The Powerful Possibilities of Recycling the World's Batteries | Emma Nehrenheim | TED

51,421 views ・ 2023-11-03

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Chen Xuan 校对人员: suya f.
00:08
So the world is going electric.
0
8547
2502
世界正在走向电气化。
00:12
And batteries will do for electrification what the refrigerator did for food,
1
12884
6215
电池对电气化的作用 就像冰箱对食物的作用一样,
00:19
because batteries will allow us to move clean energy
2
19140
2962
因为电池能让我们超越时间和空间地
00:22
through time and through space.
3
22143
2878
使用清洁能源。
00:25
And we don't have a problem with the availability of energy
4
25856
3336
而且解决了我们在地球上(不同地区)
00:29
on this planet.
5
29234
1335
的能源的可用性问题。
00:30
We have a problem with getting this energy to where we need it,
6
30610
4630
(就是)我们将能源输送到需要的地方
00:35
and when we need it.
7
35240
1627
和需要的时间的难题。
00:37
But if we approach battery manufacturing the wrong way,
8
37450
3254
但是如果我们以错误 的方式进行电池制造,
00:40
we will end up repeating mistakes from the past,
9
40704
3420
我们最终会重复过去的错误,
00:44
mistakes that are at the heart of the climate environmental crisis
10
44124
4880
即造成我们当下气候环境危机的
00:49
that we see today.
11
49004
1543
核心错误。
00:51
And that's what I'm here to explain.
12
51256
2419
这就是我在这里要解释的。
00:54
It's all about the way we are using the Earth's resources.
13
54009
4504
这完全取决于我们使用地球资源的方式。
00:58
So historically, and today,
14
58930
2252
所以从过去到现在,
01:01
we have been mining oil from the Earth's crust
15
61224
4755
我们一直在从地壳中开采石油
01:06
with little concern for the long-term effect.
16
66021
3211
且几乎不关心(它造成的)长期影响。
01:09
And this example of how we’ve been approaching the fossil fuel industry
17
69774
4839
这个例子说明了我们化石燃料行业的方式
01:14
and how we've been dependent on it,
18
74654
2378
以及我们如何依赖化石燃料,
01:17
how we have been extracting oil where it's economically possible,
19
77032
5171
如何在经济可行的地方开采石油,
01:22
refined it, burned it, and it ends up in the atmosphere --
20
82245
3712
提炼它、燃烧它、 最终排放至大气层——
01:25
that's the perfect illustration
21
85999
2836
这就是典型的例子
01:28
of the fundamental, simple and linear model
22
88877
3253
我们目前正在使用的
01:32
that we are working with:
23
92130
1418
简单的线性的工作方式:
01:33
extract, use and discard.
24
93548
2378
提取、使用和丢弃。
01:36
When I was a professor in environmental engineering,
25
96801
2628
当我还是环境工程教授时,
01:39
I used to teach my students that mistakes are OK,
26
99429
2961
我曾经告诉过我的学生,犯错是正常的,
01:42
as long as you learn from your mistakes,
27
102432
2085
只要你从错误中吸取教训,
01:44
and as long as you take action.
28
104559
2044
并且采取行动。
01:47
So now, when we are evolving,
29
107395
2795
所以现在,当我们在逐步发展时,
01:50
when we are changing,
30
110231
1961
当我们在不断变化时,
01:52
when we are building things from scratch,
31
112233
2920
当我们从全新开始构建行业时,
01:55
we should think twice, and we should do it right this time.
32
115195
5088
我们应该三思而后行 并且确保这次要做的正确。
02:00
And what does this mean for batteries?
33
120825
2586
这对电池行业意味着什么?
02:03
There are two things we need to know about batteries.
34
123453
2544
关于电池,我们需要了解两件事。
02:05
One is they require enormous amounts of energy to produce,
35
125997
4505
第一是它们需要大量的能源来生产,
02:10
and the second is that they are made from minerals,
36
130543
2628
第二是它们是由矿物制成的,
02:13
minerals that require global mining, refining and processing,
37
133213
4379
需要全球范围的开采、精炼和加工,
02:17
and long and complex supply chains.
38
137592
2336
以及漫长而复杂的供应链供应的矿物。
02:20
So if we start with energy,
39
140929
2794
所以如果我们先从能源开始,
02:23
a battery factory is a very large and complex operation.
