A Snack’s Journey from the Farm to Your Mouth | Aruna Rangachar Pohl | TED

翻译人员: Sammi Wang 校对人员: Yanyan Hong

You all had some tea?

大家都喝过茶吗？

OK.

好吧。

Biscuits, perhaps?

也许会配饼干？

OK.

好吧。

So we all love biscuits, right?

所以我们都喜欢饼干，对吧？

Audience: Yes.

观众：是的。

So join me now on a story and a journey

那么，现在请和我一起踏上 一个故事和旅程，

of India’s -- one of the most popular brands of biscuits.

探索印度最受欢迎的饼干品牌之一。

Let's meet Devraj Pai,

让我们来认识一下 Devraj Pai，

a small farmer who grows wheat on his one-hectare farm

他是一位小农户， 在干旱的古吉拉特邦占地一公顷的

in arid Gujarat.

农场里种植小麦。

This wheat is harvested and trucked 42 kilometers

这些小麦被收割后，用卡车运送到

to a government marketplace,

位于 42 公里外的一个政府市场。

and there it is bought by a trader,

然后在那里被贸易商收购，

who then sells it on 100 kilometers further

然后再将其出售

to a commercial flour mill.

给 100 公里外的一家商业面粉厂。

At the mill, it is stripped of all of its nutrients and fiber

在工厂里，所有的营养素和纤维被榨干，

and then converted to refined flour.

然后转化为精制面粉。

And then it is trucked another 400 kilometers further

然后，这些小麦 被进一步运送至 400 公里外

to a larger factory to be mixed with refined sugar,

一个更大的工厂，与精制糖混合，

which has had a similar long journey.

这也经历了类似的漫长旅程。

All of this is mixed with chemical preservatives, artificial flavors,

所有这些都会与化学防腐剂和 人工香料混合，

and then baked into biscuits using energy-guzzling machines

然后使用耗能的机器烘烤成饼干

and then trucked 500 kilometers

再运送 500 公里

back to the same villages.

回到同样的村庄。

Now consider this.

现在考虑一下。

Devraj Pai sold his wheat for 22 rupees a kilo,

Devraj Pai 以每公斤 22 卢比的价格 出售了他的小麦，

and then he buys this stripped-down,

然后他以每公斤 120 卢比的价格

sugary unhealthy biscuits for his family

为家人购买了这种精简的、

at 120 rupees a kilo,

含糖的不健康饼干

almost five times more.

几乎高出五倍。

This is just the tip of the math iceberg.

这只是数学冰山一角。

Underneath lies the hidden world of margins at multiple points,

其背后隐藏着多点利润、

fuel costs,

燃料成本、

infrastructure costs

基础设施成本

and another painful, unaccounted, hidden cost.

和另一个痛苦、下落不明的隐性成本。

The cost to nature.

对自然的代价。

All this in the guise of modern efficiency and scale?

这一切都是以现代效率和规模的 名义进行的吗？

What the f-- truck are we not seeing here?

我们究竟——他妈的/货运 (“f-- truck”) 忽视了什么？

(Laughter and applause)

（笑声和掌声）

This is a tiny example

这是一个高度污染的工业农业模式

of the highly polluting industrial farming model

正在吞噬世界的

that is eating the world.

一个小小例子。

Let's zoom out and view this.

让我们退一步，好好看看这。

No escaping it.

我们没法逃脱。

India is the world's most populous country,

印度是世界上人口最多的国家，

yet it is still pretty low,

但仍然很低——

among the lowest in terms of per capita greenhouse gas emissions.

是人均温室气体排放量 最低的国家之一。

Now, for an India under construction, rapidly modernizing,

现在，对于一个正在建设中、 正在迅速实现现代化的印度来说，

this is the fifth largest economy,

第五大经济体，

shortly to be the fourth.

不久将成为第四大经济体。

For Indians on consumption steroids,

对于消费欲望极强的印度人来说，

it is third in terms of purchasing power parity.

它在购买力平价方面排名第三。

A story of growth that is inexorably interlinked with global warming.

这是一个与全球变暖不可分割的增长故事。

How green is our current or future?

我们当前或未来的环境有多绿色呢？

As brown as my face, friends.

朋友们，就像我的脸一样棕色。

Contributing 20 percent to this browning of the planet is agriculture,

造成地球褐变的 20％ 是农业，

with over half the country's workforce engaged in it.

而该国一半以上的劳动力从事农业。

Staring us in the face

直视我们的脸

is this absolute imperative to power green production

是推动绿色生产

and empower green consumption.

和增强绿色消费的绝对必要条件。

A daunting task for India's 150 million small farmers

对于印度拥有不到 两公顷土地的 1.5 亿小农来说，

who own less than two hectares of land.

这是一项艰巨的任务。

Now I grew up in awe of nature

我在印度最深的丛林中

as I tagged along with my civil engineer father

跟随我的土木工程师父亲长大，

in the deepest jungles of India.

