You Don't Have to Leave Your Neighborhood to Live in a Better One | Majora Carter | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang

Successful companies don't invest in talent

成功的公司不投資在人才身上

so the competition can hire them away.

以便競爭對手把他們挖走，

They keep their people motivated to grow with the company

而是讓員工有動機 想要跟著公司一起成長，

and inspire those around them to lean in with them.

鼓舞他們身邊的人 和他們一起全心投入。

I believe that talent retention,

我相信人才保留

the same tool used to grow successful companies,

這項讓成功的公司得以成長的工具

can be used to build great neighborhoods for the people born and raised in them.

也能為在鄰里中出生、長大的人

建立出美好的鄰里。

My hometown is the South Bronx in New York City,

我的家鄉是紐約市的南布朗克斯，

(Cheers)

（歡呼聲）

holla --

嘿——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And it’s the kind of neighborhood

這種鄰里

that, some might say, actually has a talent repulsion strategy.

被一些人認為根本是 策略性地排斥人才。

Back in the 1980s,

在 1980 年代，

I walked by this crack house on the way to the subway

我經過這個賣古柯鹼的地方，

要前往地鐵站， 搭車到我就讀的高中，

that would take me to my high school, one of the best in the country,

全國最好的高中之一， 布朗克斯科學高中。

the Bronx High School of Science.

Alright, figured there'd be at least some of you in here.

好耶，我就知道這裡會有幾個校友。

Neighborhoods like mine are places where inequality is assumed

像我的鄰里這種地方，

當地居民都認定不平等是必然的了，

by the people who live there

and by everyone else on the outside looking in.

連所有從外面 向內看的人也這麼認為。

These are places where the schools, public health, air and water,

在這種地方，學校、 公共衛生、空氣和水、

parks and trees, food options,

公園和樹木、食物選項、

career opportunities are worse than in other parts of the same town.

職業機會，

都不如同一個鎮上的其他地方。

Government subsidized rental housing and health clinics,

政府補助的出租住房及健康中心、

homeless shelters, liquor stores, dollar stores predominate.

遊民收容所、

販酒店、一元商店佔了絕大多數。

Few banks,

有幾間銀行，但很多支票兌現商店

but plenty of check cashing stores

or pawnshops that charge you to use the money you may have.

或是當舖，讓你連要用 自己的錢都還得被收費。

I refer to these communities as low-status.

我把這類鄰里稱為低階層。

I don’t call them poor or underprivileged because frankly,

我不會稱它們是貧窮 或弱勢，因為，坦白說，

status implies something larger and deeper at work

階層一詞意指背後有 更大、更深的因素在運作，

and that inequality is a well-established fact.

且不平等是公認的事實。

Think of the communities like that near you.

想想你身邊類似這樣的社區。

這種社區到處都有，包括內都市、

They're everywhere, they're inner cities,

保留地、白人的已衰落地帶，

they're reservations, white Rust Belt towns

and all over the world.

世界各地都有。

And bright kids who grow up in them are expected to measure success

而在這些地方長大的聰明孩子

能脫離這些地方越遠就表示越成功。

by how far they get away from them.

I was one of those kids,

我就是這種孩子，

and now I’m a real estate developer and strategy consultant.

現在我是不動產開發商及策略顧問。

And I work nationally,

我在全國各地工作，但 南布朗克斯是我的研發實驗室，

but the South Bronx is my research and development laboratory,

where I actually practice restorative community development.

我在那裡實做整建式社區開發。

And that same corner that was once a crack house

以前賣古柯鹼的那個街角，

is now the home of my hip hop cafe -- award-winning hip hop cafe --

現在是我的嘻哈咖啡廳的據點——

得獎的嘻哈咖啡廳——

excuse me,

抱歉，它叫 Boogie Down Grind。

The Boogie Down Grind.

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼聲）

And it's two blocks away from the house I grew up in

它離我長大的房子兩個街區， 且就在我現在住所的街角。

and around the corner from where I live right now.

所以我已經擁抱了我內在的 資本主義者、內在的社會主義者，

So I have embraced my inner capitalist and my inner socialist

and my inner libertarian among a bunch of other things, however.

和內在的自由論者， 還有一堆有的沒的。

But I'd like to talk now about how capitalism,

但現在我想談的是 資本主義、它背後的精神，

and the spirit behind it,

and it's application,

以及它的應用

that's what determines its outcomes.

如何決定它的結果。

US capitalism supported slavery.

美國的資本主義支持奴隸制度，

And it's supported Black Wall Streets,

也支持黑人華爾街。

those communities of Black folks formerly enslaved

這些社區的居民是曾被奴役的 黑人或者他們的下一代，

or just one generation out of it.

And where they built great businesses and wealth and communities.

他們在那裡建立了很棒的 事業、財富，和社區。

And the most famous of which was the town of Greenwood

當中最有名的就是奧克拉荷馬州 土爾沙的格林伍德。

in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Black Wall Streets were destroyed,

黑人華爾街被摧毀，

burned down,

燒毀，

and the Black people in them murdered by white mobs, savagely

社區裡的黑人被白人暴民殺害，

手法兇殘，還不用負責。

and without consequence.

Now was that capitalism's fault

那是資本主義的錯嗎？

or some kind of white cultural flaw?

還是某種白人文化的瑕疵？

Or distinction that has gone unaddressed to this day?

或者是至今都尚未處理的差異歧視？

Now, I know some people don't like hearing about it,

我知道有些人不喜歡聽，

but imagine what it feels like to experience it.

但想像一下親身經歷 會是什麼樣的感覺？

I mean, America has had a talent retention strategy

美國早就有已經到位的 人才保留策略或類似的東西，

or something like it in place since 1619.

從 1619 年就有了。

Slavery provided white Americans with all the benefits of that barbaric

奴隸制度讓白種美國人

能擁有那野蠻且掠奪性的 產業的所有益處。

and predatory industry.

And although Black Wall Streets were built

雖然黑人華爾街的建立基礎

on the sustainable ideals of life,

是生活、自由、

liberty and the pursuit of happiness and property ownership,

追求快樂，和產權的永續理想，

Black Wall Streets were destroyed

但黑人華爾街被摧毀了， 因為建造它的人不是白人。

because the people who built them were not white.

Same system, very different outcomes.

同樣的體制，非常不同的結果。

Citigroup estimates that the racial wealth gap in the US

花旗集團估計，種族財富落差

在美國過去二十年間

has actually cost us 16 trillion dollars over the last 20 years alone.

就造成了十六兆美金的成本。

Now, let's just think about that for just a moment,

咱們花點時間思考一下，

the money that could have gone into the economy but didn't

這些錢本來可以進入 經濟中，卻沒有，

because of systemic racism that defined who benefited from America's growth.

因為制度上的種族歧視

定義了誰能夠從美國的成長中獲益。

There's no need to reinvent the wheel here.

不需要浪費時間做已經做過的事。

If we want to make America as good as its promise,

如果我們想讓美國 跟它所許諾的一樣好，

then we should apply the same tools of capitalism that built white wealth

那麼，我們就應該把建立 白人財富所用的資本主義工具

to build wealth in low-status communities.

用來在低階層社區建立財富。

Especially --

特別是——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Especially in terms of property ownership and real estate development,

特別是

要用在產權和地產開發上，

because real estate development in low-status communities in the US

因為在美國低階層社區的不動產開發

currently takes one of two paths.

目前會採用兩種途徑之一。

You know, first, poverty maintenance,

第一，維持貧困，

wherein you'll see things like

會看到的現象包括

the concentration of things,

密集集中的健康中心 和政府補助的住房，

such as health clinics

and government subsidized housing,

excuse me, rental housing,

抱歉，是出租的住房，

pharmacies, philanthropic and government dollars pour in,

藥房，還有慈善 和政府的款項都灌進來，

and the nonprofit industrial complex seems to view poverty

而非營利與工業複合體 似乎把貧困視為是

sort of as an authentic cultural attribute of the area.