40
143765
3962
电池制造是一个非常庞大和复杂的操作。
02:27
It requires large amounts of heat and electricity to produce.
41
147769
4963
它需要大量的热能和电能来生产。
02:33
It starts with a chemical plant;
42
153441
2253
首先从化工厂开始;
02:35
then follow long coating machines.
43
155735
3712
然后需要大型喷涂设备。
02:39
After that, we have cell assembly,
44
159447
2711
之后,进行电池组装,
02:42
which is fine electronics equipment that require clean and dry rooms.
45
162158
4588
通常在清洁且干燥的厂房内 使用精细的电子设备。
02:47
Now at the end of this process,
46
167956
1960
这个工序结束时,
02:49
each and every battery cell
47
169916
2211
每个电芯
02:52
needs to be charged and discharged in certain patterns
48
172127
3461
需要以特定模式进行充电和放电
02:55
to gain its properties.
49
175630
1710
以获得其特性。
02:57
And if we put this kind of factory under a fossil fuel grid,
50
177382
4129
如果电池制造厂使用化石能源的电网,
03:01
we will end up with a carbon footprint,
51
181553
2669
最终将产生的碳足迹
03:04
which is the benchmark today,
52
184264
2210
按照当下的基准计算,
03:06
which is around 100 kilograms of carbon dioxide
53
186516
3795
每生产一千瓦时容量的电池,
03:10
per kilowatt-hour of produced battery.
54
190353
2086
会产生大约100公斤的二氧化碳当量。
03:12
And how much is that?
55
192897
1794
那这个是多少产生量?
03:14
If we take it at scale,
56
194691
2669
如果将数字放大规模,
03:17
20, 30 years ... of battery manufacturing
57
197402
6840
按照电池制造行业20或30年计算,
03:24
will give the total footprint of about half the size of Germany's.
58
204284
4921
(产生二氧化碳当量)总占地 面积约为德国的一半。
03:30
Now that would be a big mistake.
59
210290
2961
这将是一个严重的错误。
03:34
Luckily, you can slash that footprint by some 67 percent --
60
214335
4004
幸运的是,可以将 这一碳足迹减少约67%——
03:38
that's two-thirds --
61
218381
1919
即减少三分之二——
03:40
if you put the same operation on the renewable energy grid,
62
220341
3921
如果使用可再生电网下进行同样的生产,
03:44
which we do, in northern Sweden.
63
224304
2043
我们在瑞典北部就是这样做的。
03:48
That, on the other hand, leaves us with the remaining footprint,
64
228141
4463
另一方面,余下的碳足迹,
03:52
the last third,
65
232604
1751
即最后的三分之一,
03:54
coming entirely from everything that is outside the factory,
66
234397
6423
完全来自(电池制造)工厂外的一切,
04:00
and the lion's part from the supply chain.
67
240820
2795
以及供应链中的大部分。
04:04
And that leads us to the second topic we have to talk about,
68
244199
3837
这就引出了我们必须讨论的第二个话题,
04:08
which is the minerals.
69
248078
1668
那就是矿物。
04:10
So batteries are made from minerals --
70
250663
3796
电池是由多种矿物制成的——
04:14
for example, nickel, cobalt and lithium --
71
254501
3128
例如,镍、钴和锂——
04:17
and the way we approach this is going to determine
72
257629
4004
我们处理这个问题的方式将决定
04:21
how much we can further slash that carbon footprint.
73
261633
3503
可以进一步削减多少碳足迹。
04:25
Luckily, if we put it under this renewable grid,
74
265720
3629
幸运的是,如果我们把它 放在这个可再生电网下,
04:29
if we approach it the right way,
75
269390
2294
并且我们以正确的方式处理它,
04:31
with sustainable mining and a lot of recycling,
76
271726
6048
即通过可持续采矿和大量回收利用,
04:37
we can significantly reduce the footprint.
77
277774
3837
我们可以显著减少碳足迹。
04:42
One tonne of battery-grade lithium
78
282028
3796
一吨电池级锂
04:45
requires 750 tonnes of brine
79
285824
3420
需要 750 吨卤水
04:49
or 250 tonnes of lithium ore.
80
289285
3045
或 250 吨锂矿石。
04:53
Same with cobalt --
81
293623
1210
钴也一样——
04:54
if you need one tonne of battery-grade cobalt,
82
294874
3629
一吨电池级钴,
04:58
you have to mine 300 tonnes of cobalt ore.
83
298545
3837
需要开采 300 吨钴矿石。
05:02
So does this give us a similar situation to the oil history we have?
84
302382
5172
那么,这是否给我们造成了 之前化石能源时期类似的情况?
05:08
No, because the difference is that when we mine metals,
85
308179
5965
答案是否定的,不同之处在于,
05:14
they are elements.
86
314144
1668
当我们开采金属时,它们是元素。
05:15
And if you can get elements back to their elemental form,
87
315854
4504
如果能让元素恢复到它们的元素形式,
05:20
they are just as good as new.
88
320400
1918
它们和全新的一样。
05:22
And this is the fundamental difference
89
322944
3086
这是我们现在生活的
05:26
between the combustion-engine history that we're living now
90
326072
3504
内燃机工业和新兴的电动汽车工业之间
05:29
and the new electric vehicle industry.
91
329576
3503
最根本的区别。
05:33
Because at the end of the life cycle,
92
333079
3128
因为在生命周期结束时,
05:36
you can bring the metals back from the market,
93
336207
3170
可以把金属从市场上回收,
05:39
and you can use them again and again.
94
339377
2669
然后一次又一次地使用它们。
05:42
So what we have developed at Northvolt is a recycling process,
95
342589
4629
因此,我们在Northvolt 研发的是一种回收工艺,
05:47
where we take the batteries back from the market,
96
347260
3337
我们从市场上回收电池,
05:51
we discharge them fully,
97
351764
2086
完全放电后,
05:53
we take away the aluminum casing,
98
353892
1793
拆解铝制外壳,
05:55
we take away all the cabling,
99
355727
2627
摘除所有的电缆,
05:58
and then, we take out the cells and the modules.
100
358354
3754
然后取出电芯和模块。
06:02
We take those cells and modules,
101
362150
1793
将这些电芯和模块,
06:03
together with some waste material we have from the production,
102
363985
3378
连同生产过程中的一些其他废料,
06:07
and we throw it into a big shredder.
103
367363
2127
投放至破碎机中。
06:10
We chop it up.
104
370200
1126
进行彻底破碎。
06:11
We take out the copper foil, aluminum foil, some plastics.
105
371784
5965
然后取出铜箔,铝箔,一些塑料。
06:18
And then, we are left with something that we call the black mass.
106
378374
3212
然后,只剩下一种我们称为黑粉的东西。
06:21
And this black mass is a fine black powder.
107
381920
3586
这种黑粉是一种细小的黑色粉末。
06:25
This fine black powder
108
385924
2085
这种细小的黑色粉末
06:28
consists of everything that we had coated on the electrodes in the factory.
109
388051
4754
包含在电池工厂涂在电极上的所有东西。
06:33
It's the graphite from the anode,
110
393306
2920
它包含来自阳极的石墨,
06:36
and it's the nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium
111
396226
2544
它包含来自阴极的
06:38
from the cathode.
112
398811
1168
镍、钴、锰和锂。
06:41
We take this fine powder, the black mass,
113
401397
3212
我们将这种细小的黑粉,
06:44
we pass it on into the hydrometallurgical process ...
114
404609
4713
进行湿法冶金工艺中处理.....
06:49
Hydrometallurgy means treating metal in liquid.
115
409364
4129
湿法冶金是指处理液体中的金属。
06:54
And what we do
116
414118
1877
我们所做的就是
06:55
is that we use different pressure changes, temperature changes and pH
117
415995
5464
使用不同的压力变化、温度变化和pH值
07:01
to separate them from one another.
118
421501
2294
将(金属元素)彼此分开。
07:03
We refine them, so we get them into the form that we need
119
423836
3671
提纯不同元素后,转化成 生产过程所需的形态 --
07:07
for the production --
120
427507
1209
07:08
salts for nickel, cobalt and manganese,
121
428758
2586
即镍、钴和锰的盐,
07:11
or hydroxides for lithium.
122
431386
1793
或锂的氢氧化物。
07:13
And then, we do like this.
123
433930
3128
然后,我们这样做:
07:17
We send them across site, straight into production.
124
437100
4129
把它们送到各个工厂,直接投入生产。
07:22
So what we have is a circular battery economy.
125
442397
5130
因此,我们实现了循环电池经济。
07:29
And this is the fundamental difference between the combustion-engine industry
126
449112
6381
这就是内燃机工业和
07:35
and what we are building now.
127
455535
1918
我们现在正在构建的工业的根本区别。
07:38
We should do this not only for batteries.
128
458246
2294
我们不仅应该为电池这样做。
07:40
We should do it for wind turbines, we should do it for solar panels,
129
460581
3629
应该为风力涡轮机、太阳能电池板、
07:44
we should do it for all the new industries that we need for this transformation.
130
464252
5714
为所有转型所需的新兴行业这样做。
07:50
(Applause)
131
470008
1001
07:51
Thank you.
132
471050
1168
谢谢。
07:52
(Applause continues)
133
472218
2086
(掌声继续)
07:54
And we're going to have to accept mining as part of this transition, absolutely.
134
474345
5714
我们不得不接受采矿 是这一转变必需的一部分。
08:00
But when we are taking things from the Earth's crust,
135
480393
3545
但是当我们从地壳中挖掘资源时,
08:03
when we are borrowing from the future generations,
136
483938
3462
当我们向子孙后代借用时,
08:07
we have to do it responsibly,
137
487442
2210
我们必须负责任地去做,
08:09
and we have to make sure that we can use these materials
138
489652
3337
我们必须确保可以回用这些资源
08:12
over and over, and over again,
139
492989
2836
一遍又一遍,一遍又一遍,
08:15
because fundamentally, we can.
140
495867
2794
因为从根本上说,我们可以做到。
08:19
And we should not only build recycling processes
141
499329
3420
我们不仅应该建立回收体系
08:22
and a port for the materials when they come to their end of life --
142
502790
4797
以及材料报废时的回收点——
08:27
we should also build accounting and traceability systems
143
507628
4797
我们还应该建立账户和追溯的系统
08:32
so that each carmaker can follow up and trace
144
512467
4254
以便每个汽车制造商都可以跟进和追溯
08:36
how much they can further slash their footprint
145
516721
3128
通过在电池使用寿命结束时将电池回收
08:39
by sending the batteries back at the end of their life.
146
519891
4546
他们可以进一步削减多少碳足迹。
08:45
And why we are doing this --
147
525229
2044
我们为什么要这样做——
08:47
I'm sure you've already figured this out --
148
527273
2503
我相信大家已经知道了——
08:49
it's not only environmentally beneficial,
149
529817
3170
它不仅对环境有益,
08:52
it's also, of course, economically profitable,
150
532987
3670
它在经济上也是划算的,
08:56
because by doing this,
151
536699
1752
因为通过这样做,
08:58
the material sustains its value through the lifetime.
152
538451
4546
该材料在整个生命 周期内都将保持其价值。
09:03
And this altogether may sound a little bit hard,
153
543623
3336
这些听起来可能有点困难,
09:07
it may sound a little bit complex,
154
547001
2503
可能有点复杂,
09:09
but if we get this right,
155
549545
2169
但如果我们按照正确的方式行动,
09:11
it will be rewarding on so many levels.
156
551714
3003
将在很多层面上获得回报。
09:16
And I can tell you that the young generation
157
556844
3546
我可以告诉你,
09:20
of talented engineers that we hire today,
158
560390
3712
我们雇用的年轻 一代的才华横溢的工程师,
09:24
they understand all this,
159
564102
2419
他们深深地明白这一切,
09:26
and they ask nothing less from us.
160
566562
2670
并对我们的要求不亚于此。
09:30
So with that said,
161
570858
1335
话虽如此,
09:32
I just want to say to all of you who listened,
162
572193
4254
我想对所有在场的人说,
09:36
and I also want to say to all the people
163
576447
2336
也想对所有收拾行囊
09:38
who packed their bags and moved up to the Nordics,
164
578825
2669
搬到北欧,并每天都在
09:41
who are fighting every day to make this happen,
165
581536
3044
为实现这一目标而奋斗的人说,
09:44
thank you.
166
584622
1210
谢谢。
09:45
(Cheers and applause)
167
585873
6966
(欢呼和掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7