Can Nanoparticles Help Fight Hunger? | Christy L. Haynes | TED

29,317 views ใƒป 2024-02-27

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: aknv tso ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:04
Imagine you're a farmer
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โ€ซื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ืงืœืื™ืโ€ฌ
00:05
and you've planted enough crops to feed your family for the coming year.
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โ€ซื•ืฉืชืœืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ
00:10
The weather is surprisingly good at the beginning of the growing season,
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โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข,โ€ฌ
00:13
but after those seeds are in the ground
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โ€ซืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื ืฉืชืœื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื‘ืฅ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”,โ€ฌ
00:15
and the stalks start to peek up from the soil,
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00:17
a disease that you cannot see cuts your expected yield in half.
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โ€ซืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฆืคื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™.โ€ฌ
00:22
You think to yourself,
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โ€ซืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืžื” ืชืื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™?โ€โ€ฌ
00:24
"What will my family eat?"
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00:26
In the coming year,
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โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸโ€ฌ
00:27
perhaps you'll fumigate your soil, maybe you'll add extra fertilizer.
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โ€ซืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ืขืฉืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื“ืฉืŸ,โ€ฌ
00:31
Maybe you'll apply a fungicide or a pesticide
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โ€ซืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”โ€ฌ
00:34
hoping to decrease crop loss.
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โ€ซื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.โ€ฌ
00:36
You know that these traditional technologies work,
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โ€ซืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,โ€ฌ
00:38
but you also know they have some negative implications for our ecosystem.
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ฌ
00:43
This, of course, is not an imaginary scenario.
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โ€ซื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ
00:46
We could feed every person on this planet if we didn't lose so much to disease,
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โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ฌ
00:50
pest and poor soil conditions.
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โ€ซื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืชื ืื™ ืงืจืงืข ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.โ€ฌ
00:53
It's estimated that we lose between 20 and 40 percent of crop productivity
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โ€ซื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ืโ€ฌ
00:57
due to preventable disease and pest attack,
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โ€ซืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืขืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขื”,โ€ฌ
01:00
and climate change is only making this worse.
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โ€ซื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.โ€ฌ
01:04
I stand here in front of you,
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โ€ซืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื,โ€ฌ
01:05
a very unlikely person to help solve an agricultural crisis.
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โ€ซื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™.โ€ฌ
01:09
I'm a chemistry professor who studies nanoparticles in sterile laboratories,
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โ€ซืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืงืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช,โ€ฌ
01:13
I grew up in the desert,
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โ€ซื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,โ€ฌ
01:14
and I don't even keep houseplants, much less crops, alive.
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โ€ซื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืฉื“ื”.โ€ฌ
01:18
But I know that some of the best solutions to big problems
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ
01:21
come when folks from different or even opposing fields
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โ€ซืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
01:24
bring some of their simplest concepts together.
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โ€ซืžืคื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.โ€ฌ
01:27
And that is exactly what I think is possible here.
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โ€ซื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ืืŸ,โ€ฌ
01:29
As I tell you that nanoparticles may be a critical part
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โ€ซื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืฉื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™โ€ฌ
01:32
of the solution to our global food crisis.
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โ€ซื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ฌ
01:36
Let me tell you why I'm so intent on using nanoscience to fight hunger.
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โ€ซืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื›ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื ื•-ืžื“ืข ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืจืขื‘.โ€ฌ
01:41
We all have the issues that touch us deepest,
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โ€ซืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,โ€ฌ
01:43
and for me, it has always been hunger.
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โ€ซื•ืืฆืœื™ ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื‘.โ€ฌ
01:46
I find it intolerable that there are hungry people
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โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืกื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ
01:49
on this life-giving planet of ours.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ืคืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช,โ€ฌ
01:51
I can trace this, at least in part, to some of my own experience growing up.
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โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.โ€ฌ
01:56
For a period of my childhood, I lived in a food-insecure household.
