How to Design for Dignity During Times of War | Slava Balbek | TED

51,412 views ใƒป 2024-02-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: aknv tso ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:04
Every month I spend a week on the front line.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื”ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช.
00:09
For over a year now,
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ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™.
00:11
I have been a member of Aerial Reconnaissance Unit.
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00:15
Before the invasion, I had only used a drone to scout locations
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื–ืœโ€œื˜ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืชืจื™ื
00:18
for my architectural practice.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ.
00:21
Now I pilot a UAV to help Ukrainian artillery spot targets.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืก ืžื–ืœโ€œื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช ืœืืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
00:27
This time two years ago,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
00:29
I would probably introduce myself as the CEO of an architectural studio.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžื ื›โ€œืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช.
00:34
Maybe I would also brag about co-owning two cafes in Kyiv,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืžืชืจื‘ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื‘ืงื™ื™ื‘,
00:38
which I also designed.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ืชื™.
00:40
To be clear,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:41
I still am an architect and an entrepreneur.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื–ื.
00:45
It's just that now I consider those roles supporting.
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ืจืง ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
00:49
As a military volunteer, I have monthly shifts.
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ื›ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช.
00:52
This means I still get to spend time at home, my safe haven,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืœืžืงืœื˜ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื™,
00:57
trying to make sense of this new life.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:00
I travel back and forth from Kyiv to the front line
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘
ืžืงื™ื™ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื™ื™ื‘.
01:04
and back to Kyiv.
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01:06
Not your regular commute, I suppose.
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ืœื ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—.
01:09
Even though Kyiv suffers constant missile attacks,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
01:12
the contrast in between the capital and the hotspots is quite stark.
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
01:17
Back home, I can walk my dog Eva,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื•ื•ื”,
01:20
grab a coffee and just barricade myself in my office.
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงืคื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“.
01:24
Of course, our work is often interrupted by the air-raid alarms,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืžื•ืคืจืขืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ืขืงื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช,
01:28
but this is something we have grown to live with.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
01:32
Compared to dusty trenches near Kherson,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื“ ื—ืจืกื•ืŸ,
01:35
our bureau's open-space office seems like a perfect work environment.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
01:40
But somehow, whenever I try to focus,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–,
01:43
I keep thinking back to those trenches.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ.
01:47
It is there, just a few miles from the battlefield,
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ืฉื, ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
01:51
where I can feel the most productive.
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01:53
And it is then, in times of distress,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
01:56
when I can clearly see what the future holds.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
02:00
Of course, it hasn't always been this way.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ื”.
02:04
Before Russia launched its full-scale war, I had a pretty regular life.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
02:09
Well, maybe not that regular.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
02:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
My architectural studio was busy pushing the envelope.
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ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข.
02:16
We renovated an old church in San Francisco, California,
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ืฉื™ืคืฆื ื• ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืžื—ืกืŸ-ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจ-ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืงืง ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:21
turned a former military arsenal into a teeming food hall.
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02:26
And even designed the art installation for the Ukrainian polar research base.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
02:32
Seriously, here's the proof.
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ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื”.
02:34
All the way from Antarctica.
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02:36
All I'm saying, we were doing just fine.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืข.
02:39
Great, even.
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ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื•.
02:41
But then came the sickest plot twist one could imagine.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืชืคื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
02:48
On February 24, 2022,
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ื‘-24 ืœืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืœืฉืžืข ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:52
I woke up to the sounds of explosions.
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02:56
Now, I don't know if you know many people from Ukraine,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”;
02:58
but our humor can be rather dark.
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ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืจ ืœืžื“ื™.
03:01
But back then, we all went numb.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืœื.
03:08
Most of my teammates fled to safer areas,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
03:11
unsure whether they would have a home to return to.
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03:14
Some stayed in Kyiv, sheltering in basements and subway stations.
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ื—ืœืงื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืงื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฆืื• ืžื—ืกื” ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
03:19
The others decided to take up arms for the first time ever.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื ืฉืง ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
- ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื -
03:26
After the shock came a revelation.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
03:28
We had to turn our fear into action.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:33
So on day two, I stepped into a new role,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:36
switching from the coffee co-owner to emergency kitchen co-founder.
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ื•ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžื™ื™ืกื“-ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
03:41
And since there was plenty of food left in storage,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืกื•ืŸ,
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
03:44
we decided to cook meals for territorial defense units.
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03:48
Partnering up with other restaurants,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:50
we founded an organization called Kyiv Volunteer.
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื โ€œืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื™ื‘โ€œ.
