The present perfect in English - 3 Uses

30,218 views ใƒป 2019-07-05

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
The present perfect indicates that something happened before now.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ ไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:05
Notice we have two different times here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:08
Before โ€“ thatโ€™s the past โ€“ and now - thatโ€™s the present.
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ไปฅๅ‰ โ€“ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽป โ€“ ใใ—ใฆไปŠ โ€“ ใใ‚Œใฏ ็พๅœจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:13
The present perfect connects the present and the past.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฏ็พๅœจใจ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’็ตใณใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:20
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00:23
Weโ€™ve had a lot of requests for this video.
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ใ“ใฎๅ‹•็”ปใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:25
Weโ€™ll show you how to form it and when to use it.
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ไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใจไฝฟใ†ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ใ”็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:29
And also when not to use it.
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ใพใŸใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใจใฉใ†
00:31
Youโ€™re going to learn how itโ€™s different from the past.
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้•ใ†ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:34
And we have a story for you, to help you remember it.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ™ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใฎ็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ๅฎŸ้š›
00:38
Weโ€™re going to show you how to use it in action.
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ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:42
Hey, I have a meeting with management in five minutes.
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ใญใˆใ€5 ๅˆ†ๅพŒใซ็ตŒๅ–ถ้™ฃใจใฎไผš่ญฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:47
Uhuh.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
00:48
It's my performance review.
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็งใฎๆฅญ็ธพ่ฉ•ไพกใงใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Oh yeah.
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ใใ†ใใ†ใ€‚
00:51
Have you had yours yet?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:52
Yeah, I had mine yesterday.
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ใˆใˆใ€็งใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:54
I want to do really well.
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็งใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ†ใพใใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:57
Do you have any tips?
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ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:01
Well yes.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:02
What are they going to ask me?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็งใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:04
Well, the first question is always 'Have you achieved your goals this year?'
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ€Œ ไปŠๅนดใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใฏ้”ๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
01:10
Oh great.
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ใ„ใ„ใ€‚
01:11
I think I have.
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็งใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:13
Iโ€™ve done really well this year.
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ไปŠๅนดใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ˆใ้ ‘ๅผตใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:17
We form the present perfect with the verb โ€˜haveโ€™ and the past participle of the
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ๅ‹•่ฉž ใ€Œhaveใ€ใจไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใง็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™
01:22
main verb.
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ใ€‚
01:23
So the main verb here is โ€˜achieveโ€™ and โ€˜haveโ€™ is an auxiliary or help verb.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ€ŒๆŒใคใ€ใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:29
It helps us form the sentence.
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
โ€˜Achieveโ€™ is regular but notice what happens if we have an irregular verb.
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ใ€Œ้”ๆˆใ€ใฏ่ฆๅ‰‡็š„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
01:38
Do, did, done - we use the third part of the verb.
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doใ€didใ€done - ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:43
So if the main verb is โ€˜haveโ€™ we say โ€˜have hadโ€™!
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ€Œhaveใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œhave hadใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:48
We form questions by changing the word order.
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่ชž้ †ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใคใใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:52
So โ€˜I have achieved my goalsโ€™ becomes โ€˜Have you achieved your goals?โ€™
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏ ใ€Œ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
01:57
To form negatives, add โ€˜notโ€™.
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ใ€‚
02:00
And to form short answers, use โ€˜haveโ€™.
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็Ÿญใ„็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:04
When weโ€™re speaking, we donโ€™t normally stress โ€˜haveโ€™ because itโ€™s not the main
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็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ ไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ€้€šๅธธใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
02:08
verb.
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ใ€‚
02:09
So we generally contract it and we say Iโ€™ve, youโ€™ve, heโ€™s, sheโ€™s, and so on.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’็ธฎๅฐใ—ใ€I'veใ€ you'veใ€he'sใ€she's ใชใฉใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:18
Perhaps your language has a tense with โ€˜haveโ€™ and the past participle too!
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่ชžใซใฏใ€Œhaveใ€ ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:22
If so, you might be thinking, oh this looks the same.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ .
02:27
Donโ€™t be fooled!
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ใ ใพใ•ใ‚Œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
02:29
The we way we use the present perfect in English is different.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฏ ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:33
Yes, so letโ€™s see how it works.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใงใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:37
How long have you worked here, Jay?
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ค๏ผŸ
02:40
For a year.
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1ๅนด้–“ใ€‚
02:41
I love it.
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ๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
02:42
And have you ever had a performance review before?
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ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซๆฅญ็ธพ่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ ?
02:48
No, never.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆฑบใ—ใฆใ€‚
02:49
Excellent.
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
02:50
Youโ€™re going to do great.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
02:51
So what were your goals this year?
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ใงใฏใ€ไปŠๅนดใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
02:54
Well one was to arrive on time and be punctual.
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1ใคใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ ๅŽณๅฎˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:58
And have you ever been late?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้…ๅˆปใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:00
No.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚
03:01
Only when the traffic was bad.
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ไบค้€š็ŠถๆณใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใจใใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:04
And when I lost my car keys.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ปŠใฎ้ตใ‚’ใชใใ—ใŸใจใใ€‚
03:07
And when you overslept.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฏๅŠใ—ใŸใจใใ€‚
03:09
Are you sure you want to talk about punctuality?
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ๆ™‚้–“ๅŽณๅฎˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:13
Maybe not.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
03:14
Oh!
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ใŠใŠ๏ผ
03:15
But I've been taking a course about customer service.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏ้กงๅฎขใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ๅ—่ฌ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:18
I can tell them about that.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:20
Oh.
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ใŠใŠใ€‚
03:21
How long have you been doing that?
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ใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:24
Since Christmas.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒžใ‚นไปฅๆฅใ€‚
03:25
But you haven't finished it yet?
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ใงใ‚‚ใพใ ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใชใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
03:27
No.
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03:28
Oh, well then, you canโ€™t talk about that.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:31
That's no good.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใพใšใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:32
Oh.
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ใŠใŠใ€‚
03:33
OK, hereโ€™s a good one.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:35
I've met all my sales targets.
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็งใฏใ™ในใฆใฎ่ฒฉๅฃฒ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้”ๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:38
In fact, Iโ€™ve just won the top sales person award.
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ๅฎŸใฏใ€ใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใ‚นใƒžใƒณ่ณžใ‚’ๅ—่ณžใ—ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚
03:43
Hmmm.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
03:45
What's wrong with that?
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ใใ‚Œใฎใฉใ“ใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ„๏ผŸ
03:46
Well, youโ€™ve got to be careful.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใญใ€‚
03:49
You don't want to appear too big-headed.
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้ ญใŒๅคงใใใชใ‚Šใ™ใŽใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:51
Big headed?
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้ ญๅคงใใ„๏ผŸ
03:53
Yes, you don't want to sound like you're boastful or conceited.
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ใฏใ„ใ€่‡ชๆ…ขใ‚„ใ†ใฌใผใ‚Œใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:59
That's very bad.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ‚ชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:00
Then what can I do?
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
04:02
Tell them your co-workers have helped you achieve your sales targets.
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ๅŒๅƒšใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฃฒไธŠ็›ฎๆจ™ใฎ้”ๆˆใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใจไผใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
04:07
Really?
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ๆœฌๅฝ“๏ผŸ
04:08
Yes, it shows you're a team player.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒใƒผใƒ ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒคใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
Oh I get it.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:13
Praise the team.
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ใƒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’็งฐ่ณ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:15
Exactly.
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ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใ€‚
04:16
Say you couldn't have done it without them.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใชใ—ใงใฏใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:19
Management will love that.
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็ตŒๅ–ถ้™ฃใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใŠ
04:22
I think youโ€™re going to get me in trouble again.
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้‚ช้ญ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:25
Keep watching and youโ€™ll find out what happens.
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่ฆ‹็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:28
But letโ€™s look at the present perfect first.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใพใš็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:31
There are basically three ways we use the present perfect in English.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:36
They all connect the present and the past, but in slightly different ways and weโ€™ll
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ็พๅœจใจ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ€1 ใค
04:42
go through them one by one.
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ใšใค่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:44
Hereโ€™s the first way.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฏใ€
04:46
We use the present perfect for actions that started in the past that are still continuing
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้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใฃใฆ็พๅœจใ‚‚็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่กŒ็‚บใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™
04:52
now.
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ใ€‚
04:53
So we often use it to talk about how long something has continued.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„็ถšใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:58
We use it like this with the words: โ€™How longโ€™, โ€˜forโ€™ and โ€˜sinceโ€™.
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ใ€ŒHow longใ€ใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใ€ใ€Œsinceใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:05
In many languages, youโ€™d use the present tense to express this idea, but not in English.
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ๅคšใใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:11
The present tense would be wrong here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:14
Use the present perfect and itโ€™ll indicate the action is still going on.
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใพใ ้€ฒ่กŒไธญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:21
And if we use the past form instead, it means the action is finished.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:26
How long have you worked here?
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ใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใ“ใ“ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:27
For a year.
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1ๅนด้–“ใ€‚
05:30
Before this I worked for a software company.
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ใ“ใฎๅ‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚ขไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:32
And how long did you work there?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ“ใงใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅƒใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
05:34
For 5 years.
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5ๅนด้–“ใ€‚
05:36
Notice we can use โ€˜How longโ€™ to ask about actions that are continuing, or actions that
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ใ€ŒHow longใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ ็ถ™็ถšไธญใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใพใŸใฏ
05:42
are finished.
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็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:43
โ€˜How long have youโ€ฆ?โ€™ means the action is still continuing.
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ใ€ŒHow long have youโ€ฆ?ใ€ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ ใพใ ็ถ™็ถšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:47
โ€˜How long did you โ€ฆ?โ€™ means the action is finished.
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ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงโ€ฆ๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:52
And we could also use the continuous form of the present perfect here.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎ็ถ™็ถšๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:56
That works too.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:57
In this context, these questions mean the same thing.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:02
In other contexts thereโ€™s sometimes a difference and weโ€™ll make another video about that.
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ไป–ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:08
So subscribe to our channel so you donโ€™t miss it.
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ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใ€ใŠ ่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใชใใ€‚
06:12
OK letโ€™s look at the second use now.
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ใงใฏใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:14
Itโ€™s different to the first and itโ€™s very common.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
06:19
We use the present perfect to talk about our experiences โ€“ so things that did or didnโ€™t
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
06:25
happen to us.
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใพใ ็ถ™็ถšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
06:26
Weโ€™re not talking about actions that are still continuing here.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
06:31
Theyโ€™re finished actions that happened in the past, but we use the present perfect because
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใŸๅ‹•ไฝœใงใ™ ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•ไฝœใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’็พๅœจใงใ‚‚ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
06:37
we can still feel the effects of these actions in the present.
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ใ€‚
06:44
Notice the time these things happened is vague.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸๆ™‚้–“ใฏๆ›–ๆ˜งใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:47
We just mean โ€˜at some time in the pastโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚นใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:52
If I ask you โ€˜Have you ever had a performance review?โ€™
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซๆฅญ็ธพ่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
06:56
I mean at some time in your life, but itโ€™s not important when.
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ไบบ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใ„ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:02
The time is indefinite.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฏไธๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€
07:04
You can use the adverbs ever, never, or before here.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž everใ€neverใ€ใพใŸใฏ before ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:10
They all work.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
Or you can use no adverb.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:14
That works too.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
Itโ€™s up to you.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸๆฌก็ฌฌใงใ™ใ€‚
07:17
Notice that if the time is definite, we use the past tense, not the present perfect.
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ๆ™‚ๅˆปใŒ็ขบๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใชใ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:24
So what often happens is we use the present perfect to introduce a topic, and then we
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“
07:30
switch to the past when we start talking about a specific time.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:35
OK, so that was the second use.
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OKใ€2ๅ›ž็›ฎใฎไฝฟ็”จใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:38
Letโ€™s see the third one now.
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ใงใฏใ€3ใค็›ฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:40
OK.
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OKใ€‚
07:41
Itโ€™s similar to the second one.
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2ๆžš็›ฎใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:43
Youโ€™ll see an example in the story.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒชใƒผใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:46
And then the next question youโ€™ll get is 'What are your goals for the future?
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏ ใ€Œๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:51
Well that's exciting.
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ใ‚ใใ‚ใใ—ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
07:53
Iโ€™ve just bought a book about time management to help me improve my productivity.
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็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆ™‚้–“็ฎก็†ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœฌใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:59
By how much?
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ใ„ใใ‚‰ใง๏ผŸ
08:00
They'll want a figure.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฎใƒฅใ‚ขใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:01
OK, Iโ€™m going to improve my productivity by 20%!
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OKใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ‚’ 20% ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใพใ™!
08:07
Ooooo.
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ใ†ใŠใƒผใ€‚
08:09
That's not good?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผŸ
08:10
Well, the thing is, if you set your goals too high, you might not achieve them.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’้ซ˜ใ่จญๅฎšใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ ใ€้”ๆˆใงใใชใใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:18
Good point.
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ใ„ใ„่ฆ–็‚นใญใ€‚
08:19
Then 10% perhaps?
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚10%ใ‹ใช๏ผŸ
08:21
Mmmm.
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ใ‚“ใƒผใ€‚
08:22
Youโ€™ve got to be realistic.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็พๅฎŸ็š„ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:26
5%?
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5๏ผ…๏ผŸ
08:29
This office is so busy.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:31
Perhaps you should say you'll maintain your productivity.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
08:36
Keep it at the same level.
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ๅŒใ˜ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซไฟใกใพใ™ใ€‚
08:37
Do you think you can maintain it?
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็ถญๆŒใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:40
Sure.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:41
Well that's great.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:43
OK, the final thing they'll ask you is for feedback about your managers.
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OKใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ ใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚
08:49
Oh well.
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ใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„ใ€‚
08:50
Everyone's been very nice to me and Kathy's very supportive.
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ใฟใ‚“ใช็งใซใจใฆใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ—ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ทใƒผใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅ”ๅŠ›็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:54
Tut tut tut.
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ใƒ„ใƒ„ใƒ„ใƒ„ใƒ„ใƒ„ใ€‚
08:55
What's wrong?
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ใฉใ†ใ—ใŸใฎ๏ผŸ
08:56
Well, they want to know the truth so they can improve.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ”นๅ–„ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:00
But that is the truth.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
09:02
Yeah, but they want you to think of things they've done wrong.
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ใˆใˆใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ .
09:06
I can't think of anything.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:10
Ooo.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
09:11
That's a problem.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใ ใ€‚
09:13
No creativity.
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ๅ‰ต้€ ๆ€งใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:14
Oh I see.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€‚
09:16
Creativity is important.
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ๅ‰ต้€ ๆ€งใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
09:20
Should I make things up?
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็งใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:21
Has Kathy ever done something you didn't like?
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ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ทใƒผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
09:25
Well, once I wanted to fly business class but she said it was too expensive.
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ไธ€ๅบฆใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’้ฃ›ใฐใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:30
Well, tell them about that and say you're upset about it.
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
09:36
But I'm not upset.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:38
They can't improve if you don't give them ideas.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ไธŽใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ”นๅ–„ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
09:42
Wow, I hadn't thought of it that way before.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ไปŠใพใงใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
09:45
Youโ€™re giving me such bad advice!
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใซใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ‚ชใ„ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผ
09:48
I know.
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็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
09:49
This storyโ€™s not going to end well for me.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฉฑใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆ่‰ฏใ„็ตๆœซใซใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:52
Weโ€™ll look at the end in a minute, but first letโ€™s look at the last way we use the present
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ใ™ใใซๆœ€ๅพŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใพใš็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
09:58
perfect.
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ใ€‚
09:59
Hereโ€™s the final use for the present perfect.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใซ็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™
10:02
We use it to talk about past actions that have results in the present.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:08
So these are finished actions again.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ†ใณๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:10
But we use the present perfect because theyโ€™re important now.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ ไปŠ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:15
It could be because the results of the action are important or it could be because itโ€™s
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่กŒๅ‹•ใฎ็ตๆžœใŒ้‡่ฆใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—ใ€
10:21
news.
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
10:22
In this use, the actions generally happened pretty recently โ€“ so not a long time ago
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ใ“ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆœ€่ฟ‘ใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใšใฃใจๅ‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:28
โ€“ more recently.
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ใ€‚
10:29
Here are the adverbs that youโ€™ll sometimes hear with this use: just, yet and already.
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ใ“ใฎ็”จๆณ•ใงๆ™‚ใ€…่€ณใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
10:37
And notice that the time is indefinite again.
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ใพใŸใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒไธๅฎšใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:41
With definite times we use the past tense, not the present perfect.
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆ™‚้–“ใซใฏใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏใชใ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:46
So again, what often happens is we use the present perfect to introduce a topic, and
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ
10:53
then we switch to the past when we start talking about a specific event.
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่ฉฑใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:59
With this third use, there are some differences in the way Vicki and I use the present perfect.
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ใ“ใฎ 3 ๅ›ž็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใงใฏใ€ Vicki ใจ็งใŒ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:05
American and British English differences.
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใจใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้•ใ„ใ€‚
11:08
Weโ€™ve made another video about them.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:10
Iโ€™ll put the link here so you can check it out.
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ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฒผใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™ใฎใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
11:14
And now itโ€™s time to finish the story.
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€็‰ฉ่ชžใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:18
Before we do, if youโ€™ve enjoyed this video, please give it a thumbs up.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ้ซ˜่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:22
And share it with a friend!
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹้”ใจใ‚ทใ‚งใ‚ข๏ผ
11:24
So are you ready for your performance review now.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒ‘ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒณใ‚น ใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
11:27
Yes, I know exactly what Iโ€™m going to tell management.
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ใฏใ„ใ€็งใฏ็ตŒๅ–ถ้™ฃใซไฝ•ใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:30
Excellent.
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
11:31
Well, letโ€™s hear it then?
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ไปŠๅนดใฏ็›ฎๆจ™ใ‚’
11:34
Iโ€™m going to tell them I haven't achieved any of my goals this year, and that the only
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้”ๆˆใงใใš ใ€
11:39
reason I've gotten anything done is because of my co-workers.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’้”ๆˆใงใใŸๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ็†็”ฑใฏ ๅŒๅƒšใฎใŠใ‹ใ’ใ ใจไผใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:44
That I'm not going to improve my productivity and that I'm very upset because I can't fly
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็”Ÿ็”ฃๆ€งใŒๅ‘ไธŠใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซ ไน—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใซ้žๅธธใซ่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
11:50
business class.
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ใ€‚
11:51
Thatโ€™s perfect!
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ€้ซ˜ใงใ™๏ผ
11:52
Well done!
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็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„๏ผ
11:53
Now whatโ€™s the time?
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ไปŠไฝ•ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:55
Do you need to get going?
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่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:57
Oh yes.
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ใใ†ใใ†ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ‚‚
11:58
Thank you very much.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:59
Vicki.
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ใƒดใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ€‚
12:00
You've been really helpful.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใŠไธ–่ฉฑใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:01
Oh no problem.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:03
Good luck!
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ๅนธ้‹ใ‚’๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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