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โ€ซื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฉืง-ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™.โ€ฌ
02:00
We benefited from food shelf donations,
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โ€ซื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,โ€ฌ
02:03
and we only ate what my mom could get with her hard work
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โ€ซื•ืื›ืœื ื• ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืงืฉื”โ€ฌ
02:05
on double coupon day at the local supermarket.
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โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™.โ€ฌ
02:08
I loved the one day a month I was allowed to buy school lunch.
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โ€ซืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”โ€œืก.โ€ฌ
02:11
Now, I don't know why my parents didn't apply for free school lunch
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โ€ซืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืคื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื‘ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช-ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”โ€œืก
02:15
or food stamps,
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โ€ซืื• ืชืœื•ืฉื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,โ€ฌ
02:16
but the end situation was one where sometimes the refrigerator
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ื”ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื.โ€ฌ
02:20
and the cupboards were empty.
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02:22
Now, it's been a long time since I have worried about food for myself,
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โ€ซืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื– ืฉื“ืื’ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ,โ€ฌ
02:26
but that feeling of being hungry is etched deep within me.
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื•ื˜ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™.โ€ฌ
02:31
I am driven to do something about hunger.
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โ€ซื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืขื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื‘.โ€ฌ
02:34
And the unusual talent that I bring to the task
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โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ
02:37
is my deep knowledge of designing and synthesizing nanomaterials
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โ€ซื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืกื™ื ืชื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
02:40
that can carry molecular cargo
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โ€ซืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื .โ€ฌ
02:42
and transform into specific chemical species.
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02:45
Let me stop and give a little bit of background about nanoscience.
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โ€ซื”ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืœืจื’ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืจืงืข ืขืœ ื ื ื•-ืžื“ืข.โ€ฌ
02:49
The prefix โ€œnanoโ€ signifies a billionth,
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โ€ซื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช "ื ื ื•" ืžืกืžืœืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช,โ€ฌ
02:52
so a nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
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โ€ซื›ืš ืฉื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจ.โ€ฌ
02:54
In other words, nanoparticles are extremely small.
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โ€ซื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื• ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.โ€ฌ
02:58
You cannot see them with your naked eye or even a high-powered light microscope.
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โ€ซืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค-ืื•ืจ ืขืชื™ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.โ€ฌ
03:02
In fact, you need a specialized instrument
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โ€ซืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“โ€ฌ
03:04
like the one you see here, called a transmission electron microscope,
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โ€ซื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืงืจื โ€œืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจโ€œ,โ€ฌ
03:07
to even see nanoparticles.
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โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื•.โ€ฌ
03:10
Nanoparticles have actually been around forever.
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โ€ซื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.โ€ฌ
03:13
You can find naturally occurring nanoparticles in geological formations
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โ€ซืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
03:16
or in the aerosol particles that we breathe.
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โ€ซืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.โ€ฌ
03:19
But in the last few decades,
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,โ€ฌ
03:21
scientists and engineers have gotten very excited about nanomaterials
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โ€ซืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืžืช ื”ื ื ื•,โ€ฌ
03:25
because we realized that as you shrink things down to the nanoscale,
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03:28
their chemical and physical properties can change drastically.
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โ€ซื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ .โ€ฌ
03:32
For example, a material that's usually unreactive
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โ€ซืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘,โ€ฌ
03:35
when you shrink it down to the nanoscale
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โ€ซื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืžืช ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
03:37
can suddenly catalyze a whole host of chemical reactions.
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โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชืข ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
03:40
Or a material that doesnโ€™t usually conduct electricity, suddenly does.
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โ€ซืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื“โ€œื› ืœื ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ,โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืชืื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.โ€ฌ
03:44
As scientists tune the size, shape and chemical composition of a material,
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โ€ซื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,โ€ฌ
03:49
they can tune those chemical and physical properties.
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โ€ซื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.โ€ฌ
03:51
Nanoscience gives us a seemingly unlimited palette of accessible chemical
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โ€ซื”ื ื ื•-ืžื“ืข ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฉืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.โ€ฌ
03:56
and physical properties.