对大自然充满敬畏。

My mother, she taught me respect for Indigenous foods, cultures

我的母亲，她教会了我 尊重土著食物、文化

and the kinship of communities.

和社区的亲属关系。

A 25-year digression into the modern food industry.

对现代食品行业进行了 25 年的业余研究。

Traveling the world was a roller coaster ride of the good, the bad,

环游世界是一次过山车般的旅程。

and the ugly of what the farmer grows

从农民种植的作物到最终 出现在消费者餐盘上的

to what lands up on a consumer's plate.

良好、不良和丑陋的一切。

So my midlife crisis coincided with the climate crisis,

因此，我的中年危机恰逢气候危机，

and that motivated me to set up

这促使我成立了

India Foundation for Humanistic Development

印度人文发展基金会，

with a vision to rejuvenate productive landscapes

旨在公平且可持续地振兴

equitably and sustainably.

We work with small farmers across India,

我们与印度各地的小农户

as well as Indigenous communities in 22 states

以及 22 个邦的

to promote natural farming,

当地社区合作，促进自然农业、

green enterprise development and habitat conservation.

绿色企业发展和栖息地保护。

I see my work as knitting,

我把我的作品看作是编织，

knitting a patchwork quilt of stories, of communities,

编织一个由故事、社区，

their challenges,

他们的挑战和

and the change makers

变革者组成的拼凑而成的被子，

and, you know, presenting this vibrant, multi-hued,

而且，你知道，将这个充满活力、多色调、

expanding and evolving saga to the powers that be.

不断扩展和演变的传奇故事 呈现给现有力量。

And ...

和……

I would like to now take you

现在，我想带你们

to a golden patch, as I zoom in,

去看一个金色的地带，我要凑近看看，

on a golden patch in Belgaum district of Karnataka in the south,

在印度南部卡纳塔克邦的贝尔高姆区，

where the heroes of my story are 10,000 small farmers.

那里有我故事中的英雄 —— 1 万名小农。

This story brings to life how green production can lead to green consumption

这个故事生动展示了如何通过绿色生产，

in a more equitable and sustainable way.

以更公平和可持续的方式实现绿色消费。

Let's meet Anand.

我们来见见 Anand 吧。

He's a small farmer growing maize

他是一个小农户，

in Belgaum on a two-hectare farm.

在贝尔高姆一个占地 两公顷的农场里种玉米。

Anand is also, you know, the proud managing director

你知道， Anand 还是 Saudati 农民生产者有限公司的

of the Saudati Farmer Producer Company Limited.

董事总经理。

Saudati Company has 1,000 farmers like our Anand,

Saudati 公司有一千名像我们的 Anand 这样的农民，

who are shareholders and co-owners.

他们是股东和共同所有者。

Their collective strength allows them to operate at scale,

他们的集体力量 使他们能够大规模经营，

to raise finance,

筹集资金，

to bulk purchase farm inputs, to eliminate middlemen

批量购买农业投入品，消除中间商，

and then to trade directly with big buyers for higher prices.

然后直接与大买家进行交易以 获得更高的价格。

By improving their farming efficiency,

通过提高耕作效率，

the Saudati farmers are earning at least 25 percent more

索达提农民的收入至少增加了 25％ ，

and break away from high-interest micro loans that they needed before.

摆脱了之前所需的高利率小额贷款

They also get better-than-market prices for their produce

赛季期间，他们从 Anand 和他的球队

from Anand and his team during season.

那里获得的农产品也高于市场价格。

Now, the profits from Saudati company

现在，Saudati 公司的利润

are invested back into the company

将在年底重新投资到公司

or distributed to the farmer shareholders at the end of the year,

或分配给农民股东，

and this is a decision that is jointly taken.

这是一个共同做出的决定。

How green is my valley?

我的山谷有多绿？

To know this,

要了解这一点，

let's visit the 1,000 co-owners of Saudati company,

让我们拜访一下 Saudati 公司的 一千名共同所有者

who are transitioning

他们正在进行转型。

from a chemical-based monocrop agriculture

从基于化学的单一作物农业

to an organic, multi-crop farming system at scale

转变为有机多作物种植体系

through our natural farming trainings.

通过我们的自然农业培训，

We track and trace their production practices

我们通过一款名为 FoodSign 的应用程序

through an app called FoodSign,

跟踪和追踪他们的生产方式，

which allows us to capture the tons of carbon

该应用程序使我们能够捕获他们

that is sequestered on their lands.

土地上封存的大量碳。

This is then traded to earn carbon revenues

然后将其交易以赚取碳收入

to create assets that would benefit the whole community.

从而创造有利于整个社区的资产。

This could be a production facility,

这可能是生产设施，

this could be a common warehouse or a primary health center,

可以是公共仓库或初级卫生中心，

or even a drinking-water facility.

甚至是饮用水设施。

Their decision.

