By & To: 2 Business English prepositions that cause mistakes

16,808 views ใƒป 2016-04-19

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Prepositions. They're often tricky in English. In this video we're going to fix a common
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™. ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€
00:10
mistake with 'by' and 'to'. And you'll also learn some financial terms.
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ใ€Œbyใ€ใจใ€Œtoใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้‡‘่ž็”จ่ชžใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
00:16
Let's start with the prepositions.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:25
Are you cold Rachel? Yes. Jay, check the thermostat.
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ใƒฌใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒซใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใ€ใ‚ตใƒผใƒขใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€‚
00:29
I'm cold too. It's down to 68 degrees.
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็งใ‚‚ๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ 68ๅบฆใพใงไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:35
No wonder we're all cold. So the temperature has fallen and now it's
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็งใŸใกๅ…จๅ“กใŒๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใ‚‚ไธๆ€่ญฐใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใงๆธฉๅบฆใŒไธ‹ใŒใ‚Šใ€็พๅœจ
00:41
68 degrees. We use 'to' to describe the level it's reached. OK, let's move on to 'by'.
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68ๅบฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใŸใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œtoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€'by' ใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:52
So that's five, fifteen, twenty eight. Well done.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€5ใ€15ใ€28 ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ ใ€‚
00:56
Ha! Ha! I'm going to beat you today. I doubt it. You're still down by sixty eight
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ใƒ๏ผ ใƒ๏ผ ็งใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅ€’ใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ็–‘ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ 68ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:02
points. Show me that
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ใ€‚ 2 ใคใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎ
01:05
We use 'by' to talk about the difference between two levels. 68 points is the gap between our
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้•ใ„ใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œbyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ 68ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ข้–“ใฎใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™
01:14
scores. Let's look at two more examples. The rate of inflation has increased to 4%
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. ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒฌ็Ž‡ใŒ 4% ใซไธŠๆ˜‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
01:26
The rate of inflation has increased by 4% Both these sentences are correct, but they
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒฌ็Ž‡ใŒ 4% ไธŠๆ˜‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€
01:37
mean different things. 'Increased to' means inflation has reached 4%. 'Increased by' means
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅข—ๅŠ ใ€ใฏใ€ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒฌ็Ž‡ใŒ 4% ใซ้”ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 'Increased by' ใฏใ€
01:46
4% is the size of the rise - the size of the difference.
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4% ใŒไธŠๆ˜‡ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๅทฎใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚บใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:52
In some languages, you'd use the same preposition here and people would understand what you
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ไธ€้ƒจใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅŒใ˜ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ ไบบใ€…ใฏ
01:58
mean from context. But not in English. We use two different prepositions with different
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ๆ–‡่„ˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใค 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
02:06
meanings. It's good to be here with folks who are becoming
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ใ€‚ ๅคใ„ๅ‹ไบบใซ ใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใจใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
02:10
old friends. Well thank you Joe. Now I understand you want
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. ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
02:14
to be in this video Yes.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใซๅ‡บๆผ”ใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใฏใ„ใ€‚
02:17
OK, but you must stick to the examples. You can't talk too long, Joe.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ไพ‹ใซๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้•ทใใ—ใ‚ƒในใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ€‚
02:23
OK. Do you understand? Yes.
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OKใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใฏใ„ใ€‚
02:26
Off you go then. When the President and I took office in January
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ใงใฏใ€่กŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใจ็งใŒ 2009 ๅนด 1 ๆœˆใซๅฐฑไปปใ—ใŸใจใใ€
02:31
of 2009 this nation was in the midst of the greatest economic crisis since the great depression.
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ใ“ใฎๅ›ฝใฏ ๅคงๆๆ…Œไปฅๆฅๆœ€ๅคงใฎ็ตŒๆธˆๅฑๆฉŸใฎ็œŸใฃๅชไธญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:37
Our economy had plummeted... No, no Joe. You're just going to stick to
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็งใŸใกใฎ็ตŒๆธˆใฏๆ€ฅ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ... ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไพ‹ใซๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™.'To
02:41
the examples.'To - by'. Remember? Yes.
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- by'. ่ฆšใˆใฆ๏ผŸ ใฏใ„ใ€‚
02:45
OK. Again. We've gone from losing 9 million jobs during
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OKใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€‚ ้‡‘่žๅฑๆฉŸ ใงๅคฑใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ 900 ไธ‡ไบบใฎ้›‡็”จใ‹ใ‚‰
02:50
the financial crisis, to creating 10 million jobs. We've reduced unemployment from 10%
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ใ€1,000 ไธ‡ไบบใฎ้›‡็”จใŒๅ‰ตๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅคฑๆฅญ็Ž‡ใฏ
02:57
in October of 2009 to 6.1% today. OK. Good examples, Joe.
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2009 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆใฎ 10% ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠๆ—ฅใงใฏ 6.1% ใซๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ OKใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ€‚
03:05
You could smile a bit, Joe Now let's do 'by'. Ready?
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ๅฐ‘ใ—็ฌ‘ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผ ใ•ใ‚ใ€'by' ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™๏ผŸ
03:10
Yes. Since the year 2000 gross domestic product,
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ 2000 ๅนดไปฅ้™ใ€ๅ›ฝๅ†…็ท็”Ÿ็”ฃใงใ‚ใ‚‹
03:15
our GDP, has risen by 25%. And productivity in America is up by 30%.
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GDP ใฏ 25% ๅข—ๅŠ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใฏ 30% ๅ‘ไธŠใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:22
That's great!
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™๏ผ
03:23
Yes, that's all we need, Joe. We'll say goodbye now.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใงๅๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:27
Take care. Thanks for listening. And God bless you all.
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ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚ ่žใ„ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็ฅžใฎใ”ๅŠ ่ญทใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
03:32
He's so serious! He never smiles. Good examples though.
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ๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆทฑๅˆปใงใ™ ๏ผ ๅฝผใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆๅพฎ็ฌ‘ใพใชใ„ใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒใ€‚
03:40
Can you remember what Joe said? GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ GDP ใฏใ€1 ๅนด้–“ใซๅ›ฝ ใง็”Ÿ็”ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ•†ๅ“ใจใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎไพกๅ€คใงใ™
03:47
a country in a year. And productivity is the rate at which goods are produced. When productivity
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใจใฏใ€ ๅ•†ๅ“ใŒ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้€Ÿๅบฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใŒ
03:55
goes up it take less time and money to make things.
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ไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใจใ€็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใจใŠ้‡‘ใŒๆธ›ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:01
So what preposition did Joe use here? By. He was talking about the difference between
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใฏใ“ใ“ใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใซใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ2ใคใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
04:08
the two numbers. Next one. Unemployment is the number of people
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ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎใ€‚ ๅคฑๆฅญ่€…ใจใฏใ€
04:15
who can't get a job. The missing preposition? To. Notice Joe said 'from'. From was the starting
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ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ไบบใฎๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž๏ผŸ ใซใ€‚ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใŒใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ Fromใฏๅ‡บ็™บ
04:25
point and to was the level they reached. OK, one final example.
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็‚นใ€toใฏๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใŸใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ€‚ OKใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:32
Here are your pay checks. Oh thank you very much. Thanks. Oh great.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็ตฆๆ–™ๆ˜Ž็ดฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ„ใ€‚
04:38
I'm getting a salary increase this month. Me too.
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ไปŠๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰็ตฆๆ–™ใŒไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใ‚‚ใ€‚
04:44
It's great to be appreciated. Yeah. They know we're doing a good job. Great. Mine's
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่ฉ•ไพกใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ่‰ฏใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฎใฏ
04:49
gone up by 3%. How about about yours? Mine' s gone up as well.
46
289480
5700
3%ไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใฎใ‚‚ไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:55
By how much? By 6%. They must be very pleased with my work.
47
295180
7820
ใ„ใใ‚‰ใง๏ผŸ 6๏ผ…ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซใจใฆใ‚‚ๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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