Less vs Fewer in English [Advanced English Grammar]

28,981 views ใƒป 2020-12-02

Speak Confident English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey, it's Annemarie with Speak Confident English.
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ใญใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ Speak Confident English ใฎ Annemarie ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:02
This is exactly where you want to be every week to get the confidence you want
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ•ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใจไป•ไบ‹ใซ ๅฟ…่ฆใช่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆฏŽ้€ฑ่กŒใใŸใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™
00:07
for your life and work in English. As I often tell my students,
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ใ€‚ ็งใŒ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใซใ‚ˆใ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
00:11
when you begin to advance your English skills,
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใ‚’ไผธใฐใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
00:14
it's important to also fine tune the little things.
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ใ€ๅฐใ•ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ๅพฎ่ชฟๆ•ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™.
00:18
To fine-tune something means to make small changes or adjustments
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅพฎ่ชฟๆ•ด
00:23
in order to improve or to do something exactly right.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใซ่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซๅฐใ•ใชๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚„่ชฟๆ•ดใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:27
And that's exactly what we want to do with your English grammar skills today.
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ใใ‚Œใ“ใใŒใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใง็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:31
We're going to fine tune your ability to use two commonly confused
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่‹ฑ่ชžใง ใ‚ˆใๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎ
00:36
words in English: less and fewer.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ€less ใจ less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅพฎ่ชฟๆ•ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:39
Less and fewer both mean the opposite of the word more.
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Less ใจ Less ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ more ใฎๅๅฏพใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:44
Because of their similar meaning and the fact that they're used in similar ways,
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ ไผผใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
00:49
the result is that they are easily confused and it increases the likelihood of
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ๆททไนฑใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ
00:54
making mistakes when using them, for example, in this sentence,
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ใ€ไฝฟ็”จๆ™‚ใซ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
00:58
which word should I use?
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ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ™ใ‹? ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—
01:00
I know you want to make less or fewer mistakes in English.
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ใŸใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:05
If you're not sure, you definitely will be sure by the end of this lesson today.
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็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใงใซ็ขบๅฎŸใซ็ขบไฟกใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
In today's Confident English lesson, we're going to do three things. Number one,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ Confident English ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ 3 ใคใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ไฝฟ็”จ้‡ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‹ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™
01:14
you're going to learn a general rule of thumb to follow for deciding whether to
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ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅพ“ใ†ในใไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็ตŒ้จ“ๅ‰‡ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™
01:19
use less or fewer.
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ใ€‚
01:22
Then you're going to learn four important exceptions to that rule.
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ๆฌกใซ ใ€ใใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใชไพ‹ๅค–ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
01:27
And I'll give you some examples to help. And then finally,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
01:30
we're going to end with some tips for you to not only learn how to use less and
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less ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงไผš่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
01:35
fewer, correctly,
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01:36
but also remember it and use it automatically without thinking when you're
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใšใซ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™
01:41
having conversations in English. So be sure to stick with me to the end.
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงไป˜ใๅˆใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:58
To get started.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ
01:59
Let's begin with our commonly taught rule or a general rule of thumb
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็š„ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒซใƒผใƒซใพใŸใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็ตŒ้จ“ๅ‰‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:03
for when to use less versus fewer.
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ใ€‚
02:06
Understanding this particular rule also requires an
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ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’
02:10
understanding of count versus non count nouns.
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็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจ้žๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎ็†่งฃใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:15
Think back to when you first started to learn English,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใณๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใจใใฎใ“ใจ
02:18
do you remember some examples of count versus non count nouns?
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ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใจๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
02:22
A count noun of course, is something that I can count.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฏ ็งใŒๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:26
For example, one pen, two pens,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€1 ๆœฌใฎใƒšใƒณใ€2 ๆœฌใฎใƒšใƒณ
02:30
and three pens. When we have more than one of something,
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ใ€3 ๆœฌใฎใƒšใƒณใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
02:34
we add an -S to indicate that it's plural and we can count it.
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ใ€-S ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใ€ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:39
But with words like information, water,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ๆฐดใ€็‰›ไนณใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใชใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏ
02:42
milk advice, we can't count them.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“.
