Basic English Grammar Course | Past Perfect Tense | Learn and Practice

91,060 views ใƒป 2020-11-17

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, everybody.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:01
I'm Esther.
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็งใฏใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ
00:06
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:13
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
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ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใฎใงๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:18
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
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ๅญฆใถในใใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
So keep watching.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ฆ‹็ถšใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏ
00:26
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
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00:30
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
00:34
that happened before another action in the past.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:38
Here are some examples.
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00:39
โ€˜I have visited China before I moved there.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ™ๅ‰ใซไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:43
No matter what the subject you follow with โ€˜hadโ€™,
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธป่ชžใซใ€Œhadใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ€
00:47
So that's easy.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:48
โ€˜I hadโ€™ โ€˜Steve hadโ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
00:50
โ€˜The plane hadโ€™ and โ€˜We hadโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€
ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
00:53
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:58
In this case, it's โ€˜visitedโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œ่จชๅ•ๆธˆใฟใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
01:00
โ€˜I had visited China.โ€™
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ‹•่ฉž
01:03
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
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ใŒๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:07
โ€˜I moved there.โ€™
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ใ€Œใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:09
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใปใฉใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
โ€˜Steve had bought the book.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:15
Again, โ€˜subjectโ€™, โ€˜hadโ€™ and โ€˜past participleโ€™.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใ€ใ€Œhadใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
In this case, the verb is โ€˜buyโ€™.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œ่ฒทใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:21
โ€˜Steve had bought the book before he read it.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ–ใฏใใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:26
Again, we have the simple tense of โ€˜readโ€™ which is โ€˜readโ€™.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œreadใ€ใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€Œreadใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:31
And finally, โ€˜The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
ใ€Œ็งใŒ็ฉบๆธฏใซ็€ใใพใงใซ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:36
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†
ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ™ใ€‚
01:41
โ€˜The plane had leftโ€™.
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:43
This is the past participle of โ€˜leaveโ€™.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œleaveใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ฉบๆธฏใซ็€ใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:47
The second verb says, โ€˜I got to the airport.โ€™
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01:50
โ€˜gotโ€™ is the past tense of โ€˜getโ€™.
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ใ€Œgotใ€ใฏใ€Œgetใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
01:53
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, โ€˜beforeโ€™.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅ…ฑ้€šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
ใ€ใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ‰ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใฎๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ€ใ€‚
02:00
โ€˜beforeโ€™ or โ€˜by the timeโ€™.
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02:02
They all mean the same thing.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:04
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
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้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:10
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
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ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅพŒใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:14
So again, for the first example.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:17
โ€˜before I move thereโ€™ That happened later.
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ใ€Œใใ“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ™ๅ‰ใซใ€
ใใ‚ŒใฏๅพŒใฎใ“ใจใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ใงใซไธญๅ›ฝใ‚’่จชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใ€‚
02:22
Before that, โ€˜I had already visited China.โ€™
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02:25
Do you understand how that works?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
02:27
Let's take a look at the last example.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:29
โ€˜When they arrived, we had already started the game.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซ่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
02:34
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้…ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:37
But โ€˜When they arrivedโ€™, this is the past simple tense.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
02:42
So this happened second.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไบŒ็•ช็›ฎใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:44
โ€˜We had already started the game.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซ่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
02:47
This action had already started.
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ใ“ใฎๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใฏใ™ใงใซๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:50
It started before this action.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:54
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:55
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
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ๅ‰ใซใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€
้ŽๅŽปใฎๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ‰ใซ ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹
03:00
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
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ใจ่ฟฐในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:05
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
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ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
ใŒใ€ๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:09
How long that first action happened.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๆ™‚้–“ใ€‚
03:12
We do this by using four and a duration.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ€4 ใจใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:17
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใง 2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:23
This is very similar to the first usage.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใจ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
โ€˜I hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ใ€ŒI hadใ€ใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
03:31
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
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ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
The second part, โ€˜it brokeโ€™.
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็ฌฌไบŒ้ƒจใ€ŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚
03:38
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅพŒใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ
03:42
that happened later than the first action.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™
03:46
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, โ€˜for two monthsโ€™.
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ใ€‚ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ ใ€Œ2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ใ€
ใจใ„ใ†ๆœŸ้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:51
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใง 2 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:56
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎๆœŸ้–“็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:02
Let's take a look at the next example.
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:04
โ€˜Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒ ใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใ†ใพใงใ€้•ทใ„้–“ๅญค็‹ฌใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:10
Again, we have subject โ€˜hadโ€™, past participle.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œhadใ€ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ˜็ด”ใชใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:16
And then we have the past simple โ€˜he got a puppyโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€
04:21
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘้•ทใ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
ๅฝผใฏ้•ทใ„้–“ๅญค็‹ฌใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:27
He had been lonely for a long time.
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04:30
That is until the later action, โ€˜he got a puppy.โ€™
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใใฎๅพŒใฎใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅญ็Šฌใ‚’้ฃผใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กŒๅ‹•ใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚
04:34
And finally, โ€˜She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.โ€™
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใจ็งใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็งใฎๅฆปใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‹ไบบใงใ—ใŸ
ใ€‚ใ€
04:41
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:46
It happened before she became my wife.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็งใฎๅฆปใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:50
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใฎ้–“ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
Let's move on.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:57
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
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ใงใฏใ€ใƒใ‚ฌใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใฎไฝœใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใ€‚
05:02
Take a look at the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:04
The first sentence says, โ€˜I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฏ
ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่กŒใใพใงใใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:10
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅ˜็ด”ๆ™‚ๅˆถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:17
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ—ฉใ„ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:21
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅพŒๅŠใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:26
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎš่กจ็พใชใฎใงใ€
ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ
05:33
the โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ้ฃŸในใฆใชใ„ใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:37
So I say, โ€˜I have not eatenโ€™.
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05:40
Or I can use the contraction
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ใพใŸใฏใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€
05:42
and say, โ€˜I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่กŒใใพใงใใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:48
The next sentence is very similar.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ๅ…ˆ้€ฑ่กŒใใพใง
05:51
โ€˜She had not been to the circus before she went last week.โ€™
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ใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
05:55
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ—ฉใ„ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€
05:59
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
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ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅพŒๅŠใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:03
However, again, because it's negative,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๅฆๅฎšใชใฎใงใ€
06:06
I put a 'not' between โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ้–“ใซใ€Œnotใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:12
Also, I can use the contraction and say, โ€˜She hadn't been to the circus.โ€™
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ใพใŸใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ
ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ซใ‚นใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
06:18
The next sentence says,
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
06:20
โ€˜The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็Œซใฏใ€้ณฅ
ใŒ้ฃ›ใณๅŽปใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใพใงใ€้•ทใ„้–“้ณฅใ‚’่ฟฝใ„ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
06:26
Remember, we can show duration,
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ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœŸ้–“ใ€
06:29
or how long the first action was true.
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ใคใพใ‚Šๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ็œŸใงใ‚ใฃใŸๆœŸ้–“
06:32
by using 'for' and a duration.
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ใ‚’่กจ็คบใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ€Œforใ€ใจๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€‚
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€
06:36
Because this is the negative form,
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06:38
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใฎๅพŒ
โ€‹โ€‹ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซ 'had not' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
06:45
In this case, the contraction โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is already there for you.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝข 'hadn't' ใŒใ™ใงใซ็”จๆ„ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:49
โ€˜We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง3ใ‹ๆœˆใ‚‚ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใ€‚ใ€
ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š็Ÿญใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:56
That's a pretty short time.
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06:57
It shows the duration by saying โ€˜forโ€™, How long?
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ใ€Œforใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
07:01
โ€˜three monthsโ€™
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ใ€Œ๏ผ“ใƒถๆœˆใ€
ใ•ใ‚ใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:03
Let's move on.
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07:04
Now, let's take a look at questions using โ€˜hadโ€™ in the past perfect tense.
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ใงใฏใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎใ€Œhadใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ
่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
07:10
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:12
It says, โ€˜She had eaten lunch by noon.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:20
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:24
So instead of โ€˜she hadโ€™, we say โ€˜Had sheโ€™.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:27
โ€˜Had she eaten lunch by noon?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญฃๅˆใพใงใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:31
You can say, โ€˜Yes, she had.โ€™
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:33
or โ€˜No, she hadn't.โ€™
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07:36
The next sentence says, โ€˜It had rained before they left.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€
ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:40
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
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ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œๆ›ฟใˆใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:44
Instead of โ€˜It hadโ€™, say โ€˜Had itโ€™ to make a question.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:49
โ€˜Had it rained before they left?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:52
To reply you can say, โ€˜Yes, it had.โ€™
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่ฟ”็ญ”ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:56
or โ€˜No, it hadn't.โ€™
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07:58
Let's move on now.
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ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใง ใ€ŒWHใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
08:00
I'll go into how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the past perfect tense.
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ใ€‚
08:05
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:07
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅ„่ณชๅ•ใฎๅ†’้ ญใซใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:12
โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whoโ€™, โ€˜whatโ€™, and โ€˜howโ€™.
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€‚
08:17
Let's take a look at the first question.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:20
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
08:23
You'll notice that after each โ€˜WHโ€™ word, we have โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ๅ„ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œhadใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:29
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
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ๆฌกใซไธป่ชžใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
08:34
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
08:38
The next question says, โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปฅๅ‰ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€ŒWHใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ€Œhad sheใ€ใจ
08:43
This is the same thing the โ€˜WHโ€™ word
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08:46
โ€˜had sheโ€™ and then the past participle.
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
08:50
You'll notice here that we have the word โ€˜beforeโ€™, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œไปฅๅ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใŒใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚็‚นใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:57
If you see that it simply means before now.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใซไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ‰ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
The next question says, โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ๅ…ฌๅผใซๅพ“ใ„ใพใ™
09:07
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says โ€˜lunch for you'.
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:13
The last one says,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
09:14
โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใจใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
09:19
Again how long โ€˜hadโ€™ + โ€˜subjectโ€™ and then the past participle.
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ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ€Œhadใ€+ใ€Œไธป่ชžใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ้•ทใ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:27
Let's take a look at how to answer these questions.
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09:30
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฉใ“ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
09:33
โ€˜He had traveled to Europe.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
09:35
is one possible answer.
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09:38
โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ‰ใซ่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
09:41
Here I can say, โ€˜She had talked to her brother.โ€™
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅ…„ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
09:45
โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
09:49
โ€˜He had eaten sushi before lunch.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๅ‰ใซๅฏฟๅธใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
09:53
And finally, โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใจไป˜ใๅˆใ†ๅ‰ใซใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
09:58
โ€˜She had known him for three years.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฝผใฎใ“ใจใ‚’3ๅนดๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:01
That is one possible answer.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:04
Let's move on.
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10:05
Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฎ
็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
10:12
Take a look at the first sentence.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:14
โ€˜I blank for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
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ใ€Œไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ6ๆ™‚้–“ใƒœใƒผใƒƒใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:19
The verb here is โ€˜workโ€™.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€Œๅƒใใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:21
Remember, we need to say โ€˜I hadโ€™.
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10:24
No matter what the subject is, say โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ไธป้กŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:30
And then, you take the past participle of the verb.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใ†ใพใใ„ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
10:34
In this case, we would say โ€˜workedโ€™.
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10:36
โ€˜I had worked for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
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ใ€Œไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง6ๆ™‚้–“ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:44
For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.
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10:47
โ€˜We blank TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚’่žใๅ‰ใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:53
Remember, for the negative form, we say โ€˜had notโ€™
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ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œhad notใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†
10:58
or we use the contraction, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™.
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ใ‹ใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฎใ€Œhadn'tใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:01
โ€˜We hadnโ€™tโ€™.
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ใ€Œใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€‚
11:04
And then, we need the past participle.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:08
โ€˜We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚’่žใใพใงใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
11:15
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:19
โ€˜Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ธใƒผใฏใƒšใƒซใƒผใซ่กŒใๅ‰ใซใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใ€
11:25
Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is correct.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœฌ้กŒใงใ™
ใŒใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ€Œhadn'tใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:32
However, we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ
11:38
So the correct answer is,
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11:39
โ€˜Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
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ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ธใƒผใฏใƒšใƒซใƒผใซ่กŒใใพใงใƒกใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ณใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
11:45
And finally, โ€˜Sally and Jan or they had do their job.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ ใ€‚ใ€
11:51
Hmm.
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11:52
Remember, we need the past participle.
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ใตใƒผใ‚€ใ€‚้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:55
We don't say do.
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ใ‚„ใ‚Œใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใ€ŒๅฎŒไบ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:57
We say โ€˜doneโ€™.
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11:59
โ€˜Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒชใƒผใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:05
Let's move on.
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ใ“ใฎใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใฏใ€
12:06
In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises
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้•ทใ•ใ‚’่กจใ™ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒ
12:09
for the past perfect tense that describes how long.
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ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
12:13
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:15
โ€˜You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅ…ฌๅœ’ใง3ๆ™‚้–“ใƒœใƒผใƒƒใจใ—ใฆ
ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅธฐๅฎ…ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
12:21
Remember, we start with the subject and then โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ไธป่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
ใใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:26
So I'm going to add that here,
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12:28
then we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:32
And that is โ€˜beenโ€™.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
12:34
โ€˜You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๅธฐๅฎ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใง
3ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใญ
12:40
The next sentence says,
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ใ€‚ใ€ ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€
12:42
โ€˜They blank for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ 6 ๆ™‚้–“็ฉบ็™ฝใซใชใฃใŸใ€ใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:46
Again, no matter what the subject, we have โ€˜hadโ€™ and then the past participle.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
ใ€Œhadใ€ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:53
So the answer is,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ
12:55
โ€˜They had studied for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ 6 ๆ™‚้–“ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:01
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:05
It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.
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ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใ„ใฎใงๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:09
โ€˜They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.โ€™
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
10ๅนด้–“ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
13:16
Can you find the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:18
Well, we have the subject and โ€˜hadโ€™, but check this out.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธป้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™
ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:22
There are two past participles here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒ๏ผ’ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:25
We need to get rid of one of them.
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ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ1ใคใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:28
We can take out this verb and say, โ€˜They had known each other for ten years
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ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ 10 ๅนด้–“ใŠไบ’ใ„ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
13:34
before they had their first fight.โ€™
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ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:38
The next sentence says, โ€˜I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใง
ไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไธ€่ฆ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:46
This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.
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13:48
But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใฏ
ใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:53
โ€˜I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
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ใ€Œ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€
็งใฏไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
14:00
Good job, everybody.
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ใ€‚ใ€ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๆฌกใธ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:02
Let's move on.
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14:03
Great job, everyone.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:05
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ
็†่งฃใŒๆทฑใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
14:09
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
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ใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ€
14:12
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅฟ…ใšไธŠ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:15
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใŒใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใจๅŠชๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐๅฟ…ใšใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:19
I know you'll master it.
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14:21
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.
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ใ”่ฆ–่ดใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใŸๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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