You Don't Have to Leave Your Neighborhood to Live in a Better One | Majora Carter | TED

翻译人员: Yeyun Deng 校对人员: Lening Xu

Successful companies don't invest in talent

成功的公司不会投资于人才，

so the competition can hire them away.

这样竞争对手就可以雇佣他们。

They keep their people motivated to grow with the company

成功企业会让员工有动力 与公司一起成长，

and inspire those around them to lean in with them.

并激励周围的人 与他们一起努力。

I believe that talent retention,

我相信“人才保留”，

the same tool used to grow successful companies,

这个适用于发展 成功企业的相同手法，

can be used to build great neighborhoods for the people born and raised in them.

可用于那些生于、长于成功社区的人。

My hometown is the South Bronx in New York City,

我的家乡在纽约市南布朗克斯区，

(Cheers)

（欢呼）

holla --

嘿——

(Applause)

（掌声）

And it’s the kind of neighborhood

有人可能会说，

that, some might say, actually has a talent repulsion strategy.

这种社区实际上有一种 人才排斥策略。

Back in the 1980s,

回到 1980 年代，

I walked by this crack house on the way to the subway

我在去地铁的路上 路过这座破房子，

that would take me to my high school, one of the best in the country,

地铁可以带我去我的高中， 它是全国最好的高中之一，

the Bronx High School of Science.

布朗克斯科学高中。

Alright, figured there'd be at least some of you in here.

我想你们中有一部分人 也在那里上过学。

Neighborhoods like mine are places where inequality is assumed

像我这样的社区，

by the people who live there

居住在那里的人

and by everyone else on the outside looking in.

和外面的人都认为 这是个不平等的地方。

These are places where the schools, public health, air and water,

这些地方的学校、 公共卫生、空气和水、

parks and trees, food options,

公园和树木、食物选择、职业机会，

career opportunities are worse than in other parts of the same town.

比在同一个镇的其他地方更糟。

Government subsidized rental housing and health clinics,

政府补贴的出租房屋和健康诊所、

homeless shelters, liquor stores, dollar stores predominate.

无家可归者收容所、酒类商店、 一元店主导地位。

Few banks,

银行很少，

but plenty of check cashing stores

但有很多支票兑现店或当铺

or pawnshops that charge you to use the money you may have.

向你收取使用 你可能拥有的钱的费用。

I refer to these communities as low-status.

我将这些社区称为 低地位社区。

I don’t call them poor or underprivileged because frankly,

我不称它们为贫困或底层社区， 因为实话说，

status implies something larger and deeper at work

地位意味着工作中更大、 更深层次的东西，

and that inequality is a well-established fact.

不平等是一个公认的事实。

Think of the communities like that near you.

想想你附近的社区。

They're everywhere, they're inner cities,

它们无处不在， 它们是内城，

they're reservations, white Rust Belt towns

是保留地， 是衰退的工业城镇，

and all over the world.

它们遍布世界各地。

And bright kids who grow up in them are expected to measure success

在这里长大的那些聪明孩子，

衡量他们成功的标准是 离这里有多远。

by how far they get away from them.

I was one of those kids,

我是那些孩子中的一员，

and now I’m a real estate developer and strategy consultant.

现在我是一名 房地产开发商和战略顾问。

And I work nationally,

我在全国范围内工作，

but the South Bronx is my research and development laboratory,

但南布朗克斯是我的研发实验室，

where I actually practice restorative community development.

实际上我在那里进行 恢复性社区发展。

And that same corner that was once a crack house

曾经是破屋的同一个角落，

is now the home of my hip hop cafe -- award-winning hip hop cafe --

现在是我的嘻哈咖啡馆的地址， 一个屡获殊荣的嘻哈咖啡馆——

excuse me,

抱歉，

The Boogie Down Grind.

The Boogie Down Grind.

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼）

And it's two blocks away from the house I grew up in

它离我长大的房子只有两个街区，

and around the corner from where I live right now.

就在我现在住的地方的拐角处。

So I have embraced my inner capitalist and my inner socialist

因此，我接受了我内心的资本家、 社会主义者和自由意志主义者、

and my inner libertarian among a bunch of other things, however.

以及许多其他的东西。

But I'd like to talk now about how capitalism,

但我现在想谈谈资本主义，

and the spirit behind it,

它背后的精神，

and it's application,

它的应用，

that's what determines its outcomes.

如何决定其结果。

US capitalism supported slavery.

美国资本主义支持奴隶制，

And it's supported Black Wall Streets,

它支持黑人华尔街，

those communities of Black folks formerly enslaved

那些曾经被奴役、 或仅有一代人幸免的黑人社区。

or just one generation out of it.

