Ancient Pompeii’s Hidden Messages, Preserved in Graffiti | Jacqueline DiBiasie-Sammons | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Coco Shen

On Saturday, August 2, at around 9:30pm,

八月二日星期六， 大約晚上九點半，

Iuvenilla was born.

尤文妮拉出生了。

While I do have a daughter, her name isn’t Iuvenilla,

雖然我的確有個女兒， 但她不叫尤文妮拉，

也不是八月二日出生。

and she wasn't born on August 2.

This was a graffito,

這是一幅塗鴉，

a message written by a proud papa or a proud mama,

是驕傲的爸爸或驕傲的媽媽 所寫下的訊息，

on the walls of ancient Pompeii nearly 2,000 years ago.

近兩千年前，寫在古龐貝城牆上。

And while we might send a birth announcement

我們可能會發寶寶出生的公告，

or take to social media,

或寫在社群媒體上，

this Pompeiian took to the walls to exclaim their happy news

而這位龐貝人則是用牆面

來宣揚他們的快樂好消息，

and even accompanied the message

訊息旁還附加上

with a drawing of little Iuvenilla herself.

小尤文妮拉本人的畫像。

The reason why we have this graffito and thousands like them

我們之所以會有這張塗鴉 和數千張類似塗鴉的原因，

was the destructive and deadly eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

是因為西元七十九年 維蘇威火山毀滅性的爆發。

This volcanic eruption preserved this graffito for us today.

這次火山爆發讓 這幅塗鴉能保留至今。

We might wonder what happened to little Iuvenilla,

我們可能會好奇小尤文妮拉怎麼了，

likely only a few weeks old when the eruption happened.

火山爆發時，她可能才幾週大。

I hope she was able to escape with her family as many did.

我希望，和許多人一樣， 她能和她的家人逃過一劫。

I've been interested in the Romans since I was little

我從小就對羅馬人很感興趣，

and Pompeii, especially,

特別是龐貝城，

as I share my birthday with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24.

因為我的生日八月二十四日， 也是維蘇威火山爆發的日子。

I started learning Latin in high school,

我高中時就開始學拉丁文，

and while I enjoyed the language

雖然我很享受學習拉丁文， 也很享受了解羅馬人，

and enjoyed learning about the Romans,

I couldn't connect with the stories of Julius Caesar

但我無法與尤利烏斯‧ 凱撒的故事產生連結，

or even the love poetry of Ovid.

或甚至與奧維德的愛情詩連結。

I wanted to know what were ordinary Romans doing and thinking.

我想知道的是一般羅馬人 在做什麼、想什麼。

在大學，我接觸到了拉丁塗鴉。

And in college, I was introduced to Latin graffiti.

Now for the first time I could hear the thoughts and words of ordinary Romans.

這是頭一次，我能聽到 一般羅馬人的想法和話語。

When I went to Pompeii, I could put myself in their sandals

當我到龐貝城時，我能夠

設身處地穿上他們的涼鞋， 站在柱子旁邊，

standing next to a column,

imagining the messages they might write to one another.

想像他們可能會寫給彼此的訊息。

Line graffiti allow us to hear the thoughts and words of ordinary people

線條塗鴉讓我們能夠聽到

古時一般人的想法和話語。

who lived in antiquity.

But I believe by studying Roman graffiti,

但我相信，透過研究羅馬塗鴉，

we can learn a lot more about what makes us human

我們能夠更了解 是什麼讓我們成為人，

and a lot more about ourselves too.

也更了解我們自己。

Now, when you hear the word graffiti,

聽到塗鴉這個詞，

you're probably imagining spray-painted messages in urban centers,

你可能會想像的是 在都市中心的噴漆訊息、

bathroom graffiti or maybe graffiti artists like Banksy.

廁所塗鴉，或也許是 像班克西這樣的塗鴉藝術家。

But ancient graffiti were much different than modern graffiti.

但古時的塗鴉和現代的塗鴉 有很大的不同。

Modern graffiti are typically illegal or at least taboo in cities today.

現代塗鴉通常是不合法的，或至少 在現今的城市中是被禁止的。

Ancient graffiti were welcome or even permitted.

古時則歡迎塗鴉或甚至允許塗鴉。

They appear in nearly every space in the ancient city:

在古老城市裡，幾乎在 所有空間中都能看到塗鴉：

temples, tombs, bars, public spaces and even inside homes.

寺廟、墳墓、酒吧、公共空間，

甚至在住家裡面。

Almost nothing was off limits.

幾乎沒有什麼地方是被禁止的。

Modern graffiti are typically written in spray paint

現代塗鴉通常是用噴漆，

or scratched into a surface like a bathroom stall.

或者刻在表面上，如廁所門上。

Ancient graffiti were typically scratched into the wall plaster

古時的塗鴉則是刻在牆壁灰泥上，

using a sharp instrument like a stylus or a nail.

用銳利的器具，如尖針或指甲。

In fact, our English word "graffiti" comes from the Italian word meaning "scratched"

事實上，英文單字「塗鴉」 來自義大利單字「用刻的」，

and was coined when 19th century archaeologists first encountered

這個單字被創造出來 是因為十九世紀時考古學家

the scratched graffiti of Pompeii.

初次發現了刻在龐貝城牆上的塗鴉。

Ancient graffiti were written by a wide variety of people,

古時塗鴉的創作者形形色色，

and they're some of our best evidence

它們也是很棒的證據，呈現 在文學記錄中被邊緣化的人，

for people marginalized from the literary record,

like women and the enslaved.

比如女性和奴隸。

Now the reason why the Pompeiians wrote so many graffiti

龐貝人有這麼多塗鴉的原因

is they didn't have access to inexpensive writing tools like paper.

是因為他們無法取得 不昂貴的書寫工具，如紙張。

So they took to the walls to send messages to one another,

所以他們運用牆壁 來傳遞訊息給別人、

record observations

記錄他們的觀察，

or even record things using tally marks

或甚至用計數符號來做記錄，

in the same way we might use scrap paper,

就像我們要隨手記錄時會用廢紙、

our phones or even social media.

手機，或甚至社群媒體。

Now on the screen now are two of the most famous graffiti from Pompeii.

現在螢幕上的，是兩幅 最知名的龐貝塗鴉。

Unfortunately, both of them don't survive for us today,

不幸的是，兩幅都沒有存留至今，

but drawings made at the time of their excavation

但在開鑿時所做的繪圖， 讓我們能一瞥它們當年的樣子。

allow us to see what they once looked like.

The one on the top says,

上面的圖寫著：

"This is the labyrinth,

「這是迷宮，人身牛頭 怪物住在這裡。」

the Minotaur lives here,"

and is accompanied by a drawing of a labyrinth from mythology.

旁邊附上出自神話的迷宮繪圖。

This graffito was written inside a private person’s home.

這幅塗鴉來自私人的家中。

There wasn't the same taboo about writing in personal space like there is today.

當年並沒有像現今這樣 禁忌到個人空間中寫訊息。

I doubt any of us would be too happy if somebody came into our living room

我想我們應該都不會很希望 有人到我們家的客廳

and wrote a message such as this.

留下這樣的訊息。

The bottom graffiti shows us

下方的塗鴉讓我們看到， 龐貝人自己本身很清楚知道

that the Pompeiians themselves had a keen awareness

of how many graffiti covered their walls.

他們的牆壁上覆蓋了多少塗鴉。

It says, "Oh wall, I'm amazed you haven't fallen down

上面寫著：

「喔，牆壁啊， 我好驚訝你還沒有倒塌，

holding up so many scribblings."

支承這麼多的塗寫。」

This message was repeated several times throughout Pompeii.

這段訊息在龐貝各處重複了許多次。

This particular one comes from the amphitheater,

這一則來自競技場，

which is the space in which the gladiators would fight.

也就是角鬥士對戰的地方。

Now, most graffiti in Pompeii were scratched as I mentioned,

如我前面所提，龐貝城 大部分的塗鴉都是用刻的，

but some were written with perishable materials

但有些是用會耗損的材料來書寫，

like charcoal and chalk.

如木炭和粉筆。

These graffiti are the subject of my present research,

這類塗鴉是我目前研究的主題，

and they've been almost totally ignored by modern scholars

且它們幾乎完全 被現代學者給忽略了，

in part because very few of them survived to this day.

部分原因是因為這類塗鴉 很少能留存至今。

This is a shame,

這很讓人遺憾，因為 這類塗鴉通常都比較奔放、

as these graffiti are often more flourishing,

inventive and elegant than their inscribed counterparts.

更有創意，且更高雅，

刻畫的塗鴉就沒這麼好。

It was far easier to draw on top of the wall plaster

在牆面灰泥上畫畫，遠比 刻寫在牆面上容易得多。

than to inscribe into it.

Now here's an example of one of these graffiti.

這是這類塗鴉的一個例子。

This one was written on one of the gates leading out of the city,

這一幅塗鴉的所在， 是出城的主要大門之一，

and it was likely made with chalk or maybe even just a clod of earth.

它很可能是用粉筆或甚至 只是一塊泥土畫出來的。

It says, "Victor with Phyloterus everywhere."

寫著：「不論天涯海角， 維克特與斐洛泰拉斯。」

You can see the very elegant Roman cursive in which this message was written.

各位可以看到這段訊息是用 很優雅的羅馬草書體寫成。

Can you trace the large flourishes on the V, Y and R letters?

各位能找到 V、Y，和 R 揮舞出來的線條嗎？

The author included a playful branch to the right to complete the message.

作者還在右側畫了一枝 好玩的樹枝，讓訊息更完整。

Now, just above this one was a graffito made in charcoal.

在這張上面的， 則是用木炭畫的塗鴉。

This time the name Victor, with a flourishing V.

這次是維克特，其中 V 的寫法十分奔放。

And right below it, a portrait, maybe of Victor himself.

就在下方有張畫像， 也許就是維克特本人。

We can just make out the right side of his face, his eye and his nose.

我們能夠辨視出他的右臉、 他的眼睛，和他的鼻子。

Now, I'm interested in ancient aesthetics.

我對古老的美學很感興趣。

What does the way the graffito was written tell us about the person who wrote it

塗鴉被繪製的方式， 能讓我們了解什麼關於

作者本人和其動機的資訊？

and their motivations?

Now, here's a graffito you don't need to know Latin to understand.

至於這幅塗鴉，你不用 懂拉丁文也能了解。

This one was inscribed into one of the bathhouses of the city.

這幅塗鴉被刻在城市的澡堂之一。

Can you read it?

各位能讀出來嗎？

How about now?

現在呢？

That's right.

沒錯，原本寫的時候 就是上下顛倒的。

This was originally written upside down.

Now we don't know if the author wrote it upside down while standing right side up

我們不知道作者是以側身的 方式來寫上下顛倒的訊息，

or if they twisted their body to write it upside down.

或者用扭曲身體的方式 來寫上下顛倒的訊息。

But either way it shows us the playfulness of so many of the Roman graffiti.

但，不論是哪一種，都讓我們 見識到許多羅馬塗鴉的趣味。

Have you figured out what it says?

各位搞懂這則訊息了嗎？

What if I do this?

如果我這樣做呢？

This was an alphabet.

這是拉丁字母表。

It's the Latin alphabet interspersed forwards and backwards.

是拉丁字母順著和反著排列。

So it starts with A,

一開頭是 A，

then it goes to X, which is the last letter of the Roman alphabet,

然後是 X，也是 羅馬字母的最後一個。

then B,

再來是 B，

then U, which is the second to last,

接著是 U，即倒數第二個字母。

then C, then T, which is the third to last,

再來是 C，接著 T， 即倒數第三個字母。

and so on and so forth.

以此類推。

So we have the alphabet written upside down

所以圖上的這些字母

不但被寫成上下顛倒， 還順著和反著排列。

and interspersed forwards and backwards.

It doesn't get more playful than that.

還有比這更好玩的嗎？

And we can see a utilitarian message such as an alphabet

我們可以看到，像字母表 這樣很實用的訊息，

could even be written with elegant writing.

也可以用優雅的方式書寫。

The C and the D letter tails are so long, they cross.

C 和 D 的尾巴很長， 長到彼此交叉。

For the Pompeiians, it wasn’t enough to write on the walls.

對龐貝人來說， 光是在牆上書寫還不夠，

They wanted to write beautifully.

他們還想要寫得很漂亮。

Now looking at graffiti in isolation such as this is interesting,

把像這樣的塗鴉單獨 拿來看是很有意思，

but we can gain so much more

但若把它們放在情境中探究， 我們還能獲得更多更多，

when we examine them in context

to understand how these graffiti relate to each other

可以了解這些塗鴉彼此之間的關係，

and the places they were written in.

以及它們的所在。

But to do that we're going to have to travel to ancient Pompeii.

但若要這麼做， 我們就得前往古龐貝城。

Now I wish we could all go there together.

我也希望大家能一起親身去那裡。

Instead I'm going to take us there virtually.

但我要改成用虛擬的 方式帶大家過去。

We're going to walk down one avenue in ancient Pompeii

我們要沿著古龐貝城的 一條街道上行走，

to find the graffiti that were once written there

去找當年曾經在那裡的塗鴉，

and figure out what can these graffiti tell us

並搞清楚這些塗鴉能告訴我們

about life in antiquity and life in the 21st century.

什麼關於古代生活 及二十一世紀生活的事。

This is our avenue that we’ll be walking down,

這是我們要走的街道，

the Vicolo del Menandro,

叫做 Vicolo del Menandro，

a small street in a residential district.

是住宅區的一條小街。

We're one block off from the main avenue in town,

我們離鎮上的主要大道 只有一個街區的距離，

in between the theater and the amphitheater.

在劇院和競技場之間。

As we walk down the avenue, we see many names.

我們沿著街道一路走下去， 會看到很多名字。

Most of the names are male,

大部分是男性的名字，

as we believe many more men than women were literate in ancient Pompeii,

我們相信在古龐貝城中 男性比女性多，

but some female names jump out to us too.

但我們偶爾也會看到 一些女性的名字。

It used to be assumed that very few women in the ancient world were literate,

以往的假設是， 在古代很少有識字女性，

but graffiti from Pompeii have truly complicated that picture.

但龐貝城的塗鴉真的 讓狀況變複雜了。

Amongst all the names,

在所有的名字當中，

we see a greeting.

我們看到一段問候。

This greeting says,

這段問候寫著：「普里瑪 祝福西庫恩達斯。」

"Prima sends many greetings to Secundus."

Now Prima and Secundus mean first and second in Latin.

在拉丁文中，普里瑪 和西庫恩達斯是第一和第二。

So these might be names or they might be nicknames.

所以，這些可能是名字， 也可能是綽號。

So we have a message from one person to the other.

這是一個人給另一個人的訊息。

Well, why did Prima write her message here on the facade of the wall plaster?

為什麼普里瑪要把她的訊息 寫在這道牆的灰泥表面上？

Well, partly to get her message to Secundus

部分是為了把她的訊息 傳達給西庫恩達斯，

and to make sure the rest of Pompeii could read it.

還有要確保其他龐貝人都能看到。

This is the equivalent of a tweet or a Snapchat.

這就等同於推特推文 或 Snapchat 貼文。

Wall posts have been around for over 2,000 years.

牆面貼文的歷史已經超過兩千年。

Now we can take a look at how Prima wrote her message.

我們可以來看看普里瑪 怎麼寫她的訊息。

她用羅馬草書體撰寫。

She wrote it in Roman cursive,

but we can see it looks a lot different

但可以發現它和剛才用木炭 及粉筆寫的範例很不同。

than the charcoal and chalk examples I showed earlier.

It's difficult to inscribe into wall plaster

在牆面灰泥上刻字很困難，

so some of the letter forms become economical,

所以有些字母形式就變得簡約，

such as the Es which are underlined on the slide.

比如投影片上用底線標示的 Es。

They become just two vertical marks.

它們變成只是兩個垂直的記號。

We can see though that Prima included an interpunct,

不過，我們可以看到 普里瑪有一個間隔號，

a horizontally centered dot between the first and second word

第一和第二個字之間 有一個水平置中的點，

and I literally mean first and second.

真的是「第一」和「第二」， 那是它們在拉丁文的意思。

That's what those words mean in Latin.

This interpunct helped to show where the first word stopped

這個間隔號能標示出第一個字 結束第二個字開始的位置，

and the second word began and was a mark of elegant writing.

是優雅書寫的記號。

Now, just below this graffito there were several drawings.

在這個塗鴉的下方有幾個圖。

Unfortunately we don't have these ones today,

不幸的是，現今我們沒有這些圖，

but I've drawn them here to show you what they might have looked like

但我把它們畫在這裡給各位看

展示它們可能是什麼樣子的， 其依據是龐貝城的其他繪圖。

based on other drawings found at Pompeii.

There were four boars, three birds,

有四隻野豬、三隻鳥、

a gladiator, a ship and a partridge in a pear tree.

一名角鬥士、一艘船，

及洋梨樹上的一隻鷓鴣。

I'm kidding about the last one.

最後一項是開玩笑的。

Now, scholars such as Katherine Huntley have used developmental psychology

凱瑟琳‧杭特利等學者 已經運用發展心理學，

to propose that some drawings were the work of children,

提出有些繪圖可能是孩童所為，

but others like these could be the work of adults, too,

但其他像這樣的塗鴉 也可能是成人所為，

replicating things they'd seen or heard in picture form.

以圖的形式複製他們 曾經看過或聽過的事物。

My point here is that just like the urge to write on a wall is as old as time,

我的重點是，就如同 想公開寫在牆上的慾望

自古以來一直存在，

I believe the urge to doodle is a feature of the human spirit.

我相信，想亂畫亂寫的慾望 也是人類精神的特色。

Now, a little bit further down our wall

沿著牆再向前走一些，

we might have a reply from Secundus to Prima.

可能會有西庫恩達斯 給普里瑪的回覆。

Again, these might be nicknames,

同樣的，這些可能是綽號， 我們無法肯定，

so we're not sure, but it's possible.

但有可能。

This message says, "Secundus too greet his Prima everywhere.

這則訊息寫著：「西庫恩達斯同樣也

在各地祝福他的普里瑪。

I ask, mistress, that you love me."

我請求，女士，你要愛我。」

Now let's look at the way Secundus wrote his message.

我們來看看西庫恩達斯 寫這則訊息的方式。

He didn't write it in the Roman cursive like Prima

他不像普里瑪用羅馬草書體，

and definitely not like the flourishing cursive we started with.

且肯定也不是用我們一開始 看到的奔放草書體。

Instead, he wrote his message in capital letters

他反而是用大寫來寫這則訊息，

so that Prima and the rest of Pompeii wouldn't miss it.

這麼一來，普里瑪和龐貝城的 所有其他人都不會漏看它。

仔細看，他把訊息框起來 讓訊息更突出，

And if we look, he accentuated the message with the box surrounding it

as a way to highlight the message and to make it look more official

這種方式可以強調這則訊息，

並讓它看起來更正式， 像正式的銘刻。

like official inscriptions.

If we look at the way Secundus spelled his words,

如果去看西庫恩達斯拼字的方式，

he left off the [As] on most of the words,

他省略了大部分字詞當中的 A，

likely because they weren't being pronounced at the time.

很有可能在當時 A 是不發音的。

If you've ever said "gonna" instead of "going to,"

如果你會說「就醬」 來取代「就這樣」，

you're familiar with this sort of phenomenon.

你就算很熟悉這種現象。

Just below this message, Secundus wrote two further greetings.

在這則訊息底下，西庫恩達斯 又進一步寫了兩段問候。

Unfortunately we don't have drawings of these ones,

不幸的是我們沒有這兩段問候的圖，

but the excavator who discovered them

但將它們挖出來的人說

said that they were written by the same person

它們是由同一個人 用同樣的工具寫下的。

and using the same instrument.

So they probably looked pretty similar to the message above.

所以看起來可能 和上面的訊息很相似。

And these ones say, "Secundus greets his Prima, Secundus."

它們是：「西庫恩達斯祝福 他的普里瑪，西庫恩達斯。」

"Secundus greets his Prima."

「西庫恩達斯祝福他的普里瑪。」

Can we just feel Secundus's love through these messages?

透過這些訊息，我們能 感受到西庫恩達斯的愛嗎？

Again, Secundus has left off the A in spelling Prima's name,

同樣的，西庫恩達斯在拼 普里瑪的名字時也省略了 A，

all three times.

三次都是如此。

Probably because it wasn't pronounced.

可能是因為 A 不發音。

I tell my Latin students, "Don't be afraid of making mistakes.

我告訴我的拉丁文學生：

「別怕犯錯，就連 羅馬人都會犯錯。」

Even the Romans made them."

Now, why did Secundus and Prima write these messages to one another?

西庫恩達斯和普里瑪為什麼 要寫這些訊息給對方？

Well, partly it was to get their messages to the other person.

部分是因為他們 要把訊息傳遞給對方。

But I believe there's something else going on here too.

但我相信還有其他原因。

Part of it is to take part in this thrill of discovery.

有一部分是要參與 這種發掘的興奮感。

How many of us have left a sticky note for somebody

有誰曾經留下便利貼給別人， 或把紙條留在便當裡，

or put a note in a lunch box

or written on somebody's social media to find later?

或寫在別人的社群媒體上， 等對方晚點找到？

Oh, come on, everybody's hands should be up.

喔，拜託，大家都該舉手。是的。

Right.

You want to get your message to the other person,

你想把你的訊息傳遞給對方， 但也有參與到發掘的興奮感，

but it's also taking part in the thrill of discovery,

knowing you're leaving something behind for somebody to find later.

知道你留下東西給某人 等會兒去發現。

And I believe that's a motivation for these greeters in Pompeii.

我相信，這是龐貝城 這些人寫問候訊息的動機。

Now we continue down our walk and we find more evidence of elegant writing.

我們持續走下去，會發現 更多優雅書寫的證據。

Here we have a farewell greeting, "Veneria, goodbye."

這裡有一則道別的問候： 「維納莉亞，再會。」

And the ends of the letters made to look like branches.

這些字母的末端看起來像是樹枝。

Just below it is a graffito that has stumped scholars.

它下頭的塗鴉對學者是個挑戰。

It doesn't really make sense in Latin.

這在拉丁文中並沒有意義。

I believe it was a first attempt for the graffito above.

我認為是第一次嘗試 畫出上面的那個塗鴉。

Or perhaps somebody was replicating the elegant graffito above

或者，也許有人想 複製上面的優雅塗鴉，

in rather simpler form, and they weren’t as effective.

改用比較簡單的形式，但效果不彰。

These two graffiti show us the true elegance that was possible

這兩幅塗鴉讓我們看到

在拉丁塗鴉中也有可能 做到真正的優雅。

in some of these Latin graffiti.

As we continue down our avenue,

我們繼續沿著街道走，

we end with a graffito that shows us a group

最後看到的塗鴉

讓我們看到一個幾乎完全 被文學記錄遺漏的族群，

almost completely left out of the literary record,

and these are the enslaved.

那就是奴隸。

This graffito says,

這幅塗鴉寫著：「阿米安瑟斯，

"Amianthus, slave of Coelius Caldus, a clothes washer."

科利烏斯‧卡杜斯的奴隸， 洗衣服的工人。」

Now, clothes washing was a notoriously dirty business in antiquity.

在古代，洗衣服是 惡名昭彰的骯髒差事。

One of the materials used to wash clothes was urine.

用來洗衣服的材料之一是尿液。

While we wish we could know more about Amianthus's life,

雖然我們希望我們能更了解 阿米安瑟斯的人生，

this graffito has at least given us the name

這幅塗鴉至少

讓我們知道許多奴隸 其中一位的名字，

of one of the many enslaved

whose lives have been lost to history.

這些人的人生都被歷史給遺漏了。

We end our tour with one final graffito.

我們用最後一幅塗鴉 來結束這段旅程。

This one says, "On September 3, Satura was here."

這一幅寫著：

「九月三日，莎托拉在這裡。」

How many of us have seen a graffito such as this

有誰見過像這樣的塗鴉，

or such as this

或像這種？

while waiting at the train station or using the restroom?

在等火車時或用洗手間時有看過？

Satura could hardly have known

莎托拉不可能會知道 西元七十九年的毀滅性爆發

that a destructive and deadly eruption in 79 AD

would preserve this graffito

會讓這幅塗鴉被保留下來，

and thereby her memory for us today.

因而讓我們保有對她的記憶。

The urge to write on the wall,

想在牆上寫字的慾望，

to leave your name behind in space and time,

想把你的名字留在空間 和時間裡的慾望，

is as old as time.

自古以來就有。

While I am by no means advocating

我並不是在提倡 大家都到外面去塗鴉，

that we all go out and start writing graffiti,

I hope we can consider what messages we're leaving behind

但我希望我們能思考一下 我們留下什麼訊息，

and what we hope will last for the next generation.

以及我們希望什麼 能留存到下一個世代。

Thank you

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）