02:46
And what that means is I can't say something like I have two
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ 2 ใคใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›
02:50
informations for you. That just doesn't work for us in English.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:55
Instead, when I talk about a word like information, I can say,
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€
03:00
I have some important information for you or I have two
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใช ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
03:05
pieces of important information for you.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:09
In that second example I can use the number two,
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ใใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใง ใฏใ€ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎ 2 ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
because I've added those words pieces of,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใŸใ‚ใง
03:16
and the word piece is a countable noun.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:19
I can have one piece of information, two pieces, three pieces, and so on.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏ 1 ใคใ€ 2 ใคใ€3 ใคใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใง็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹
03:25
If you want to see an extended list of common count and non count
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎๆ‹กๅผตใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹
03:30
nouns that you can practice with in English,
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03:33
I have those available for you in my online lesson at the Speak Confident
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ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€Speak Confident
03:37
English website.
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English Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:39
I'll share a link directly to that lesson in the notes below the video.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎไธ‹ใฎใƒกใƒขใงใ€ใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใฎ็›ดๆŽฅใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:43
But now that we have our general understanding of count versus non count
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจ้žๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็†่งฃใŒ
03:47
nouns,
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03:48
let's talk about the rule of thumb that we have for when you should use
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ใงใใŸใฎใงใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงlessใจlessใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ๅ‰‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:53
less versus fewer in English. In short,
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. ่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ€
03:57
fewer is used with count nouns and less is used with noncount nouns,
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less ใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€less ใฏ้žๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
04:01
but let's take a look at some examples to clarify that rule and make sure that
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:06
you're using these words correctly. When you communicate in English,
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ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใจใใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง
04:09
here are three common count nouns in English, tourists,
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ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ 3 ใคใฎๅฏ็ฎ— ๅ่ฉžใ€่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใ€
04:14
cars, and mistakes. Again,
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่ปŠใ€้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ
04:17
notice I'm using the -S to make those words, plural,
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ใ€-S ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซ
04:21
and here are three example sentences highlighting how we use
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใซ
04:25
fewer with those count nouns. 1. During the winter months,
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ซใ‚ฆใƒณใƒˆๅ่ฉžใง less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ 3 ใคใฎไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 1. ๅ†ฌใฎ้–“ใ€
04:30
there are fewer tourists here in DC. 2.
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DC ใงใฏ่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใŒๆธ›ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:33
With improved public transportation options, there are fewer cars on the road,
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2. ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑไบค้€šๆฉŸ้–ขใฎ ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใŒๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใงใ€่ทฏไธŠใ‚’่ตฐใ‚‹่ปŠใŒๆธ›ใ‚Š
04:38
and that definitely means less traffic as well. 3.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ ไบค้€š้‡ใ‚‚ๆธ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 3. ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ
04:42
Understanding how we use less and fewer in English correctly will result in
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less ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:47
fewer mistakes. Now that we have our examples with count nouns,
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้–“้•ใ„ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎ ไพ‹ใŒ
04:51
let's look at how we use less with noncount nouns.
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ใงใใŸใฎใงใ€้žๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใง less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:54
And here are three common examples. We're going to use the words, light,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ 3 ใคใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ…‰ใ€ๅกฉใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
04:59
salt, and stress. The winter months,
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ใ€‚ ๆ—ฅๅ…‰ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใใ€ๅคœใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้•ทใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚็งใซใจใฃใฆๅ†ฌใฎๆ•ฐใ‹ๆœˆ
05:03
at least for me are really tough because there is less sunlight and the
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ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅŽณใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ
05:08
nights are much longer. The doctor said he needs to eat less salt.
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ใงใ™. ๅŒป่€… ใฏๅกฉๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:13
In an effort to have less stress in my life,
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ไบบ็”Ÿใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
05:15
I'm developing a meditation practice.
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ใ€็ž‘ๆƒณใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
Before we go on to talking about the exceptions to that general rule,
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ใใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅ‰ใซ
05:24
I want you to practice.
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ใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„.
05:25
I've given you six common count and noncount nouns.
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ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ 6 ใค็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:29
Use those same words and try creating your own example sentences.
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ๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ่‡ช่บซใฎไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:33
Using the words less and fewer.
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Less and Lessใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ€‚ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง
05:36
You can share your examples with me in the comments section below.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็งใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™.
05:41
And now let's talk about those exceptions. Of course,
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“
05:44
there are exceptions to this rule on using less versus fewer in English.
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ less ใจ less ใฎไฝฟ็”จใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใฏไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
We love breaking our own rules.