And where they built great businesses and wealth and communities.

他们在这里创建了伟大的企业、 财富和社区。

And the most famous of which was the town of Greenwood

其中最著名的是俄克拉荷马州

in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

塔尔萨的格林伍德镇。

Black Wall Streets were destroyed,

黑人华尔街被摧毁，

burned down,

烧毁，

and the Black people in them murdered by white mobs, savagely

其中的黑人被白人暴徒 残忍地杀害，

and without consequence.

且不用承担任何后果。

Now was that capitalism's fault

那是资本主义的错

or some kind of white cultural flaw?

还是某种白人文化缺陷？

Or distinction that has gone unaddressed to this day?

还是至今仍未解决的区别？

Now, I know some people don't like hearing about it,

我知道有些人不喜欢听到这件事，

but imagine what it feels like to experience it.

但想象一下体验它的感觉。

I mean, America has had a talent retention strategy

我的意思是， 自 1619 年以来，

or something like it in place since 1619.

美国就制定了人才保留战略 或类似的战略。

Slavery provided white Americans with all the benefits of that barbaric

奴隶制为美国白人提供了野蛮

and predatory industry.

和掠夺性行业的所有好处。

And although Black Wall Streets were built

尽管黑人华尔街是建立在 生活、自由、追求幸福

on the sustainable ideals of life,

liberty and the pursuit of happiness and property ownership,

和财产所有权的可持续理想之上的，

Black Wall Streets were destroyed

但黑人华尔街被摧毁了，

because the people who built them were not white.

因为建造它们的人不是白人。

Same system, very different outcomes.

相同的系统，截然不同的结果。

Citigroup estimates that the racial wealth gap in the US

花旗银行估计， 仅在过去的 20 年里，

has actually cost us 16 trillion dollars over the last 20 years alone.

美国的种族贫富差距 导致 16 万亿美元的损失。

Now, let's just think about that for just a moment,

让我们想一想，

the money that could have gone into the economy but didn't

这些钱本可以投入经济， 但却没有，

because of systemic racism that defined who benefited from America's growth.

因为系统性的种族主义定义了 谁从美国的增长中受益。

There's no need to reinvent the wheel here.

这不需要另起炉灶。

If we want to make America as good as its promise,

如果我们想让美国像 它承诺的一样好，

then we should apply the same tools of capitalism that built white wealth

那么我们应该使用建立 白人财富的资本主义工具来

to build wealth in low-status communities.

在低地位社区建立财富。

Especially --

特别是——

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Especially in terms of property ownership and real estate development,

特别是在产权和房地产开发方面，

because real estate development in low-status communities in the US

因为美国低地位社区的房地产开发

currently takes one of two paths.

目前奉行的是两条路之一。

You know, first, poverty maintenance,

首先是持续贫困，

wherein you'll see things like

你会看到这集中了许多东西。

the concentration of things,

such as health clinics

例如诊所和政府补贴住房 之类的东西的集中，

and government subsidized housing,

excuse me, rental housing,

抱歉，是房屋出租，药房，

pharmacies, philanthropic and government dollars pour in,

慈善机构和政府资金大量涌入，

and the nonprofit industrial complex seems to view poverty

非营利性工业联合体似乎将贫困

sort of as an authentic cultural attribute of the area.

视为该地区真正的文化属性。

And thus you'll see all sorts of programs

因此，你会看到

that are designed to sort of manage that poverty,

各种旨在管理贫困的计划，

but the communities do not improve.

但社区并没有得到改善。

Money will be made, lots of it, but not for the local people.

钱赚到了， 但不是为了当地人。

And in fact, one can view many of the well-intentioned programs

事实上，人们可以将 许多善意的计划视为人才培养，

as talent extraction,

because the promising talent is encouraged to grow up and be somebody,

因为有前途的人才 被鼓励成长并成为名人，

but certainly not in their own hood.

但肯定不是在他们自己的圈子里。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And the other type is gentrification displacement.

还有一种是士绅化的位移。

When urban populations grow,

当城市人口增长时，

even some politicians and even some activists

一些政客和激进分子

will resist greater density.

会抵制更大的密度。

So you have rising demand and limited supply.

因此，你的需求不断增加， 但供应有限，

And then prices go up.

然后价格会上涨。

And gentrification generally means outsiders coming in to a community

士绅化通常意味着 外来者进入一个社区

in order to build one that suits their needs and their desires,

是为了建立一个 满足他们需求和愿望的社区，

and it's not for the needs and desires of the people

而不是为了满足那些

that are already in that community.

已经在社区里的人的需求和愿望。

But let's just be real,

但让我们真实一点，

it's not always mutually exclusive,

它并不总是相互排斥，

because people in those communities want nice things, too.

因为这些社区的人们也 向往美好的事物。

They do.

同样的，

And that's why they leave whenever they can

这就是为什么他们尽可能地

in order to experience them.

离开原来的社区去 体验美好的东西。

So capitalism can fuel gentrification and displacement

因此，资本主义可以助长 士绅化和流离失所

or poverty maintenance,

或维持贫困。

but neither of these strategies actually help,

但这些策略都没有真正起作用，

the people in those communities live in the kind of neighborhoods

这些资本主义人群生活在

that we all deserve.

我们都应得的那种社区。

What if we looked at low-status communities

如果我们把低地位社区看作是

as though they were struggling companies?

陷入困境的公司会怎样？

How would we turn them around?

我们将如何扭转他们的局面？

How would a talent retention model work on a neighborhood scale?

人才保留模式如何在 社区范围内发挥作用？

So municipalities, they hand out corporate retention deals

因此，市政当局发放企业保留协议，

because they believe that the economic activity that it will produce

因为他们相信其将产生的经济活动

is actually worth the subsidy that they pay out.

实际上值得他们支付的补贴。

And so we'll need to do the same thing in low-status communities

因此我们需要在 低地位社区做同样的事情，

for the people that were led to believe that they need to measure success

引导那些认为他们需要通过

by how far they get away from those places.

远离这些地方来获得成功的人。

You know, we can't really force anybody to stay,

你知道，我们不能强迫 任何人留下来，

but we can nudge them with lifestyle infrastructure,

但我们可以通过 基础生活设施来触动他们，

the type of stuff that we learned through our own market research

我们通过自己的市场研究

that people told us that they wanted.

了解到人们想要的那种东西。

Places like cafes and bars and bookstores

像咖啡馆、酒吧、书店和 农贸市场这样的地方。

and farmer's markets and, you know,

the places that, frankly, you probably all like to go to, too.

坦率地说， 你们可能也都喜欢去的地方。

They build positive community interactions

他们建立积极的社区互动，

and make people feel really cool.

让人们感觉很酷。

So another nudge would be real access to property ownership

另一个推动因素是 真正获得财产所有权

and business ownership

和企业所有权，

that keeps people vested in their neighborhoods.

使人们归属于他们的社区。

These are like benefits, you know, and company stock options,

这些就像红利和公司股票期权，

so when the community does well,

当社区做得好时，

so do the residents.

居民也会做得好。

It's kind of like the employees of a hot start-up.

这有点像热门初创公司的员工。

So how do we make sure that these benefits and stock options

那么，我们如何确保这些 红利和股票期权

get in the right hands and appreciate and value for them?

落到真正欣赏和珍惜他们的人手中？

Now in the US,

现在在美国，

if you're accused of a crime and can't afford legal counsel,

如果你被控犯罪又 无法支付律师费，

a public defender will be assigned to you.

将会被指派一名公设辩护人。

The same can be done for local property owners.

当地业主也可以这样做。

Before a real estate transaction goes forward within a low-status community,

在低地位社区内进行 房地产交易之前，

the seller should receive quality legal and financial counsel,

卖方应获得优质的法律和财务顾问，

so they are fully aware of the value of their land

以便他们充分了解其土地的价值

and how they could maximize it through sensible refinancing,

以及如何通过合理的再融资 使其最大化，

by building, you know, vertical additions for rentals

通过建造用于出租的垂直附加设施

and also accessory dwelling units

和附属住宅单元，

and also using the value to do sensible refinancing,

并利用其价值进行 合理的再融资，

put their kids through college, build a business.

让他们的孩子 上完大学，开办企业。

You know, or maybe,

或者，

you know, property owners might even be considered a protected class

财产所有者甚至可能被

by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission

美国证券交易委员会 视为受保护的阶层，

in order to protect Black wealth in particular

以保护黑人财富

and other low-status community wealth

和其他低地位社区财富，

from the continuing liquidation that they still deal with.

免受他们仍在处理的持续清算。

Because it is common for people who do own property

因为对于在低地位社区 拥有房产的人来说，

in low-status communities

to be approached all the time for quick cash offers.

获得快速现金报价是很常见的。

These are actual solicitations that I've received at my home.

这些是我在家里收到的真实邀约。

These can be very enticing to people who have never been led to believe

对于那些从未获知 他们社区真正价值的人来说，

that there's any real value in their community.

这些可能非常吸引人。

And the thing is, it's all legal.

问题是，这一切都是合法的。

And real estate companies, big and small,

房地产公司，无论大小，

as well as private equity,

以及私募股权公司，

have done a very effective job of increasing wealth inequality in the US

通过将财务状况不佳的人

by separating financially unsavvy people

与所有潜在财富的希望隔离开，

from any hope of generational wealth potential.

成功地加剧了美国的贫富悬殊。

So, you know --

所以，你知道——

(Applause)

（掌声）

The SEC recently proposed new rules

美国证券交易委员会最近 提出了新规则，

requiring businesses to report their greenhouse gas emissions

要求企业报告其温室气体排放量，

in an effort to increase transparency of the risk to its investors.

以提高对投资者的风险透明度。

Maybe they should do the same thing for taxpayers.

也许他们应该为纳税人 做同样的事情。

We know real estate and private equity firms

我们知道房地产和私募股权公司

can engage in predatory practices at the expense of taxpayers

可以通过利润私有化 和成本社会化，

by privatizing the profits and socializing the costs.

以牺牲纳税人为代价 进行掠夺行为。

And this is because a business model

这是因为商业模式

that reduces opportunities for home ownership

减少了拥有住房的机会，

also creates more landless renters,

也创造了更多无土地的租户，

exacerbates the concentration of poverty,

加剧了贫困的集中，

and statistically increases poverty's ill effects,

并在统计上增加了贫困的负面影响，

including higher rates of bad policing and incarceration

包括更高的不良治安和监禁率，

and lower health and educational outcomes.

以及更低的健康和教育成果。

Their message shut out aspiring homeowners from the American dream.

他们的信息将有抱负的房主 排除在美国梦之外。

It comes at a cost to all of us,

这对我们所有人都是有代价的，

and so it should come at a far greater cost

对那些做这种生意的人来说， 代价应该要大得多。

to those who do business like that.

Another issue is that some renters actually pay more in rent

另一个问题是， 一些房客实际支付的房租

than they would on a mortgage.

比抵押贷款要高。

But most of us who actually need a mortgage

但我们大多数真正需要 抵押贷款的人

cannot compete with the speed

无法与掠夺性投机者 以全现金交易的速度相抗衡。

at which predatory speculators show up with all-cash deals.

Period.

时期。

A possible solution is for philanthropic organizations to buy properties

一个可能的解决方案是， 慈善组织以市场价值从那些

at market value from those who actually choose to sell --

真正选择出售的人手中购买房产——

once they’re fully aware of what they’re selling ...

一旦他们完全意识到 自己在卖什么，

出售的人会继续持有它们，

and then hold them

so that other folks within the communities

这样社区内的其他人

have the time

就有时间获得资金， 然后购买。

to get financing and then buy.

That's a valuable cushion of time for people,

这对人们来说是宝贵的时间缓冲，

and it gives people a chance to participate in the American dream.

它给了人们参与美国梦的机会。

And it's a low-risk place to park capital.

这是一个低风险的投资场所。

These are some examples of just how we can build

这些都是我们如何参照资本主义

a restorative economic approach to capitalism.

建立恢复性经济的一些例子。

It's still capitalism,

它仍然是资本主义，

but with rules and practices

但有利于我们作为一个国家所

that favor the outcomes that we need as a nation.

需要的结果的规则和实践。

But folks on the ground, they are not waiting.

但是脚踏实地的人们， 他们没有等待。

They're absolutely not waiting.

他们绝对不会等待。

In West Oakland, California,

在加利福尼亚州西奥克兰，

third generation West Oaklander Noni Session

第三代西奥克兰德人诺尼会议

leads the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative.

领导着东湾永久房地产合作社。

They have recently acquired property collectively

他们最近集体收购了房产，

to build a permanent, affordable,

以建设一个永久的、 负担得起的、

mixed-use real estate development that benefits its resident owners.

混合用途的房地产开发项目， 使居民业主受益。

The cooperative offers these lunchtime learning sessions

合作社提供这些 午餐时间的学习课程，

so people can fully understand things about investment and development.

让人们能够充分了解投资和发展。

And their current membership includes about 500 community, investor,

他们目前的会员包括 大约 500 个社区、投资者、

resident and staff owners.

居民和员工所有者。

And they have, to date, raised five million dollars

到目前为止，他们已经为社区、土地 和住房基金筹集了 500 万美元。

for their community, landing and housing fund.

(Applause)

（掌声）

In Philadelphia, a community development program called Jumpstart,

在费城， 名为Jumpstart的社区发展项目

started by Ken Weinstein.

由肯·温斯坦（ Ken Weinstein）发起。

He’s a commercial real estate developer,

他是一名商业房地产开发商，

and the program provides training, mentoring and loans

该项目为有抱负的当地住宅开发商

to aspiring local residential developers,

提供培训、指导和贷款，

mostly women and people of color.

这些开发商大多是女性和有色人种。

Since 2015, they’ve trained more than 2,500 people,

自 2015 年以来， 他们已经培训了 2500 多人，

more than 350 loans totaling more than 40 million dollars

发放超过 350 笔贷款， 总计超过 4000 万美元，

that have actually rehabbed more than 350 units,

实际上已经 修复了 350 多个单元。

had been totally rehabilitated.

Their respective activities actually improve the value

他们各自的活动实际上

of each other's properties.

提高了彼此财产的价值。

And they're reducing blight in Philly

他们正在从内到外

neighborhood by neighborhood, from the inside out.

逐个逐个社区减少 费城的枯萎病。

Jumpstart's now in more than 13 communities around the country.

Jumpstart现在在 全国超过 13 个社区开展。

And Dune Lankard is a member of the Eyak tribe in Alaska.

而邓恩·兰卡德（Dune Lankard） 是阿拉斯加埃雅克部落的一员。

And what he's working on is securing livelihoods

他所做的是确保

for aspiring Native youth and women,

有抱负的土著青年和妇女的生计，

you know, where he's from.

你知道，那是他的家乡。

And he's doing it through kelp farming in ancestral native waters.

他通过在祖传的本地水域 养殖海带来做到这一点。

Kelp is a traditional food source, number one,

海带是排名第一的传统食物来源，

and it also has important commercial components in bioplastics,

它在生物塑料和制药中 也有重要的商业价值。

in pharmaceuticals.

And also they use it as an additive in cow feed

他们还将其用作 奶牛饲料中的添加剂，

to reduce the methane in it.

以减少其中的甲烷。

I mean, it's amazing what it could do.

我是说， 它的用处真是太棒了。

But he is competing against multinational companies

但他正在与跨国公司竞争，

to actually own a piece of this emerging ocean industry for his people.

以确保他的人民拥有 这一新兴海洋产业的一部分。

He's going to be up against it, but he's got to be doing this.

他会面对它， 他必须这样做，

It's so important.

这太重要了。

And in the South Bronx,

在南布朗克斯，

there's this historic rail station, that brought my daddy,

有一个历史悠久的火车站， 它把我的父亲，

who was a Pullman porter,

一个普尔曼搬运工，

into the neighborhood where I was born and raised.

带到了我出生和长大的地方。

Back in the 1940s, it was even harder to get a mortgage while Black.

早在 20 世纪 40 年代的黑人时期， 获得抵押贷款就更难了。

And he won 15,000 dollars in a horse race

他在一场赛马比赛中 赢了 15000 美元，

and carried it in a satchel back across the country

把它装在背包里 穿越这个国家带回来，

and purchased a home near that rail station for his family.

并在火车站附近 为家人买了一套房子。

And that rail station has recently been acquired by his baby daughter, me,

最近，他的宝贝女儿

who is --

就是我， 我买下了那个火车站，

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼）

transforming it into a multi-use performance venue,

我正在把它改造成一个 多用途的表演场所，

an event hall for music and weddings

一个音乐和婚礼、五日庆典和 游戏比赛的活动厅。

and quinceañeras and gaming tournaments.

And I ...

而且我……

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼）

I am the manifestation of my mommy and daddy's wildest dreams.

我是我母亲和父亲 最疯狂梦想的化身。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼）

I'm not saying that talent retention is going to solve all the problems

我并不是说留住人才会解决

associated with poverty maintenance

与持续贫困、流离失所和

or displacement and gentrification,

士绅化相关的所有问题，

or solve all the wrongs of capitalism.

也不是说解决资本主义的所有错误。

But I know we are not going to solve any of those problems without it.

但我知道没有它， 我们无法解决任何这些问题。

We don't have to keep building monuments

我们不必继续建造纪念碑，

that honor the shameful practices

纪念那些造成低地位社区

that created the inequality that low status-communities experience.

遭受到的不平等的可耻行为。

If we use the tools of capitalism that we have,

如果我们使用我们 现有的资本主义工具，

but in a much more restorative way,

但以一种更具恢复性的方式，

we can help people in low-status communities show

我们可以帮助 低地位社区的人们表明，

that you don't have to move out of our neighborhoods

你不必离开我们的社区，

to live in better ones.

就能生活在更好的社区。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼）