How Buildings Can Improve Life — Inside and Out | Doris Sung | TED

翻译人员: Janice ZHU 校对人员: suya f.

So have you ever walked in front of a glass facade

某天，你走到一面玻璃幕墙前，

and see yourself in the reflection and try to check yourself out?

欣赏自己的倒影， 顺便检查个人仪表。

Oh wait, wait, I forgot --

稍等，我忘了说 ——

the glass facade is there not for you,

这面玻璃墙不是给你照镜子用的，

but it's for the people on the inside to get a great view out.

它是为了让里面的人欣赏外面的景色。

And they're probably looking at you picking the spinach from your teeth.

而这些人没准正在观看你的剔牙直播。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Have you ever walked in a city,

某天，你在城中漫步，

come upon a very large commercial building,

不知不觉走到一座大型商业建筑前。

and in the very hot heat of the summer, the doors fly open,

炎炎夏日，门开了，

you feel that air-conditioned air come out and blast you,

空调冷风袭卷而来，

and you just sit there and wallow in that cool air?

你站在原地， 被沁爽的空气包围。

Oh wait, I forgot,

稍等，我忘了说，

that cool air is for the people on the inside.

冷气是专供里面的人享用的。

It's a private building.

这是一座私人建筑。

They won't even let you in to use a bathroom.

甚至不允许外人 借用洗手间。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Have you ever wondered why cities get hotter and hotter every year?

大家有没有想过， 为什么城市气温逐年攀升？

Oh, wait, I forgot.

稍等，我又忘了说。

In order to cool these buildings,

为了给建筑降温，

the air conditioning systems have to give off air

空调系统 必须释放热气

and emit it to the atmosphere,

并将其排放到大气中，

making it hotter and hotter every year,

这令气温逐年攀升，

contributing to the heat island effect.

并加剧热岛效应。

So I'm an architect, a building tech innovator,

我是一名建筑师、 建筑技术创新者、

and a 10,000-step-a-day pedestrian.

一个日均 1 万步的步行者。

And I want to talk about how buildings

我想谈谈建筑如何

can not only benefit the people on the inside,

既能让建筑物里的人群受益，

but they can actually improve life for those on the outside.

又能改善建筑外的人群的生活。

So if you go back into history, things were different, right?

当我们回顾历史， 会发现情况大不一样。

In the cave, humans had to only worry about the interior,

在洞穴时期，建筑外立面是天然形成，

the outside facade was designed by nature.

人们只需关注内部构造。

Once leaving the cave,

离开洞穴后，

humans then started to stack rocks to make shelter

人类开始堆砌岩石并将其作为避难所，

and in doing so inadvertently made

从而无意中建造出

some the earliest facades.

一些最早期的外立面。

From there, culture refined,

从那以后，随着文明的演变，

building construction techniques refined,

建筑施工技术的完善，

they discovered that the outside facade that's very public-facing

人们发现面向公众的建筑外立面

can actually tell stories and narratives.

可以讲述故事和叙事。

It could be used for public service.

它可以用作公共服务。

So they can tell stories about the family, the histories, the conquests,

它们可以讲述有关家庭、 历史、征服、

the wealth, the status,

财富以及地位的故事，

all these types of things appeared on facades,

所有这些都体现在外立面上，

and facades became a thing.

外立面成为一种事物。

So fast forward, we have new technologies, new materials.

时间飞速向前， 新技术新材料不断涌现。

We're able to thin out the building so it's transparent, the facade itself.

我们能够把建筑设计得更通透， 使外立面呈现出透明的效果。

But the problem is, glass is a very poor insulator.

但问题是， 玻璃的隔热性能非常差。

And that glass then can let the heat in, the cool in,

热气和冷气都能通过玻璃进入室内，

and we had to develop big air-conditioning systems,

所以我们不得不开发 大型空调系统和供暖系统，

heating systems to make the interiors even tolerable to stay in.

以便让室内环境变得更舒适。

And more recently,

而最近，

we want to keep that transparency.

我们又希望保持这种通透感。

We want the glass, the view.

我们想要保留玻璃和视野。

But in order to do that and make the systems efficient,

为了达到上述要求并提高系统效率，

we had to expand that facade system again.

我们就要再次扩展外立面系统。

So it's highly engineered now to keep out the heat, the cold,

如今，精心设计的系统可以 隔绝热量和冷气，

the moisture and glare.

抵抗潮湿和强光。

So all these systems, in order to make it happen,

所有这些系统 都是为了实现这一目标。

even have four panes of glass to do it.

甚至仅靠四块玻璃就能做到。

It's comfortable, it works.

它很舒适，效果很好。

But what do we do next?

接下来要做什么？

So I would like to propose that that thickness of the facade

我的提议是， 外立面的厚度保持不变，

still be used to make people on the inside comfortable.

这样可以让里面的人感到舒适。

But can we think about the outside portion of the facade

但我们是否可以考虑改进立面的外部，

benefiting people on the outside?

让外面的人也受益？

Can we actually think about those thousands of square feet of surface area?

是否可以认真思考如何利用 那些数千平方英尺的部分？

No, millions of square feet of surface area inside the city

确切地说，整座城市 数百万平方英尺的外立面，

and use it for the public?

让公众从中受益？

Can we use it for infrastructure and for public good?

是否可以将它们改造 成基础设施，为大众所用？

So I'm going to show you a few technologies of other people that do that.

接下来我将展示几项其他人开发的、 能够做到这一点的技术。

Here, we can make habitats for animals,

我们可以为动物搭建栖息地，

ecosystems like these for bees, birds, bats,

为蜜蜂、鸟、蝙蝠，

all kinds of animals are even important to cities.

以及各种动物构建的生态系统 甚至对城市都很重要。

This is a habitat for microorganisms.

这是微生物的栖息地。

They're invisible,

它们看上去毫不起眼，

but they're essential to our livelihood,

但对人类生活至关重要，

just like the microbiomes inside your gut.

就像肠道内的微生物群落一样。

Think about the probiotic qualities of it.

想想它们和益生菌一样的特性。

The same thing has to happen to cities.

这一原理同样适用于城市。

Water is an important resource.

水是一种重要的资源。

And so in this system it not only collects water,

这个系统不仅可以收集水，

but it also can purify it

还可以净化水，

as well as store it in a hyperlocalized way.

并以超本地化的方式储存水。

So that places where water security is an issue

长此以往， 存在水安全问题的地方

starts to eliminate and reduce.

将开始减少并消失。

Think about areas that have drought.

比如那些干旱地区。

And we can also modulate the surfaces,

我们也可以调整表层，

perforate the different types of materials

在不同类型的材料表面打孔，

in order to reduce the amount of noise pollution in streets.

以减少街道上的噪音污染。

So think about garbage trucks, sirens, honking horns.

比如垃圾车、警报器、 大喇叭产生的噪音。

That type of stuff can actually diminish with new technologies.

实际上，新技术可以消除这类噪音。

In my own work, I look at architecture

在我自己的作品中，

as something that can contribute positively to sustainability, to equity

我将建筑视为可以为 可持续发展、公平和健康

and to wellness.

做出积极贡献的一类事物。

I'm going to show you two technologies at different levels of development

我要展示两种 处于不同发展阶段的技术，

that I use and apply to public health issues.

我用它们来解决公共卫生问题。

So the first one is a smog-eating panel for architecture.

第一个是建筑行业用于净化雾霾的面板。

And in this case,

在这种情况下，

it actually starts to filter particulate matter and noxious waste

它其实已经开始过滤城市峡谷区域的

in cities in urban-canyon areas.

颗粒物和有毒废物。

城市峡谷是指街道两边 矗立着两排高大建筑，

So an urban canyon is when a street is lined by two very tall buildings

on both sides, right, forming a canyon-like scenario.

从而在街道中间形成狭长地带。

And what happens is in these areas, the air movement is very predictable.

在这些地区， 空气流动是可预测的。

It comes from prevailing winds, from thermal convection,

风向来自于主风、热对流，

from the movement of vehicles in there.

以及车辆的移动。

And it moves in a circular pattern

风以圆圈模式移动，

where it makes it very difficult

这使得重颗粒物

for the heavy particulate matter to escape.

很难被吹走。

So therefore it just keeps going through

随着时间的推移， 它会不断渗透

and accumulates in the bottom over time, more and more.

并逐渐积聚在底部。

So what we're trying to do is modulate the surface

所以，我们在尝试调节表面，

so the surface can allow those prevailing winds to flow into these tubes,

让主风能够吹进这些管道，

to filter that smog and move out as fresh air.

过滤掉雾霾，排出新鲜空气。

So you can see here we use models and wind tunnels that we build

我们制作出模型和风洞，

as well as simulation modeling to test it.

同时运用仿真建模进行测试。

We pack the tubes together so that we can maximize the efficacy of it,

我们将管子紧密排列， 从而使效率最大化，

as well as minimize the material it takes to make it.

同时也最大程度地节省材料。

And we put them in such a position of where that wind flow is actually going,

我们把模型放置于风口，

and so that it would have an easy time going into the tubes, cleaning the air

这样风就能轻易进入管道， 经过过滤后，

and coming out as fresh air.

吹出新鲜空气。

We also use the thermal convection model,

我们还采用热对流模型，

where in the case the pavement is heating the air,

在这种情况下， 当路面加热空气时，

that hot air wants to rise up the face of the building.

热气会沿着建筑物立面上升。

They can go into these tubes also to filter

这些热气也可以进入管道进行过滤，

and then send out fresh air.

然后排出新鲜空气。

So it's done in a very passive way.

总而言之，这是通过一种 非常被动的方式完成的。

And not only do we try to apply this to building facades

我们在建筑外立面试用这种新技术，

so that the facades are doing the cleaning,

通过外立面净化空气，

we want to actually design these bus shelters

除此之外，我们希望 设计出这些巴士候车亭，

that can use this kind of technology,

能够利用这种技术，

bringing the freshest pockets of air

将最新鲜的空气

to the people who spend the most amount of time on the streets

带给那些在路上花费时间最多、

breathing the worst air.

呼吸最差空气的人。

Another technology that I'm working on is a self-shading window system.

我正在研发的另一项技术 是自遮阳窗系统。

Here you can see it.

这里可以看到，

Basically what it does is it shades the interior automatically

基本上，它的作用是自动为室内遮阳，

so that you can use less energy on air conditioning.

这样就可以减少空调能耗。

The idea came from using these thermo bimetal material,

这个想法源于这些热双金属材料，

which is a material that curls when heated.

它们在受热时会卷曲。

And we make these very low-tech robots that we do for fun in our office.

我们在办公室里做这些 低科技含量的机器人纯粹是为了好玩。

I know, everybody chuckles when they see it,

我知道每个人看到它都会笑，

and it's important that you know that

我们得明白一点：它很重要。

because what happens is people get connected to them

因为人会与机器人建立联系

as if they're little pets, as if they are alive.

它们就像宠物一样， 就像有生命一样。

And even we name them.

我们甚至还给它们起名字。

This one's actually called Roly Poly.

比如这个叫“卷卷” 。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So from there, the idea was that we use this thermo bimetal

从那时起，我们就有了一个想法：

on the facade of a building

在建筑物外立面上使用这种热双金属，

so that it actually can react to the outdoor environment.

这样它才能真正应对室外环境。

And through the course of a day, through the course of a year,

在一天的时间里， 在一年的时间里，

as the temperature changes all the time,

随着温度的不断变化，

the building would also change to follow that.

建筑物也会随之变化。

And if we can animate a building,

而且，如果我们能让建筑活起来，

then possibly we can get people

那么我们就有可能

to also feel more connected to the building, like their pets.

让人们与建筑物的联系更加紧密， 就像与他们的宠物一样。

And if we do that, we can make people smile more,

如果我们这样做， 人们会更开心，

they can cherish their buildings

人们会珍惜身边的建筑，

and they can even feel protective of their cities.

甚至想要保护居住的城市。

So therefore the happiness level of the city can go up

如此一来，城市居民的幸福指数

as well as mental health.

和心理健康程度也会提高。

So we embrace this idea of putting bimetal in the facade.

所以，我们欣然接受了 在外立面上放置双金属的想法。

In this case, it's actually in the cavity

在这种情况下，它实际上位于

of a double-glazed standard window system.

双层玻璃标准窗系统的空腔中。

And we allow these little critters, again like butterflies,

我们让这些“小生灵”像蝴蝶一样

to flutter around and flip.

翻转舞动。

So when the heat comes in ...

所以，当热量进入时......

You can see simulated like the sun,

比如在太阳照射下，

these pieces will flip over and respond to any changes outside.

这些金属片会翻转 并对外界变化做出反应。

What happens, too, is when they flip,

同时，在它们翻转时，

you can still see pretty well through the system,

你仍然可以清楚地看到整个系统，

it doesn't block your view

它不会阻挡你的视线。

so that it turns like into a blackout situation.

这样它就变成断电状态。

And then when the sun goes away,

当太阳移开时，

they go back to their original position.

它们会回到原来的位置。

So you know, what happens, too, is because it's a pixilated system,

所以你同样可以知道发生了什么。 因为这是一个像素化系统，

we can put graphics on it.

我们可以在上面放置图像。

It opens and closes whenever it wants to

它可以随时打开和关闭，

so that you can start to see the graphics.

这样你就能看到图像了。

The result is awe-inspiring.

结果令人惊叹。

It’s biophilic, and it’s magical.

它具有亲生物性，也很神奇。

And I'm happy to say that it's also safe for birds, right?

我很高兴地说， 这对鸟类来说也是安全的，对吧？

Birds on the outside.

那些外面的鸟。

So it's actually a great thing.

所以这实际上是一件好事。

We're hoping to put this technology onto buildings

我们希望最早能在今年底

as soon as the end of this year, so stay tuned for that.

将这项技术应用到建筑中来， 敬请关注。

So how can we get a lot of these cool technologies on buildings?

那么我们怎样才能在建筑物上 运用这么多项超酷的技术呢？

This is the big question.

这是个大问题。

I have three suggestions.

我有三个建议。

The first one is change policy.

第一，调整政策。

Can we require owners and and contractors

我们能否要求业主、承包商，

and real estate developers

以及房地产开发商

to spend a percentage of their construction cost

将一定比例 的建筑成本

on public-centric technologies for facades?

投入到以公共为中心的 外立面技术上？

Can we do that?

我们能做到吗？

Two, think entrepreneurially.

第二，从创业角度思考。

Can owners actually rent, lease,

业主真的可以将外立面出租、租赁、

sell this facade to others for infrastructure?

出售给他人 作为基础设施吗？

Can it be to agriculture?

可否用于农业？

Can it be to even not-for-profit situations?

可否用于公益场合？

Can it be for utility companies?

可以用于公用事业公司吗？

There's a lot of possibilities that can happen.

可能发生的情况有很多。

And three, advocate for change.

第三，倡导变革。

Renters inside the buildings must start to demand that their building facades

大楼内的租户必须开始要求

are much more magnanimous.

他们的建筑外立面更加宽宏大气。

Because think about it:

因为想一想：

everybody in these buildings must come out to the streets, too.

大楼里的每个人也必须要走到外面。

And together we can actually enjoy

团结起来，我们就能真正享受

the improvements to our society and public health.

社会和公共卫生的改善。

So next time you go out into a city and you're walking around,

下次当你在一座城市四处闲逛时，

look carefully at the buildings.

仔细看看那些建筑物。

They don't have to be just a pretty face.

它们不只是一道靓丽的风景线。

They can serve a bigger purpose.

它们还可以发挥更大的作用。

谢谢。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）