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03:57
Iโ€™m sure you can imagine how useful that can be.
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โ€ซืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
04:00
And scientists have gotten very good
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โ€ซื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืžืื•ื“โ€ฌ
04:02
at knowing exactly how to design nanomaterials
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โ€ซื‘ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.โ€ฌ
04:05
to have the properties they want.
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04:06
We are in a perfect moment to take advantage
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โ€ซืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžื•ืฉืœืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ื•ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™โ€ฌ
04:09
of all of the hard-won knowledge
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04:11
that has been systematically gained in laboratories around the world.
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โ€ซโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.โ€ฌ
04:14
And thatโ€™s already happening.
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โ€ซื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”.โ€ฌ
04:16
You can find engineered nanoparticles in a range of products and applications,
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โ€ซืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื• ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื,โ€ฌ
04:20
many of which are focused on some of our biggest sustainability challenges.
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โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ฌ
04:24
Personally, I like to work on the nanomaterials
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โ€ซืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
04:26
that make up the core of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles,
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โ€ซื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ
04:30
but you'll also find nanomaterials in water filtration technology,
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โ€ซืื‘ืœ ืชืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื,โ€ฌ
04:33
solar cells and even in clinical applications.
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โ€ซื‘ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
04:37
With all of that background,
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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”,โ€ฌ
04:39
now let me tell you about some of the nanomaterials
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โ€ซื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
04:41
my research group is developing for agricultural applications.
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โ€ซืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคืชื—ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
04:45
In some ways, the nanoparticles seem very simple.
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โ€ซื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืจืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.โ€ฌ
04:48
They're made of silica or SiO2 in chemistry language.
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โ€ซื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,โ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.โ€ฌ
04:52
This is the same chemical composition that describes glass or sand.
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โ€ซื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืชืืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืœ.โ€ฌ
04:56
And the simple choice was not an accident.
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โ€ซื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ
04:58
We wanted to work with Earth-abundant elements,
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โ€ซืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,โ€ฌ
05:00
and you can't do much better than silicon and oxygen on that front.
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โ€ซื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.โ€ฌ
05:04
The researchers in my lab are very skilled at designing silica nanoparticles
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โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™โ€ฌ
05:08
with controlled size and surface chemistry.
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ืขื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.โ€ซโ€ฌ
05:11
We also work hard to control the pore structure,
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โ€ซืื ื• ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,โ€ฌ
05:13
because that determines the total surface area,
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โ€ซื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืงืฉืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื ื•.โ€ฌ
05:16
as well as the strength of the bonds that hold the nanomaterials together.
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05:19
That's because all of those factors are critically important for our end goal,
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โ€ซื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•:โ€ฌ
05:23
which is to get these nanoparticles inside plants,
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โ€ซืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื”ื ื ื• ื”ืืœื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื,โ€ฌ
05:26
either by infiltrating seeds
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โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืชื ื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืจืขโ€ฌ
05:28
or by allowing them to pass through pores on the leaf surface,
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โ€ซืื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื,โ€ฌ
05:31
and then, once they're internalized,
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โ€ซื•ืื–, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,โ€ฌ
05:33
having them transformed to release a molecule
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โ€ซืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”โ€ฌ
05:35
that the plant can use to protect itself from viruses, fungi or pest attacks.
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โ€ซืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฆืžื• ืžืคื ื™ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.โ€ฌ
05:40
In technical terms,
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โ€ซื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ
05:41
we want our silica nanoparticles to react with water in the environment
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โ€ซืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ
05:44
and dissolve to release a molecule called silicic acid.
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โ€ซื•ื™ืชืžื•ืกืกื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื โ€œื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืชโ€œ.โ€ฌ
05:48
You can think of silicic acid for plants
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โ€ซืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืชโ€ฌ
05:50
like the multivitamin that you take every morning.