他们的决定。

Now it does pay to green production, right?

现在它确实为绿色生产付出了代价，对吧？

Let's now meet the heroines of my story

现在让我们来认识一下我 故事中的女主角，

who power the green production to green consumption pipeline.

她在推动绿色生产走向绿色消费管道。

Meet Kamala and her 12-member self-help group,

认识卡马拉和她的 12 名成员的自助团体，

who are shareholders of Saudati.

他们是 Saudati 的股东。

And they run a micro enterprise

他们经营一家微型企业

and yeah, they produce biscuits.

是的，他们生产饼干。

Whole wheat and millet flour is mixed with jaggery.

将全麦和小米粉与粗糖混合在一起。

A jaggery is an iron-rich brown sugar.

粗糖是一种富含铁的红糖。

This is baked in ovens that run on solar or biomass energy.

这是在依靠太阳能 或生物质能的烤箱中烘烤的。

Simply packed and sold locally.

只需打包并在当地出售。

Our Doorstep incubator program

我们的 Doorstep 孵化器计划

supports nine such farmer-producer companies,

支持九家这样的农民生产者公司， 在贝尔高姆地区

with 9,000 shareholders in Belgaum district

拥有九千名股东，

who are linked to 150 micro enterprises,

他们与 150 家微型企业有联系，

which are run by women and youth

这些企业由妇女和青年经营，

who just add value to local produce

他们只是使用可再生能源为

for local markets using renewable energy.

当地市场增加当地农产品的价值。

Let's step back

让我们退后一步，

and think a bit.

好好想一想。

Do you see the simple, fantastic math happening here?

你看到这里发生的简单而 奇妙的数学了吗？

A lone, two-hectare subsistence farmer

一个孤独的两公顷自给农民

transforms into this joint-venture

变成了这个由一万名农民

of a 10,000 farmers

组成的合资企业，

managing 20,000 hectares of produce

管理着 2 万公顷的农产品，

and earning multi-million rupees.

并收入数百万卢比。

A local circular food economy.

当地的循环粮食经济。

That has the impact to ...

这……

benefit a whole district with a million population.

使拥有一百万人口的整个地区受益。

Mind boggling, but doable.

令人难以置信，但可行。

This scenario is something that can be repeated or replicated

这种情况可以在印度各地

100,000 times across India.

重复或复制 10 万次。

And ...

和……

Secure the right to ...

确保为十亿印度人获得……

affordable, sufficient

负担得起的、充足的、

and culturally appropriate food for a billion Indians.

以及符合文化的食物。

This is a reset button that connects culture to policy,

这是一个重置按钮 它将文化与政策联系起来，

and to reverse and repair a broken food system

并将破碎的食物系统逆转并修复，

to a green and fair food system.

致力于打造一个绿色和公平的食物体系。

There are three things that underpin all that we do

我们所做的一切都有三个基础，

to let a thousand Belgaums bloom.

足以让成千上万的贝尔高姆繁荣发展。

One is a farming system that is climate-resilient,

一是具有气候适应能力的农业体系，

uses existing natural resources to improve productivity

它利用现有的自然资源来提高生产力

and farm incomes,

和农业收入，

just as our 10,000 farmers are showing us.

就像我们的一万名农民 向我们展示的那样。

Two, a production system that adds value close to source

其二，一个能够在生产源头附近增加价值、

and

并且，

conserves natural resources

保护自然资源、

as well as allocates fair value to producer

为生产者和消费者公平分配价值的

as well as consumer.

生产体系。

We do know,

我想我们现在可以知道

I think by now, that Camilla's biscuits are surely tastier and healthier

卡米拉的饼干对我们的孩子来说肯定 更美味、更健康，

for our kids, right?

对吧？

Three.

三。

A value system that protects nature

一个保护自然

and people's rights.

和人民权利的价值体系。

The ten farmer-producer companies with their communities in Belgaum

位于贝尔高姆的十家农民 生产公司及其社区

are a living example of equitable ownership and joint decision making.

是公平所有权和共同决策的、 活生生的例子。

In Sanskrit, India's oldest language,

在印度最古老的语言梵语中，

we say (speaking Sanskrit).

我们说（说梵语）。

This means “the world is one family.”

这意味着 “世界是一个大家庭”。

Showing up where and when it matters,

在重要的地点和时间出现，

sharing and caring is my family trait.

分享和关爱是我的家庭特质。

For me, this means the world of food is in our collective hands.

对我来说，这意味着食物世界掌握 在我们集体手中。

And we must,

而且我们必须，

we should learn to value food

我们应该学会

from the lens of climate and communities.

从气候和社区的角度看待食物。

You can do this.

你可以这样做。

By connecting to the journey of food.

通过连接美食之旅。

And choosing what lands up in your shopping cart.

然后选择你购物车中的内容。

Will you?

你会这样做吗？

Pretty please?

拜托了？

Pretty please.

拜托了。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）