該區域真實的文化特徵。

And thus you'll see all sorts of programs

你也會看到各種計畫

that are designed to sort of manage that poverty,

設計來管理那種貧困，

but the communities do not improve.

但社區並沒有改善。

Money will be made, lots of it, but not for the local people.

會有人賺錢，賺很多， 但不會是當地人。

And in fact, one can view many of the well-intentioned programs

事實上，可以把許多 立意很好的計畫視為是

as talent extraction,

人才粹取。

because the promising talent is encouraged to grow up and be somebody,

因為前景看好的人才 會被鼓勵去發展並出人頭地，

but certainly not in their own hood.

但肯定不是待在他們自己的鄰里。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And the other type is gentrification displacement.

另一種，則是中產階級化遷移。

When urban populations grow,

當都市人口成長，

even some politicians and even some activists

有些政治人物，甚至一些活動主義者

will resist greater density.

都會抗拒更高的密度。

So you have rising demand and limited supply.

所以需求上升，但供應有限。

And then prices go up.

價格就會提高。

And gentrification generally means outsiders coming in to a community

中產階級化通常意味著 外來者進入社區，

in order to build one that suits their needs and their desires,

以建立一個適合他們 需求和慾望的社區，

and it's not for the needs and desires of the people

但不會考量該社區內 居民的需求和慾望。

that are already in that community.

但，咱們實際點， 兩者不見得一定相斥，

But let's just be real,

it's not always mutually exclusive,

because people in those communities want nice things, too.

因為社區的居民也想要 好東西。他們想要。

They do.

And that's why they leave whenever they can

那就是為什麼只要可以， 他們就會離開去體驗好東西。

in order to experience them.

So capitalism can fuel gentrification and displacement

所以資本主義會助長 中產階級化和遷移

or poverty maintenance,

或維持貧困，

but neither of these strategies actually help,

但這兩種策略都沒辦法

真正協助那些社區的居民

the people in those communities live in the kind of neighborhoods

能夠生活在所有人 都應得的那種鄰里中。

that we all deserve.

What if we looked at low-status communities

如果我們把低階層社區視為

as though they were struggling companies?

正在辛苦求生存的公司呢？

How would we turn them around?

我們要如何為它們翻轉局勢？

How would a talent retention model work on a neighborhood scale?

在鄰里的規模中， 人才保留模型怎麼運作？

So municipalities, they hand out corporate retention deals

自治市會端出企業保留的交易提案，

because they believe that the economic activity that it will produce

因為它們相信它能產生的經濟活動

is actually worth the subsidy that they pay out.

會讓它們付出的補助值回票價。

And so we'll need to do the same thing in low-status communities

所以我們得要在 低階層社區做同樣的事，

for the people that were led to believe that they need to measure success

為的是那些被誤導認為要成功 就要遠離那些社區的人。

by how far they get away from those places.

所以，

You know, we can't really force anybody to stay,

要知道，我們無法迫使任何人留下，

but we can nudge them with lifestyle infrastructure,

但我們可以推波助瀾一下， 靠的是生活上的基礎設施，

the type of stuff that we learned through our own market research

我們從我們自己的市場調查 得知的那些東西，

大家說他們想要的東西。

that people told us that they wanted.

Places like cafes and bars and bookstores

比如像是咖啡廳、酒吧、 書店、農民市場等等，

and farmer's markets and, you know,

the places that, frankly, you probably all like to go to, too.

可能坦白說連你也會很想去的地方。

They build positive community interactions

這些地方能建立正面的 社區互動並讓大家感覺很酷。

and make people feel really cool.

