有人應該挨餓

No one ought to be discriminated against.

沒有人該被歧視

No one ought to profit from suffering.

沒有人該從痛苦中獲益

These are not personal preferences.

這不是個人喜好

These are moral imperatives that most people believe in --

而是多數人相信的道德準則

(Applause)

（掌聲）

whatever their politics or culture.

不論政治或宗教

And this is what gives us the basis

從這個根本原則

to build more just organizations, communities

我們能建立更公正的組織和社區

and, ultimately, a more just world.

最終目標，是更公正的世界

So, folks, how do we do it?

朋友們，我們該如何做？

First, if we want justice, let's use the language of justice,

首先，想要正義，就要使用正義的語言

the language of right and wrong.

對與錯的語言

Take stakeholder capitalism,

以利害關係人資本主義為例

this notion that a company is responsible to all its stakeholders

這個概念中，一間公司對所有 利害關係人負責

and to the environment,

包括對環境負責

and not just its shareholders.

而不只是對利害關係人

How well has it done?

它表現如何？

Well, we have data that shows that as a group,

數據顯示，作為一個團體，

companies that subscribe to stakeholder capitalism

遵循利害關係人資本主義的公司

did no better supporting their employees in the pandemic

在疫情中支持員工的表現

than companies that made no such pledge.

並沒有比其他公司更好

Why?

為什麼？

It’s not because stakeholder capitalism is a charade

並非利害關係人資本主義 只是說說而已

or its ends are not noble or its metrics broken

或是它目的不純、缺乏指標

or incentives misaligned.

或是激勵機制失準

It's because we have been selling stakeholder capitalism

而是因為，我們一直推廣它

as a way to reduce risk and ensure long-term growth and profits.

作為降低風險、確保長期成長效益 的工具

Take, for instance: Why should a workplace be diverse?

比如說，工作場域為何要多元化？

And this is what I hear all the time:

我總是聽到下面這個答案：

“So it better reflects our customers, allowing us to build better products,

為了反映出我們客戶的多元性 讓我們能開發更好的產品

so we can improve retention, so we can increase innovation and profit.”

提高留職率，增進創新和獲利

Alright. But what if you already have record-setting profits?

好，如果你們早就獲利破紀錄呢？

What if your products are already all the rage?

如果你們的產品已經正當紅呢？

What [about] when there are far easier alternatives to increasing profits

如果有更簡單的方法來提高獲利

than the difficult work of organizational change?

比組織變革的難題簡單許多

What then?

那怎麼辦？

What then will motivate us to stay the course?

什麼才能讓我們不變初心？

So, folks, I need you.

朋友們，我需要你

Let’s come together and set the narrative straight.

讓我們一起創造正確的敘事

Here, let's say this loud and clear.

讓我們一起大聲說

We want every workplace to affirm women,

我們想要的職場，會肯定女性

minorities and every group that is underrepresented --

肯定少數族群、以及所有弱勢團體

not in expectation of more innovation or profit or retention,

不是為了更多創新、獲利、留職率

but because it is the right thing to do. It is the just thing to do,

而是因為這是正確的、是正義的

because that is what we ought to do.

是我們應該做的

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, I’m not minimizing the difficulty of organizational change.

我不是在淡化組織變革的困難度

I run an organization.

我也經營一間機構

I understand the competing demands and priorities.

我了解競爭需求和優先事項

Reconciling what we ought to do with what we can do

平衡當做之事和能做之事

is necessarily imperfect.

必然不會完美

Moral clarity is not moral perfection.

道德清晰不等於道德完美

It is moral alertness.

而是一種道德警惕

I'm also not minimizing or saying that innovation or better products

我的意思不是說 創新、產品進步和留職率

or retention are not worthy goals.

不是值得追求的目標

My point is, let's start making space in our organizations for moral language

重點在於，在我們的組織中保留 道德語言的空間

and clear moral arguments.

和清晰的的道德論述

Now --

這樣

(Applause)

（掌聲）

There was a time in America

美國有一段時期

when you could start as a custodian or in the mail room

人們能從郵件室的小管理員做起

and rise through the ranks, even to the top job.

慢慢升職，甚至成為高階管理者

Now that doesn't happen anymore.

現在這成了天方夜譚

We have outsourced those jobs.

這些工作被外包

We have turned them into gig work.

變成零工工作

And the problem is not just the low wages or poor benefits

問題也不是低薪、低福利

or the unpredictable working hours.

或是非固定的工作時間

The problem is we know nothing,

真正問題是我們的無知

nothing about the lives of so many who make our own possible.

對於這些成就了我們生活的人們 一無所知

We don't know that the worker in our cafeteria is sleeping in her car

不知道我們的餐廳員工睡在車裡

so she can work three jobs to send her kids to college.

為了送小孩去讀大學，打了三份零工

We don't know that the worker in our warehouse

不知道我們的倉庫員工

has uncontrolled diabetes,

患有未控制的糖尿病

even though he has health insurance.

儘管他有醫療保險

But he doesn't have the time to manage this chronic condition.

但他沒有時間來處理這個慢性疾病

Folks, how can we be just if these indignities are hidden from us,

朋友們，若這些輕慢之事被隱藏 在會計成本中無足輕重

if they don't show up in our accounting?

怎能讓世界更加公正呢？

How can lives matter, truly matter to us,

要如何展現生命對我們的貴重

if you only read about them?

如果我們只用薪水單來認識他人？

If you don’t encounter them?

從來不接觸他們？

If you don’t share in their humanity?

從不與他們共享人性？

So, it shouldn’t take a hot labor market

不需要等到勞動市場火爆時

for us to invest in our entry-level employees.

才大力培養我們的初級員工

And let's not stop at tuition subsidies and training.

也不要滿足於學費補助和訓練

Let's do the harder work of mentoring those

讓我們真正投入精力

who do not show up on our organizational charts.

指導那些不會出現在組織圖上的人

Let's understand their aspirations and connect them to opportunities,

了解他們的憧憬，提供他們機會

even if those are outside our firms.

即使他們不算正職員工

Next.

再來

Let's get rid of the idea that a smart app or gadget or technology or business model

不要指望聰明的應用程式、裝置、 技術或商業模型

will fix injustice.

能拯救不正義的現狀

It will not!

不可能

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Justice requires accompaniment,

正義需要陪伴

staying by a person's side until right is done.

陪伴在人們身邊，直到正義得到伸張

I started a nonprofit that provides health care

我創立了一間非營利機構

提供印度鄉村貧戶醫療服務

to the rural poor in India,

and we realized very early on

我們很快就明白

that we could have all the therapeutics and health care workers and facilities,

各種療法、醫護人員、設備都有了

but we would not transform outcomes

但若想要真正改變

until we accompanied literally our patients.

只有親身陪伴我們的病人才能做到

So, in our maternal and neonatal health program,

在我們的孕婦和新生兒健康計劃中

expectant mothers have us on speed dial.

準媽媽們加了我們的號碼

They call us as soon as they go into labor,

一旦開始生產就打給我們

and we stay beside them, literally,

我們就會陪在她們身邊

till they make it to the delivery room in time.

直到她們進入產房

Why? Because the barriers are too numerous to predict.

因為難以預測的障礙太多

Flooded roads, an unwilling patriarch,

比如道路淹水、丈夫抗拒、

a labor nurse who will not assist a woman of another caste.

分娩護士不願協助其他種姓的婦女

And that is why we journey to distant cities if we have to,

必要情況下，我們會前往偏遠城鎮

and we find a neonatal ICU

尋找新生兒監護病房

and stay by the side of an anxious mother and her newborn

陪伴焦慮的準媽媽和她的寶寶

until they are both well.

直到順利生產

And that is how we have cut mortality rates in half in our program

我們的專案降低了整整一半的死亡率

when everyone around us told us that it was impossible.

之前所有人都說這是不可能的任務

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Accompaniment is not just about health care.

不只醫療保健需要陪伴

In the United States,

在美國

low-income students drop out of community colleges at record rates

低收入學生從社區大學輟學的比例 創下新高

because of the barriers they face.

他們遇到許多障礙

They may not have the fare for public transport to attend classes.

可能是缺乏上學的交通費用

They may not have the child care to make it to a job interview.

或是小孩沒人照顧而無法參加面試

They may be struggling with homelessness or hunger.

或是無家可歸，為三餐掙扎

Now, financial assistance is crucial, and we need more of it.

經濟協助因此至關重要 我們需要更多資金

But it will not by itself transform outcomes.

不過錢本身無法改變結果

What we also need are seasoned advisors who can accompany our students,

我們還需要經驗豐富的顧問來陪伴 我們的學生

who can help them pick majors and classes, teach them study techniques,

幫助他們選擇主修和選課， 引導學習技巧

provide career counseling and help them juggle home, work and college.

提供職涯諮詢，幫助他們兼顧 家庭、工作和學業

And now we have rigorous evidence

現在我們有確切的證據

that these accompaniment-centered interventions

以陪伴為中心的干預

that address a whole array of barriers

解決一系列的障礙

can double graduation rates.

可以使畢業率加倍

This is from the City University of New York's ASAP initiative.

這是紐約城市大學「越早越好」 倡議計畫的成果

Accompaniment is not just for nonprofits.

陪伴不只適用非營利組織

As we try to reimagine and reconfigure work

我們試著重建工作型態

and inclusion

和多元包容

in the wake of the pandemic,

在後疫情時代

accompaniment is that principled approach that can get us there.

陪伴是成功的關鍵因素

Now, for all of these ideas to take root and endure,

為了讓這些點子扎根且持續

we need to make moral clarity foundational to our educational system.

必須讓道德清晰成為教育系統的基石

A recent college poll showed that graduating college students

近期的大學民調顯示

考慮從事社會變革工作的畢業生

consider working for social change less likely

比一年級新生少得多

than they did as freshmen.

Our students spend all their time becoming skilled specialists.

學生用所有時間努力成為領域專家

They accrue credentials for everything --

他們努力累積的優秀履歷中

everything except for the difficult work of making the world just.

卻不包含能讓世界變得更公正 的艱鉅工作

I teach a course, Entrepreneurship for the Idealist,

我開的一堂課 「理想主義者的創業精神」

at Princeton University,

在普林斯頓大學

which trains students in moral clarity

鍛鍊學生道德清晰的意識

so they can go out and make the world just.

他們才能走出去，讓世界變得更公正

We can teach our students the language of right and wrong

我們可以教導學生們對與錯的語言

and give them the courage to use it.

給他們使用這語言的勇氣

We can teach them the nature of injustice

可以告訴他們不公義的本質

so they have a fighting chance at dismantling it.

讓他們有機會為拆除不公義而奮鬥

And we can train them in accompaniment.

可以在陪伴中訓練他們

We don't expect families to train humanists or scientists or engineers.

我們不指望家庭可以訓練出 人文主義者、科學家或工程師

So let's stop making moral clarity

所以也不要把道德清晰

the sole responsibility of families or of religion.

當作家庭或宗教的責任

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, some of you may be thinking that all of this is too hard.

有些人可能會想，要做到太難了

That this is unrealistic.

認為這不現實

And I can understand that. I've been doing this a long time.

我能理解，但我已經這樣做一段時間了

Let's stop worrying about being realistic.

暫時放下對現實性的憂慮吧

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Last year, folks,

去年

we invested 621 billion dollars globally in startups,

全球投資了 6210 億在新創產業

in dreams, in visions,

在夢想、在異象

in visions of worlds transformed by new technologies,

用科技改變世界的異象

in visions of planets colonized and of alternate universes.

殖民星球、平行宇宙的異象

Now, many of those dreams will fail.

這些夢想很多會失敗

Many of those dreams will take decades to materialize.

這些夢想很多經年累月才能實現

But will we flinch?

我們退縮了嗎？

No, we'll double down. Such is our faith in those visions.

不，我們加倍投資 這是我們對這類異象的信心

Folks, if we are trying to do something truly hard,

朋友們，既然我們試圖成就困難的事

I want us to come together to do the hardest thing there is:

我希望我們能一起完成最艱鉅的任務：

envision and then build a just world.

構想並建立一個公正的世界

Not a prosperous world. Not a frictionless world.

不是繁花錦簇的世界 不是毫無衝突的世界

Not a resilient world, but a just world.

不是堅韌不拔的世界 而是一個公正公義的世界

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now in our time, the call to do the right thing because it is right,

在這個世代呼籲發自內心做對的事

because it is just,

為正義做對的事

evokes a certain wistfulness.

喚醒我們的渴望

It has that quality of a once-beloved melody

這曾是人們心中大受歡迎的主旋律

whose notes now elude us.

後來慢慢淡去了

We are worried that if we sing the tune,

我們擔心若唱起這首歌

it's going to land just a bit flat in our time.

在這世代無人問津

And the reason is

原因是

the foundational myth of our political and economic systems

政治經濟系統的根本迷思

that people will do only that which is advantageous to them.

相信人們只做對自己有利的事

So while we never shun our idealism,

儘管理想仍在

it's a stubborn thing we learn early on

但受現實錘煉，我們學會輕輕放下

to wear it lightly.

Folks, let's stop selling ourselves short.

朋友們，別再賤賣自己了

We are capable of being small, but we are not small beings.

我們可以是小人物，卻絕不渺小

We help strangers whom we know we will never see again.

我們幫助難再相見的陌生人

We grieve.

我們哀悼

We grieve for strangers who are oceans away.

我們為海洋另一端的陌生人哀悼

In the expectation of what reward

當波蘭媽媽們

將她們的嬰兒車留在火車站 給逃難的烏克蘭母親

are Polish mothers leaving their strollers

on train stations

so Ukrainian mothers fleeing,

讓破碎的生命有一點喘息之機

dispossessed and broken, will find some respite?

她們難道有期待什麼回報？

Yes, we are driven by incentives.

人類確實受到獎勵的驅動

But we are also driven by love,

但同時也受到愛的驅使

mercy, kindness, justice, solidarity.

以及仁慈、良善、正義、團結

Folks,

朋友們

I have an abiding faith in our idealism,

我對我們的理想有堅定的信心

in mine and in yours. And here’s why.

你和我各自的理想 為什麼呢？

Our pursuits may be different,

我們的追求或許不同

our politics may be different,

政治理念也不同

our motivations will always be many.

動機各式各樣

But our deepest longing has always been the same:

但我們最深的渴望是一樣的：

to find our humanity,

找到我們的人性

to fathom that magnificent vastness within each of us.

順從內心深處的偉大理想抱負

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）