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŸใกใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ ดใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
05:52
And I know that that sometimes makes learning the language frustrating,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่จ€่ชžใฎๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
05:57
but it also keeps you on your toes and makes the language kind of fun,
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใŸใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใคใพๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใก ใ•ใ›ใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไธ€็จฎใฎๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—
06:01
right? Thankfully, when it comes to these exceptions,
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ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใŸใ„ใ“ใจ ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ๅค–
06:04
there are four general categories to remember.
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ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใ 4 ใคใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:08
When we use nouns related to distance, money, time,
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่ท้›ขใ€ใŠ้‡‘ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€
06:13
or weight or statistical information,
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้‡้‡ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็ตฑ่จˆๆƒ…ๅ ฑใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉž
06:16
we use less. Even if the noun is countable.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ใ€‚
06:21
For example, if I'm talking about distance,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ่ท้›ขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใ€ใ‚ญใƒญใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซ
06:23
I might be talking about miles or kilometers or meters.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:27
All of those are countable,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Ž
06:28
but more likely to use the word less to illustrate all of this.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:33
I have six examples sentences to help you.
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ๅ‚่€ƒใซใชใ‚‹ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใŒ6ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:36
Number one is the perfect answer to anytime one of your kids asks you,
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ไธ€็•ชใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅญไพ›ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฐ‹ใญใŸใจใใฎๅฎŒ็’งใช็ญ”ใˆ
06:41
are we there yet? When that happens,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใจ
06:43
you can say we have less than 20 kilometers to go.
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20 km ๆœชๆบ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
06:47
We're almost there. Number two. Oh my gosh.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใ็€ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบŒ็•ชใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใฆใ“ใจใ ใ€‚
06:50
We can get tickets to Rome for less than a hundred dollars.
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ใƒญใƒผใƒž่กŒใใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆ ใฏ100ใƒ‰ใƒซไปฅไธ‹ใงๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹.
06:55
The price of milk is $2 less at the other grocery store,.we
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็‰›ไนณใฎไพกๆ ผใฏ ไป–ใฎ้ฃŸๆ–™ๅ“ๅบ—ใ‚ˆใ‚Š 2 ใƒ‰ใƒซๅฎ‰ใใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†
07:00
have less than 48 hours to get this project finished.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซ 48 ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:04
He weighs three kilos less than he did a few months ago after starting a new
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ๅฝผใฏใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ ใƒซใƒผใƒใƒณใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ๆ•ฐใ‹ๆœˆๅ‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ 3 ใ‚ญใƒญใ‚‚ไฝ“้‡ใŒๆธ›ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
07:09
workout routine. And our last example,
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ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹
07:12
there were less than 20 people at the event. All right,
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใฎๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ใฏ 20 ไบบๆœชๆบ€ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง less ใจ less
07:15
now you have the general rule of thumb to follow for when to use
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ใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅพ“ใ†ในใไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็ตŒ้จ“ๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
07:20
less versus fewer in English and you have our four exceptions.
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ใ€‚4 ใคใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:25
So now let's talk about how can you actually remember all of this
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่‹ฑไผš่ฉฑใง ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†
07:30
in your English conversations,
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07:32
so you don't have to think and stress or worry about it every time you're
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ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎใŸใณใซ่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:36
communicating. A few months ago,
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ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐใ‹ๆœˆๅ‰ใ€
07:39
I did a lesson on how to master your skills and develop what we call muscle
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ—ใ€็ญ‹่‚‰ใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใพใŸใฏ่‡ชๅ‹•ๆ€งใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้–‹็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
07:44
memory or automaticity.
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.
07:46
Automaticity is the ability to do something without thinking
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่‡ชๅ‹•ๆ€งใจใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใšใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใ†่ƒฝๅŠ›
07:51
about it. You just do it automatically.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซ่กŒใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:54
For all of us using another language, that is definitely the goal.
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ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็งใŸใกๅ…จๅ“กใซใจใฃใฆใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ็›ฎๆจ™ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:58
When it comes to using vocabulary and grammar or pronunciation,
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่ชžๅฝ™ ใ‚„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใฎไฝฟ็”จ
08:02
we want to do it in the same way that we do with our native language.
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ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใจๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใง่กŒใ„ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:06
We want it to be natural.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ่‡ช็„ถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:09
All of that is possible in the second language,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ในใฆ ็ฌฌไบŒ่จ€่ชžใงๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใŒใ€
08:12
but it does take time, focused practice,
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ๆ™‚้–“ใจ้›†ไธญ็š„ใช็ทด็ฟ’
08:16
and repetition. So how can you do that with this lesson?
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ใจ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™. ใงใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
08:21
If you've been following me for awhile,
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ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ็งใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็งใŒ
08:23
you know that when I teach new vocabulary,
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใจใใซ
08:25
I always recommend that you identify a small list of new phrases,
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ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€่กจ็พใ€ใ‚ณใƒญใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅฐใ•ใชใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็‰นๅฎš
08:30
expressions, or collocations to practice again and again and again,
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08:35
throughout a week, or even up to 10 days.
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ใ—ใฆใ€1 ้€ฑ้–“ใ€ใพใŸใฏ 10ๆ—ฅใพใงใ€‚
08:39
Doing that gives you focused practice on the same words and the
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใงใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใŸ็ทด็ฟ’ใŒใงใใ€
08:43
repetition you need to help those words become automatic when you use
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
08:48
them. The same is true with grammar.
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ใพใ™. ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:51
If you've developed a daily English habit,
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08:54
focusing on practicing a specific skill for five, 10,
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็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ 1 ๆ—ฅ 5 ๅˆ†ใ€10
08:58
or maybe 15 minutes a day,
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ๅˆ†ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ 15 ๅˆ†็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃใ‚’่บซใซ
09:01
take the next week to focus on this one area
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ใคใ‘ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎ 1 ้€ฑ้–“ใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ ใ“ใฎ 1 ใคใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใซ้›†ไธญใ—
09:05
every day, practice using fewer and less.
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ใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ›žๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:09
And give yourself the opportunity to repeat,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ชžๅญฆๅŠ›
09:13
to build that muscle memory with your language skills.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ญ‹่‚‰ใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใซไธŽใˆใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:16
A great way to do that is to visit the online lesson at the Speak Confident
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€Speak Confident English ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ— ใพใ™
09:21
English website. In that lesson,
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ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ
09:23
I have a list of common count and noncount nouns,
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ใงใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
09:27
and you can use those to practice using less or fewer.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใพใŸใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ไฝฟ็”จใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™.
09:32
I also have a list of words that belong in those exception categories.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ๅค–ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐ
09:37
And again,
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09:37
you can practice using the word less with those nouns in your own example,
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไพ‹ใ‚„ๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆlessใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:42
sentences,
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09:43
doing that consistently for a week gives you the time focused
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’1้€ฑ้–“ไธ€่ฒซใ—ใฆ ่กŒใ†ใจใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใŸ็ทด็ฟ’ใจ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:48
practice and repetition.
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. ่‹ฑไผš่ฉฑใ‚„ไฝœๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
09:50
You need to use these words less and fewer
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ›ใšใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใพใ™ใพใ™ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:55
correctly in your English conversation and writing without thinking
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10:00
about it or worrying about it too much. And that is always our goal.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅธธใซ็งใŸใกใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:05
If you found today's lesson useful to you, I would love to know.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃ ใŸใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใœใฒใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:08
And you can tell me in a few simple ways, number one,
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10:12
give this lesson a thumbs up on YouTube. And while you're doing it,
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ใพใšใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ YouTube ใง้ซ˜ใ่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—
10:16
make sure that you also subscribe to this channel.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ ใ“ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
10:18
So you never miss one of my Confident English lessons. Number two,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็ฌฌไบŒใซ
10:23
go to the online lesson at the Speak Confident English website and practice with
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ใ€Speak Confident English Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ€ใใ“ใง็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—
10:27
me there. Share your examples in the comment section. And finally,
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
10:31
you can also share this lesson with friends, coworkers,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใ‚’ๅ‹ไบบใ€ๅŒๅƒšใ€
10:34
or family members who are also working to perfect their English skills.
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ใพใŸใฏ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅŠชๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฎถๆ—ใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™.
10:39
You can do that by sharing it on Facebook or sending it directly by email with
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Facebookใงๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒกใƒผใƒซใง็›ดๆŽฅ้€ไฟกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
10:43
that. Thank you so much for joining me.
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. ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใใ€่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:45
And I look forward to seeing you next time for your Confident English lesson.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใ€่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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