So another nudge would be real access to property ownership

另一種推波助瀾的方式 是讓大家能真正取得

產權和企業所有權，

and business ownership

that keeps people vested in their neighborhoods.

這樣能讓他們持續投資自己的鄰里。

These are like benefits, you know, and company stock options,

比如福利和公司的認股權，

so when the community does well,

這麼一來，當社區做得好，

so do the residents.

居民就過得好。

It's kind of like the employees of a hot start-up.

有點像是熱門新創公司的員工。

So how do we make sure that these benefits and stock options

那麼，我們要如何確保 這些福利和認股權

get in the right hands and appreciate and value for them?

落入對的人手中， 並為他們做評鑑和估價？

Now in the US,

在美國，如果你被指控犯罪 而又負擔不起法律顧問，

if you're accused of a crime and can't afford legal counsel,

a public defender will be assigned to you.

就會指派公設辯護律師給你。

The same can be done for local property owners.

同樣的方式也能用在 當地產權所有人身上。

Before a real estate transaction goes forward within a low-status community,

在低階層社區中， 不動產交易要進行之前，

the seller should receive quality legal and financial counsel,

賣方應該要得到 有品質的法律及財務商議，

so they are fully aware of the value of their land

讓他們清楚知道 他們的土地有多少價值，

and how they could maximize it through sensible refinancing,

以及他們能如何將價值最大化，

透過妥當的再融資， 垂直向上加蓋來做出租，

by building, you know, vertical additions for rentals

and also accessory dwelling units

以及額外加蓋可居住空間，

and also using the value to do sensible refinancing,

還可以用這價值來做妥當的再融資，

put their kids through college, build a business.

送孩子去讀大學，建立事業。

You know, or maybe,

或者，也許，

you know, property owners might even be considered a protected class

產權所有者可能可以被

美國證券交易委員會 視為受保護的類別，

by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission

in order to protect Black wealth in particular

以特別保護黑人財富

and other low-status community wealth

以及其他低階層社區財富，

from the continuing liquidation that they still deal with.

免於他們仍在處理的持續償付。

Because it is common for people who do own property

因為很常看到

低階層社區中的產權所有人

in low-status communities

to be approached all the time for quick cash offers.

老是會成為別人商量 直接現金購買的對象。

These are actual solicitations that I've received at my home.

這些是我家真實收到的收購傳單。

These can be very enticing to people who have never been led to believe

這招非常能吸引的對象， 是那些從來不相信

that there's any real value in their community.

他們的社區會有真正價值的人。

And the thing is, it's all legal.

重點是，這做法完全合法。

And real estate companies, big and small,

而不論大小的不動產公司

as well as private equity,

以及私募股權公司

have done a very effective job of increasing wealth inequality in the US

一直都能非常有效地

增加美國的財富不平等，

by separating financially unsavvy people

因為它們不讓缺乏財務知識的人

from any hope of generational wealth potential.

有任何代際財富的可能性。

So, you know --

所以，要知道——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

The SEC recently proposed new rules

證券交易委員會最近提出了新規定，

requiring businesses to report their greenhouse gas emissions

要求企業要回報 它們的溫室氣體排放，

in an effort to increase transparency of the risk to its investors.

試圖增加透明度， 讓其投資者更清楚風險。

Maybe they should do the same thing for taxpayers.

也許他們應該要為 納稅人做同樣的事。

We know real estate and private equity firms

我們知道不動產和私募股權公司

can engage in predatory practices at the expense of taxpayers

可以做出掠奪性的行為， 代價由納稅人來承擔，

by privatizing the profits and socializing the costs.

做法就是將利潤私有化，

將成本社會化。

And this is because a business model

這是因為，減少 房產權機會的商業模型

that reduces opportunities for home ownership

also creates more landless renters,

也會創造出更多沒有地產的租戶，

exacerbates the concentration of poverty,

讓貧困的集中變得更嚴重，

and statistically increases poverty's ill effects,

且在統計上會增加貧困的不良效應，

including higher rates of bad policing and incarceration

包括差勁的維安及監禁的比率提高，

and lower health and educational outcomes.

健康及教育的結果則變差。

Their message shut out aspiring homeowners from the American dream.

它們的訊息將有抱負的 屋主擋在美國夢外面。

It comes at a cost to all of us,

我們所有人都要付出代價，

and so it should come at a far greater cost

所以，用這種方式做生意的人 應該要付出更高更高的成本。

to those who do business like that.

Another issue is that some renters actually pay more in rent

另一個問題是，有些租戶 所付的房租其實高於

than they would on a mortgage.

若抵押貸款要付的金額。

But most of us who actually need a mortgage

但我們真正需要 抵押貸款的人，大部分

cannot compete with the speed

又比不上掠奪性投機商人帶著 全現金交易提案出現的速度。

at which predatory speculators show up with all-cash deals.

Period.

就這樣。

A possible solution is for philanthropic organizations to buy properties

一個可行的解決方案是慈善組織

要向真正選擇要賣的人——

at market value from those who actually choose to sell --

一旦他們完全清楚知道他們在 賣什麼——以市價購買資產，

once they’re fully aware of what they’re selling ...

and then hold them

接著保有這些資產，

so that other folks within the communities

讓社區內的其他人能有時間

have the time

to get financing and then buy.

去取得資金，接著去購買。

That's a valuable cushion of time for people,

那對大家來說是很寶貴的緩衝時間，

and it gives people a chance to participate in the American dream.

那會讓大家有機會可以參與美國夢。

And it's a low-risk place to park capital.

那是個低風險的資本寄放處。

These are some examples of just how we can build

上述只是一些例子，

說明我們能如何建立恢復式的 經濟方法來做到資本主義。

a restorative economic approach to capitalism.

It's still capitalism,

它仍然是資本主義，

but with rules and practices

但採用的規定和做法

that favor the outcomes that we need as a nation.

能支持我們這個國家所需要的結果。

But folks on the ground, they are not waiting.

但身在其中的人不等待，

They're absolutely not waiting.

絕對不等待。

In West Oakland, California,

在加州西奧克蘭，

third generation West Oaklander Noni Session

第三代西奧克蘭人諾妮‧賽遜

leads the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative.

領導東灣永久不動產合作社。

They have recently acquired property collectively

他們最近共同取得了產權，

to build a permanent, affordable,

要建立永久、平價、混合用途的

mixed-use real estate development that benefits its resident owners.

房地產開發地，讓其居民屋主受益。

The cooperative offers these lunchtime learning sessions

合作社提供午餐時間的學習 課程，讓大家可以清楚了解

so people can fully understand things about investment and development.

投資和開發相關的資訊。

And their current membership includes about 500 community, investor,

他們目前的會員包括了五百個社區、

resident and staff owners.

投資者、居民，以及員工所有者。

And they have, to date, raised five million dollars

至今，他們已經募得五百萬美金，

for their community, landing and housing fund.

做為社區、土地、住房的資金。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In Philadelphia, a community development program called Jumpstart,

在費城，有個社區開發計畫

叫做 Jumpstart， 由肯‧溫斯坦創始，

started by Ken Weinstein.

He’s a commercial real estate developer,

他是商業不動產開發業者，

and the program provides training, mentoring and loans

而這個計畫提供

訓練、指導及貸款

to aspiring local residential developers,

給有抱負的當地住宅區開發者， 主要是女性和有色人種。

mostly women and people of color.

Since 2015, they’ve trained more than 2,500 people,

從 2015 年起，他們已經 訓練了超過兩千五百人，

more than 350 loans totaling more than 40 million dollars

超過三百五十件貸款， 總金額超過四千萬美金，

that have actually rehabbed more than 350 units,

實際上整建了超過 三百五十個住宅單位，

had been totally rehabilitated.