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โ€ซื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.โ€ฌ
05:53
Plants already contain silicic acid,
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โ€ซื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช:โ€ฌ
05:55
they use it to build their cell walls.
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โ€ซื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.โ€ฌ
05:57
We want to deliver an extra boost of silicic acid,
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โ€ซืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื ืช ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช,โ€ฌ
06:00
with the hypothesis that they'll build stronger cell walls
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โ€ซื›ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืคื ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ
06:02
and boost their own immune response.
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โ€ซื•ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.โ€ฌ
06:05
So now, hopefully you can see the whole picture.
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โ€ซืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื”.โ€ฌ
06:07
We design silica nanoparticles with the right size,
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โ€ซืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™โ€ฌ
06:10
shape and surface chemistry to be taken up into a plant.
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โ€ซื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืกืคื’ ืขโ€œื™ ื”ืฆืžื—.โ€ฌ
06:13
We also design them so that once they're internalized,
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โ€ซืื ื• ื’ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื,โ€ฌ
06:16
they dissolve to release enough silicic acid
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โ€ซื”ื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืชโ€ฌ
06:19
that the plants live healthier and longer,
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โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ
06:21
producing more food.
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โ€ซื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.โ€ฌ
06:24
With all of that background,
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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”,โ€ฌ
06:25
now, let me actually show you some of the nanoparticles that we're making
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โ€ซื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืโ€ฌ
06:29
and tell you about some of the early,
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โ€ซื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื”.โ€ฌ
06:31
exciting results from greenhouse and field studies.
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06:34
We've made many variations on the silica nanoparticle theme.
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โ€ซืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.โ€ฌ
06:38
Here you can see five electron microscope images
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โ€ซื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ
06:41
of silica nanoparticles we've made.
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โ€ซืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.โ€ฌ
06:43
All of them have the same scale bar, thatโ€™s just 100 nanometers.
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โ€ซื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซ100 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.โ€ฌ
06:46
And all of them are small enough to go into the pores on a leafโ€™s surface.
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โ€ซื•ื›ื•ืœื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืœื”.โ€ฌ
06:51
Here you can see some of the silica nanoparticles weโ€™ve designed
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โ€ซื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื•โ€ฌ
06:54
with various pore structures.
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โ€ซื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
06:56
The pore structure ends up being very important
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โ€ซืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“โ€ฌ
06:58
because the more water can react with the surface of the nanoparticle,
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โ€ซื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื ื ื•,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืš ื”ื ื™ืชืžื•ืกืกื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช.โ€ฌ
07:02
the better it dissolves and the more silicic acid is released.
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07:05
Here you can see some nanoparticles we've designed
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โ€ซื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื•โ€ฌ
07:08
to dissolve at different rates.
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โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.โ€ฌ
07:10
And what you're looking at is a nice, solid nanoparticle at the beginning,
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โ€ซืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืงื™ืง ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ืžื•ืฆืง ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,โ€ฌ
07:13
before it's been exposed to water.
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โ€ซืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžื™ื.โ€ฌ
07:15
And then after eight, 16 and 24 hours,
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โ€ซื•ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 16 ื•-24 ืฉืขื•ืช,โ€ฌ
07:17
you can see those nanoparticles hollowing out,
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โ€ซืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ื”ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ืโ€ฌ
07:19
releasing lots of useful silicic acid.
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โ€ซื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ื”ืืœื”,โ€ฌ
07:23
With all of these nanoparticles in hand,
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07:25
we started working with colleagues
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โ€ซื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซ(NSF)โ€ฌ
07:27
within the NSF Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology
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โ€ซืœื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื• โ€ซื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื.โ€ฌ
07:30
to start our first plant studies.
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โ€ซื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.โ€ฌ
07:32
The initial studies were very simple,
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07:33
using watermelon seedlings in a greenhouse.
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โ€ซื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืžื”.โ€ฌ
07:36
Here's the experimental setup.
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โ€ซื”ื ื” ืžืขืจืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.โ€ฌ
07:38
We had watermelon seedlings that were going to be planted
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โ€ซื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืขืžื“ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื™ืฉืชืœ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”โ€ฌ
07:41
either in healthy soil
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07:42
or soil infested with Fusarium, a fungal soil-borne pathogen.
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โ€ซืื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืฉื•ืจืฆืช ืคื•ืกืจื™ื•ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”.โ€ฌ
07:46
Before planting them, we dipped them in our silica nanoparticles,
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โ€ซืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ืœืชื ื˜ื‘ืœื ื• ืื•ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,โ€ฌ
07:49
and then we allowed them to grow in the greenhouse.
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โ€ซื•ืื– ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืžืžื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื•,โ€ฌ
07:52
Of course, we also had a parallel set of plants
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07:54
that received no nanoparticles, growing in both healthy and diseased soil.
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โ€ซืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.โ€ฌ
07:58
So the goal was to figure out
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โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ
07:59
how that single application of silica nanoparticles
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โ€ซื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™โ€ฌ
08:02
impacted the plants growing in both healthy and diseased soil.
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โ€ซืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.โ€ฌ
08:06
And the results that we saw were really exciting.
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โ€ซื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.โ€ฌ
08:09
We found that the plants that were growing in infected soil,
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โ€ซืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื ื’ื•ืขื”,โ€ฌ
08:12
that had received that one dose of silica nanoparticles
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โ€ซื•ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื ื” ืื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,โ€ฌ
08:15
were 30 to 40 percent healthier than the ones that had not.
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โ€ซื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘-30 ืขื“ 40 ืื—ื•ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืœื” ืฉืœื.โ€ฌ
08:19
With this exciting result,
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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,โ€ฌ
08:20
we decided to try some field studies using the same soil conditions
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โ€ซื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืฉื˜ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ ืงืจืงืขโ€ฌ
08:25
and the same nanoparticle conditions.
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โ€ซื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.โ€ฌ
08:27
So we planted watermelon, either in healthy or infected soil,
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โ€ซืื– ืฉืชืœื ื• ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื• ื ื’ื•ืขื”,โ€ฌ
08:31
and we allowed them to grow for 100 days.
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โ€ซื•ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ
08:33
We tracked the fungal disease,
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โ€ซืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
08:34
and we also measured the amount of fruit that was produced after 100 days.
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โ€ซื•ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืœืื—ืจ 100 ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ
08:38
And what we found
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โ€ซื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•โ€ฌ
08:40
is that that one application of one to two milliliters of silica nanoparticles
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โ€ซื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ 1-2 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™โ€ฌ
08:44
way back at the seedling stage,
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โ€ซืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื,โ€ฌ
08:46
led us to a 70 percent increase in watermelon yield.
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โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื.โ€ฌ
08:52
Ideally, none of the nanoparticles would end up in the fruit
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โ€ซื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื•.โ€ฌ
08:55
that people are going to eat.
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08:56
So we analyzed the roots and the above-ground tissue
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โ€ซืื– ื ื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขโ€ฌ
08:58
and the edible fruit for any sign of silica nanoparticles.
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โ€ซื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื.โ€ฌ
09:02
We saw no increased silicon in the edible watermelon fruit,
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โ€ซืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืื›ื™ืœ,โ€ฌ
09:05
meaning that these nanoparticles did exactly what we designed them to do.
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โ€ซื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื•.โ€ฌ
09:10
Given the small amount of nanomaterials
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โ€ซืœืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื™ืฉืžื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืฆืžื—ื™ื,โ€ฌ
09:11
that we applied to each one of those plants,
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โ€ซื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฆืžื— ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื ื™ ืกื ื˜,โ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื›-5 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื“ื•ื ื.โ€ฌ
09:14
the cost per plant is only about two cents
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09:16
or 19 dollars for an acre.
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09:19
This is a cost-effective treatment.
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โ€ซื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ
09:21
By adding 19 dollar's worth of nanoparticles
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โ€ซืื ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 5 ื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ
09:23
to the average fertilizer cost of 250 dollars,
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โ€ซืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ 62 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื“ื•ื ื,โ€ฌ
09:26
a farmer would yield thousands of dollars increase in fruit production.
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โ€ซื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื™.โ€ฌ
09:31
With these exciting results in hand,
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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,โ€ฌ
09:33
we have a lot of other experiments planned and in progress.
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โ€ซื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.โ€ฌ
09:37
We want to do multiple applications of nanoparticles
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โ€ซืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™-ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
09:39
and applications later in the growth process
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โ€ซื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€ฌ
09:41
to see if that further increases our yield.
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โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.โ€ฌ
09:44
We want to do studies on soybean and wheat,
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โ€ซืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื”,โ€ฌ
09:46
critical crops here in the Midwest and around the world.
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โ€ซื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.โ€ฌ
09:49
Two researchers in my lab recently applied silica nanoparticles
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โ€ซืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ื™ืฉืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™โ€ฌ
09:53
to potato plants in the field.
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โ€ซืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”.โ€ฌ
09:54
They're going to help harvest and analyze the results this fall.
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โ€ซื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืงืฆื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.โ€ฌ
09:58
I hope that what you see is that this data is really compelling,
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โ€ซืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื,โ€ฌ
10:02
and that nanoparticles have tons of potential to help decrease crop loss.
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โ€ซื•ืฉืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.โ€ฌ
10:07
And I only told you about silica nanoparticles.
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โ€ซื•ืื ื™ ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.โ€ฌ
10:09
I can imagine other important chemical compositions
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โ€ซืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืชโ€ฌ
10:12
and even parallel application like remediation of soil pollutants.
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โ€ซื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ ืงืจืงืข.โ€ฌ
10:16
I ask you all to be open-minded about nanotechnology,
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โ€ซืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,โ€ฌ
10:19
encouraging funding agencies worldwide to invest.
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โ€ซื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข.โ€ฌ
10:23
In the US,
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โ€ซื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืโ€ฌ
10:24
ask your senators and representatives
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10:26
to invest in the National Science Foundation,
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โ€ซืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขโ€ฌ
10:28
the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture
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โ€ซื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™โ€ฌ
10:31
for both basic and translational research.
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โ€ซืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.โ€ฌ
10:34
I know farmers are already embracing advanced technology
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โ€ซืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื—ืงืœืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืžืฆื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืชโ€ฌ
10:37
in terms of robots and drones and implant sensors.
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โ€ซื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืจื—ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื.โ€ฌ
10:41
I encourage them to embrace this advance as well.
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โ€ซืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื”ื ืœืืžืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.โ€ฌ
10:45
Now go back to imagining that you're that farmer
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โ€ซื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืชื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื–ื”โ€ฌ
10:48
and you've planted enough crops to feed your family for the coming year.
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โ€ซืฉืฉืชืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื,โ€ฌ
10:52
You do all of the normal things, except this time,
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10:54
maybe you use seeds that were infiltrated with silica nanoparticles.
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โ€ซืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืกืคื’ื• ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.โ€ฌ
10:58
Or maybe you go through once
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โ€ซืื• ืฉืืชื ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.โ€ฌ
10:59
and you spray silica nanoparticles onto your crops.
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11:02
As these tiny nanoparticles deliver a big boost of silicic acid
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โ€ซื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื ื ื• ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกืคืงื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื ืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืกื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,โ€ฌ
11:06
from the inside,
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11:07
your plants overcome disease, and your family is fed.
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โ€ซื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ.โ€ฌ
11:12
Let's use all of the hard work
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โ€ซื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”โ€ฌ
11:14
that has been done on basic nanotechnology research
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โ€ซืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™โ€ฌ
11:16
to feed our global family for years to come.
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โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
11:20
Thank you.
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โ€ซืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.โ€ฌ
11:21
(Applause)
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โ€ซ(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)โ€ฌ
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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