03:54
Many people came in to help --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ --
03:56
musicians and lawyers, drivers and architects --
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื --
03:59
all united around a common goal.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
04:03
And to give you a sense of scale,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’,
04:05
on peak days, we served up to 15,000 hot meals
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ื, ื”ื’ืฉื ื• ืขื“ 15,000 ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช
04:10
to the military and medics.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
04:14
While our pots were clanking,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฉืงืฉื•,
04:16
Russian troops were advancing.
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•.
04:19
Ukraine's future remained uncertain,
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ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ,
04:21
but we were too busy to dwell on that thought.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:25
Working underground allowed us to prioritize the needs
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื
04:28
and address them, one by one.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”.
04:31
First we focused on basics:
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื:
04:34
shelter, food, medicine.
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ืžื—ืกื”, ืื•ื›ืœ, ืจืคื•ืื”.
04:37
Then we had to address the recovery, both physical and mental.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ืœืžื”, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“.
04:42
Talking to people on our humanitarian mission,
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ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
04:44
we got a simple yet fundamental notion.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš:
04:47
What we all craved most was the sense of home.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช.
04:53
Not four walls and roof per se, but the little things.
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ืœื ืกืชื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื’ ืืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:58
The rose bush behind the kitchen window.
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ืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
05:01
The attic full of hidden treasures.
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’ ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื.
05:04
That slightly crooked bench by the gate,
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ื”ืกืคืกืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ,
05:07
always attracting the neighborhood cats.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
05:09
No matter where Ukrainians happen to spend the night,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
05:12
be it in an emergency shelter or some Good Samaritanโ€™s home,
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ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘,
05:16
they're always trying to make it feel cozy.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื ืขื™ืžื”.
05:19
Sometimes we even better our temporary homes
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:22
by, say, fixing a long-broken fence.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขโ€œื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืจ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืžื–ืžืŸ.
05:26
This observation led us to another insight.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
05:30
Home is the temple.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
05:32
And architecture can be heailing.
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ื•ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืคื.
05:35
When done with empathy,
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ื›ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื™ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื”,
05:37
architecture can help people to sustain the trauma
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ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”
05:40
and envision the brighter future.
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ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:42
Even if this future is still up in the air.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง.
05:48
Two weeks into invasion, my team and I remembered:
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจื ื•:
05:50
we were still architects
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื,
05:52
and could use our expertise for a good cause.
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื
05:55
This was when our bureau started working on an idea we call RE:Ukraine Housing.
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RE:Ukraine Housing (ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™)
06:01
Knowing that nothing is more permanent than temporary,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™,
06:04
we tasked ourselves with raising the standard of temporary housing.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™.
06:08
Being both architects and displaced people,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืงื•ืจื™ื,
06:12
we knew how to make a difference.
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”.
06:15
So what is the first thing that comes to your mind
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื–ืžื ื™?
06:17
when you think of temporary housing?
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06:21
Probably those typical refugee camps, built from shipping containers.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:26
So this is something our team sought to change.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
06:31
Dignity no matter what.
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โ€œื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจโ€œ.
06:35
These four words became a basis for our work
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ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•
06:39
and in a way, our mission.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ื•.
06:43
In merely two weeks, we developed a system of dignified,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื:
06:46
temporary accommodation.
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06:48
Our vision of what displaced people need to feel at ease.
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœืขืงื•ืจื™ื.
06:53
We want residents to feel equally comfortable,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
06:55
so we made our rooms fit different life scenarios,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:58
whether it's an elderly couple or a single parent with a newborn.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืงืฉื™ืฉ ืื• ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
07:03
We also knew people would need a place to work, study
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื’ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœืœืžื•ื“
07:06
and care for their kids,
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ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:07
so we provided them the space to do this as well.
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ืื– ืกื™ืคืงื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:11
And to avoid spatial segregation,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช,
07:13
we proposed to make public spaces,
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ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
07:16
open to anyone,
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07:17
building bridges in between host communities and IDPs.
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืืจื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงื•ืจื™ื.
07:22
Technology-wise, we didnโ€™t reinvent the wheel.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœื ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ.
07:25
But this is what and how we suggest building
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
07:29
that made people reconsider
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™.
07:31
the very essence of temporary housing.
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07:34
This May,
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ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื” ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืช,
07:36
after a year of preparation and paperwork,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:38
we broke ground on our pilot settlement.
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ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ืฆโ€™ื”, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
07:41
Bucha District, once known as the site of Russian atrocities,
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07:45
became a home for our big idea
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ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
07:47
and a symbolic place to create new, happier memories.
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ื•ืœืžืงื•ื ืกืžืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:52
Now, RE:Ukraine is not just a housing project
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RE:Ukraine ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื•ืจ
07:54
but a pilot for a recovery program.
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ืืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
07:57
Our goal is to help displaced people get back on their feet and reintegrate,
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ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื,
ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
08:03
leaving their trauma behind.
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08:05
And since many places in the world are devastated by wars and climate change,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
08:11
the displacement challenge is the global one.
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ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
08:13
Though rooted in Ukraine, the model can be replicated,
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ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืžื ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ,
08:17
helping to accommodate the displaced people elsewhere.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืขืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:21
Watching Ukrainians flock to Bucha and other liberated areas,
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ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฆโ€™ื” ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:25
translated into another insight.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:28
Our folks don't want to wait to fix what's broken.
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ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ.
08:34
Fixing is the first thing we do after every attack,
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ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืชืงื™ืคื”,
08:38
despite the threat of anything being destroyed again.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื”ืจืกื• ืฉื•ื‘.
08:42
Public spaces like schools and hospitals restored by local authorities.
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ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืงืžื• ืขโ€œื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
08:47
But when it comes to private housing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™,
08:49
people are often left with this task [on] their own.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•.
08:53
So to help smaller householders rebuild,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
08:56
we created RE:Ukraine Villages,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช Re: Ukraine Villages
08:59
a free online tool for rural housing restoration.
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ื›ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื™.
09:03
With just a few clicks,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
09:05
the tool generates you a step-by-step manual
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘-ืื—ืจ-ืฉืœื‘
09:08
to restore a house or to design a new one from scratch.
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ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืืคืก.
09:13
Floor plans, faรงade scans,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื”, ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช, ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
09:15
technical description, a list of materials.
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09:18
Fool-proof guides for homeowners and volunteers.
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ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื.
09:22
To show you how it works,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
09:24
here's the project generated with the tool.
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
09:28
And the model of a house one may build based on this manual.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื”.
09:33
To preserve the traditional image of Ukrainian village,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
09:36
we decided to base our builder on a local design code.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
09:41
And since every region has its own quirks, the tool had to reflect them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงืฃ ืื•ืชื”.
09:47
So the Kyiv region became the starting point for our research.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:50
Our architects traveled from village to village
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ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืกืขื• ืžื›ืคืจ ืœื›ืคืจ
09:52
exploring different types of roofing, windows and cornices.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื•ื™, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจื›ื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:58
Then came the developers
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ.
09:59
who transformed the data in an accessible tool.
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10:03
Just imagine, that tool can generate you
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื›ื
10:06
over 211 million unique house configurations
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ืžืขืœ 211 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช-ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:12
for the Kyiv region alone.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
10:14
And each house,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
10:16
though designed with modern materials,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
10:18
looks super familiar,
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ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื›ึผืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื”ื:
10:20
like the one Ukrainians spent their summer holidays at.
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10:23
A reminder of happier days
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ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:26
and a wholesome image of home.
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ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
10:30
The peak of our work fell on the end 2022.
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ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ืกื•ืฃ 2022.
10:35
This was when Russia targetted the power plants,
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ื•ืื– ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—,
10:38
to plunge our cities in total darkness.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:41
Our team had to work around the power cut schedule,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
10:45
trying to get the work done during the four-hour spans.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช.
10:50
This was when we discovered how to charge our computers from the car inverter.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘.
10:55
Now, I hope none of you ever happen to face a blackout.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:59
But if you do, remember this life hack.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
11:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:03
And to give you some context,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”,
11:05
the minibus we used as the power bank
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ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืก ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืกื•ืœืœื”
11:08
is the same I use on my military missions.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:11
So this is what Ukrainians call
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื
11:16
war-work-life balance.
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โ€œืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื—ื™ื™ืโ€œ -
11:20
The thing we mastered over the last year and a half.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืžื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
11:25
Now, I would be lying if I said I'm not proud of our accomplishments,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืงืจ ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื’ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:31
I truly am.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื’ืื”.
11:33
But just imagine how much more we could achieve if not for the war.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืœืžืœื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
11:38
Despair and uncertainty can fuel your ideas.
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ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
11:42
But do we really need to wait for this kind of fuel?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืœืง ื›ื–ื”?
11:46
The best time is always now.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:49
So if you have the privilege of living in peace,
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ืื ื–ื›ื™ืชื, ื•ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื,
11:52
use this time wisely.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”,
11:56
And don't worry too much about the future.
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ื•ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
11:59
It's not that scary if you embrace it with dignity.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
12:03
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:04
(Applause and cheers)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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