都完全整建完成。

Their respective activities actually improve the value

他們各自的活動實際上也都 提升了彼此產權的價值。

of each other's properties.

And they're reducing blight in Philly

他們讓費城的衰敗現象越來越少，

neighborhood by neighborhood, from the inside out.

一個鄰里接著一個鄰里，從內到外，

Jumpstart's now in more than 13 communities around the country.

Jumpstart 現在已經 和全國十三個社區合作。

And Dune Lankard is a member of the Eyak tribe in Alaska.

而杜恩‧蘭卡德，

他是阿拉斯加埃雅克部落的成員。

And what he's working on is securing livelihoods

他致力於協助保障

有抱負的年輕原住民及女性的生計，

for aspiring Native youth and women,

you know, where he's from.

協助家鄉人。

And he's doing it through kelp farming in ancestral native waters.

他的做法是透過在祖傳的 天然水域做海草養殖。

Kelp is a traditional food source, number one,

第一，海草是一種傳統的食物來源，

and it also has important commercial components in bioplastics,

也含有重要的商用成份，

可用在生物塑膠以及藥物上；

in pharmaceuticals.

And also they use it as an additive in cow feed

它也被用作牛飼料的添加物， 以減少其中的甲烷。

to reduce the methane in it.

I mean, it's amazing what it could do.

它的用途十分驚人。

But he is competing against multinational companies

但他（杜恩‧蘭卡德）與跨國企業競爭，

to actually own a piece of this emerging ocean industry for his people.

為族人搶到這新興海洋產業的一塊。

He's going to be up against it, but he's got to be doing this.

他必然到處碰壁， 但他得這麼做，這很重要。

It's so important.

And in the South Bronx,

而在南布朗克斯，

there's this historic rail station, that brought my daddy,

有一個歷史性的火車站 將我的爸爸——

who was a Pullman porter,

他是位臥車搬運工—— 帶到我出生、長大的鄰里。

into the neighborhood where I was born and raised.

Back in the 1940s, it was even harder to get a mortgage while Black.

1940 年代，黑人要取得 抵押貸款更是難上加難。

And he won 15,000 dollars in a horse race

他賭馬贏了一萬五千美金，

and carried it in a satchel back across the country

將錢放在小背包，帶著橫越全國，

and purchased a home near that rail station for his family.

並為家人在那個火車站 附近買了一個家。

And that rail station has recently been acquired by his baby daughter, me,

而不久前那火車站 被他的寶貝女兒購得，

也就是我，把——

who is --

（掌聲及歡呼聲）

(Applause and cheers)

transforming it into a multi-use performance venue,

把它轉型成多用途的

表演場地，音樂 及婚禮用的活動大廳，

an event hall for music and weddings

and quinceañeras and gaming tournaments.

也可用做成人禮和電玩競賽。

And I ...

而我……

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼聲）

I am the manifestation of my mommy and daddy's wildest dreams.

我實現了我爸媽最狂野的夢想。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼聲）

I'm not saying that talent retention is going to solve all the problems

我的意思並不是人才保留

能解決所有和貧困維持相關的問題，

associated with poverty maintenance

or displacement and gentrification,

或遷移或中產階化的問題，

or solve all the wrongs of capitalism.

或解決資本主義所有做不好的地方。

But I know we are not going to solve any of those problems without it.

但我知道，沒有它，

所有這些問題都無法解決。

We don't have to keep building monuments

我們不用繼續建造紀念碑

that honor the shameful practices

來表彰那些可恥的做法，

that created the inequality that low status-communities experience.

讓低階層社區遭遇到 不公平的那些做法。

If we use the tools of capitalism that we have,

如果我們運用我們 手上的資本主義工具，

but in a much more restorative way,

但以更有助恢復的方式來運用，

we can help people in low-status communities show

我們可以協助低階層社區的人，

that you don't have to move out of our neighborhoods

證明

無須搬離我們的鄰里 也能更好地生活。

to live in better ones.

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼聲）