Basic English Grammar Course | Past Perfect Tense | Learn and Practice

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āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāϞ-āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤

00:00
Hi, everybody.
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āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āφāϛ⧇āύ.
00:01
I'm Esther.
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĨ¤
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
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āĻāχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϤ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϞāϟāĻŋ
00:06
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤
00:13
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
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āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇,
āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ•āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
00:18
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
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āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤
00:21
So keep watching.
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧁āύāĨ¤
āϚāϞ⧁āύ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
00:26
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
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00:30
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
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āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
00:34
that happened before another action in the past.
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āϝāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāσ.
00:38
Here are some examples.
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00:39
‘I have visited China before I moved there.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻĢāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
00:43
No matter what the subject you follow with ‘had’,
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ' āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻĢāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
00:47
So that's easy.
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻž āϏāĻšāϜāĨ¤
00:48
‘I had’ ‘Steve had’
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'āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
'āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
00:50
‘The plane had’ and ‘We had’.
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'āĨ¤
00:53
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
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āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
00:58
In this case, it's ‘visited’.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻāϟāĻŋ 'āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ'āĨ¤ 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§€āύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
01:00
‘I had visited China.’
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āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ
01:03
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
01:07
‘I moved there.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:09
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇.
01:12
‘Steve had bought the book.’
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'āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŦāχāϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
01:15
Again, ‘subject’, ‘had’ and ‘past participle’.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, 'āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ', 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻĒāϞ'āĨ¤
01:19
In this case, the verb is ‘buy’.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧁āύ'āĨ¤
01:21
‘Steve had bought the book before he read it.’
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'āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤'
01:26
Again, we have the simple tense of ‘read’ which is ‘read’.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ' āĻāϰ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āφāϛ⧇ āϝāĻž 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž'āĨ¤
01:31
And finally, ‘The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇,
'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
01:36
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰāĨ¤
01:41
‘The plane had left’.
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āϚāϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
01:43
This is the past participle of ‘leave’.
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āĻāϟāĻŋ 'āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—'-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇, 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
01:47
The second verb says, ‘I got to the airport.’
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01:50
‘got’ is the past tense of ‘get’.
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'got' āĻšāϞ 'get'-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤
01:53
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, ‘before’.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāϞ āφāϛ⧇
āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύ, 'āφāϗ⧇'āĨ¤ 'āφāϗ⧇' āĻŦāĻž 'āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇'āĨ¤
02:00
‘before’ or ‘by the time’.
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02:02
They all mean the same thing.
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āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āχ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇.
02:04
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
02:10
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
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āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤
02:14
So again, for the first example.
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āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ.
02:17
‘before I move there’ That happened later.
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇'
āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻšā§€āύ āϏāĻĢāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
02:22
Before that, ‘I had already visited China.’
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02:25
Do you understand how that works?
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
02:27
Let's take a look at the last example.
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āϚāϞ⧁āύ āĻļ⧇āώ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
02:29
‘When they arrived, we had already started the game.’
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'āĻ“āϰāĻž āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāϗ⧇āχ āϖ⧇āϞāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
02:34
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
02:37
But ‘When they arrived’, this is the past simple tense.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ 'āϝāĻ–āύ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϞ⧋', āĻāϟāĻžāχ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤
02:42
So this happened second.
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϘāϟāύāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇.
02:44
‘We had already started the game.’
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'āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāϗ⧇āχ āϖ⧇āϞāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
02:47
This action had already started.
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āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
02:50
It started before this action.
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
02:54
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
02:55
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
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āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇
03:00
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
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āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĨ¤
03:05
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ
āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
03:09
How long that first action happened.
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āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇.
03:12
We do this by using four and a duration.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
03:16
Let's take a look.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•.
03:17
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
03:23
This is very similar to the first usage.
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤
03:26
‘I had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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'I had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāϟāĻŋāϰ past participle.
03:31
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
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āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
03:36
The second part, ‘it broke’.
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āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, 'āχāϟ āĻŦā§āϰ⧇āĻ•'āĨ¤
03:38
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ
03:42
that happened later than the first action.
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āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
03:46
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, ‘for two months’.
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āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇,
'āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ'āĨ¤
03:51
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
03:56
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ
āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
04:02
Let's take a look at the next example.
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āφāϏ⧁āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
04:04
‘Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.’
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'āϜāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰāĻ›āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤'
04:10
Again, we have subject ‘had’, past participle.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ subject 'had', past participle āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāĻšāϜ 'āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰāĻ›āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
04:16
And then we have the past simple ‘he got a puppy’.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇
04:21
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤
04:27
He had been lonely for a long time.
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04:30
That is until the later action, ‘he got a puppy.’
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āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ, 'āϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰāĻ›āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
04:34
And finally, ‘She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇, 'āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ
04:41
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
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āĨ¤' āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤāĨ¤
04:46
It happened before she became my wife.
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āĻāϟāĻž āϏ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
04:50
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
04:56
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
04:57
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤
05:02
Take a look at the board.
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āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
05:04
The first sentence says, ‘I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
05:10
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past perfect tense
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ past simple tense āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
05:17
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
05:21
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
05:26
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
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āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•,
āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ 'had'
05:33
the ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ 'not' āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, 'āĻ–āĻžāχāύāĻŋ'āĨ¤
05:37
So I say, ‘I have not eaten’.
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05:40
Or I can use the contraction
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
05:42
and say, ‘I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
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'āĻ—āϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ⧁āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāχāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
05:48
The next sentence is very similar.’
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āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤'
' āĻ—āϤ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
05:51
‘She had not been to the circus before she went last week.’
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āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĨ¤'
05:55
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ,
05:59
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āφāϛ⧇.
06:03
However, again, because it's negative,
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āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•,
06:06
I put a 'not' between ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ 'not' āϰāĻžāĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
06:12
Also, I can use the contraction and say, ‘She hadn't been to the circus.’
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āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
'āϏ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāϏ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
06:18
The next sentence says,
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
06:20
‘The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.’
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞāϟāĻŋ āωāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ āĨ¤'
06:26
Remember, we can show duration,
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
06:29
or how long the first action was true.
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āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
06:32
by using 'for' and a duration.
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'āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ,
06:36
Because this is the negative form,
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06:38
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ 'had not' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ
06:45
In this case, the contraction ‘hadn't’ is already there for you.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ 'hadn't' āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ '
06:49
‘We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.’
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āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāύāϤāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž
āĨ¤'
āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ.
06:56
That's a pretty short time.
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06:57
It shows the duration by saying ‘for’, How long?
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āĻāϟāĻŋ 'for' āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ?
07:01
‘three months’
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'āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻžāϏ'
āϚāϞ⧁āύ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāχāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ,
07:03
Let's move on.
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07:04
Now, let's take a look at questions using ‘had’ in the past perfect tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ 'had' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ• āĨ¤
07:10
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
07:12
It says, ‘She had eaten lunch by noon.’
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āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 'āϏ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
07:15
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϏāĻšāϜāĨ¤
07:20
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
07:24
So instead of ‘she had’, we say ‘Had she’.
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āϤāĻžāχ 'āϏ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ' āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ āϏ⧇'āĨ¤
07:27
‘Had she eaten lunch by noon?’
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'āϏ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇?'
07:31
You can say, ‘Yes, she had.’
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ, āϏ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āύāĻž, āϏ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤'
07:33
or ‘No, she hadn't.’
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07:36
The next sentence says, ‘It had rained before they left.’
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
07:40
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāϜāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ.
07:44
Instead of ‘It had’, say ‘Had it’ to make a question.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ 'āĻāϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ 'Had it' āĻŦāϞ⧁āύāĨ¤
07:49
‘Had it rained before they left?’
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'āĻ“āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
07:52
To reply you can say, ‘Yes, it had.’
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āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ, āĻāϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āύāĻž, āĻāϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤'
07:56
or ‘No, it hadn't.’
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07:58
Let's move on now.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ. āĻāĻ–āύ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ 'WH' āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ
08:00
I'll go into how to form ‘WH’ questions in the past perfect tense.
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āĨ¤
08:05
Let's take a look.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•.
08:07
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχāĨ¤
08:12
‘where’, ‘who’, ‘what’, and ‘how’.
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'āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ', 'āϕ⧇', 'āϕ⧀', āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇'āĨ¤
08:17
Let's take a look at the first question.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
08:20
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ?'
08:23
You'll notice that after each ‘WH’ word, we have ‘had’.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ 'had' āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
08:29
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ verb āĻāϰ past participle.
08:34
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ?'
08:38
The next question says, ‘Who had she talked to before?’
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇, 'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ?'
āĻāχ āĻāĻ•āχ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ 'had she' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ
08:43
This is the same thing the ‘WH’ word
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08:46
‘had she’ and then the past participle.
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past participle.
08:50
You'll notice here that we have the word ‘before’, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ 'āφāϗ⧇' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϛ⧇,
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤
08:57
If you see that it simply means before now.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āĨ¤
09:01
The next question says, ‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āϏ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ,
09:07
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says ‘lunch for you'.
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āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ 'āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧁āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ'āĨ¤
09:13
The last one says,
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āĻļ⧇āώ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ,
09:14
‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
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'āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĄā§‡āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāύāϤ?'
09:19
Again how long ‘had’ + ‘subject’ and then the past participle.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ 'had' + 'subject' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ past participleāĨ¤
āϚāϞ⧁āύ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ• āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
09:27
Let's take a look at how to answer these questions.
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09:30
‘Where had he traveled before?’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ?'
09:33
‘He had traveled to Europe.’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āχāωāϰ⧋āĻĒ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤' āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĨ¤
09:35
is one possible answer.
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09:38
‘Who had she talked to before?’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ?'
09:41
Here I can say, ‘She had talked to her brother.’
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 'āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
09:45
‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
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'āϏ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
09:49
‘He had eaten sushi before lunch.’
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'āϏ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻļāĻŋ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇,
09:53
And finally, ‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
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'āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĄā§‡āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāύāϤ?'
09:58
‘She had known him for three years.’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻšā§‡āύ⧇āύāĨ¤'
10:01
That is one possible answer.
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĨ¤
āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ. āĻāĻ–āύ
10:04
Let's move on.
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10:05
Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāϜāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•
10:12
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
10:14
‘I blank for six hours before I had a break.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ›āϝāĻŧ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
10:19
The verb here is ‘work’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāϞ 'āĻ•āĻžāϜ'āĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ 'āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'āĨ¤
10:21
Remember, we need to say ‘I had’.
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10:24
No matter what the subject is, say ‘had’.
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āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ, 'āĻšāĻžāϤ' āĻŦāϞ⧁āύāĨ¤
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇, āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
10:30
And then, you take the past participle of the verb.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŦ 'āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
10:34
In this case, we would say ‘worked’.
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10:36
‘I had worked for six hours before I had a break.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ›āϝāĻŧ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϚāĻžāχ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
10:44
For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.
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10:47
‘We blank TV before we listened to the radio.’
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'āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāχāĨ¤'
10:53
Remember, for the negative form, we say ‘had not’
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ'
10:58
or we use the contraction, ‘hadn't’.
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āĻŦāĻž āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ, 'āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ'āĨ¤
11:01
‘We hadn’t’.
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'āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž'āĨ¤
11:04
And then, we need the past participle.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ.
11:08
‘We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.’
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'āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
11:15
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āρāϜ⧁āύāĨ¤
11:19
‘Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.’
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'āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧁ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāϕ⧋āϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤'
11:25
Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, ‘hadn't’ is correct.
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āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āϞ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āφāϛ⧇
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, 'āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ' āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
11:32
However, we need the past participle of the verb ‘be’.
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āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ 'āĻšāϤ⧇' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāϞ,
11:38
So the correct answer is,
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11:39
‘Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.’
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'āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧁ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāϕ⧋āϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāύāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇,
11:45
And finally, ‘Sally and Jan or they had do their job.’
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'āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
11:51
Hmm.
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11:52
Remember, we need the past participle.
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āĻšā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻĒāϞ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤
11:55
We don't say do.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
11:57
We say ‘done’.
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11:59
‘Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.’
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'āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāύ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
12:05
Let's move on.
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āĻāχ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āφāĻĒ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
12:06
In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises
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āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāϜāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ
12:09
for the past perfect tense that describes how long.
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āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤
12:13
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
12:15
‘You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.’
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' āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āϤāĻŋāύ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ› āĨ¤'
12:21
Remember, we start with the subject and then ‘had’.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ 'had' āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ,
12:26
So I'm going to add that here,
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12:28
then we need the past participle of the verb ‘be’.
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āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ 'āĻšāϤ⧇' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤
12:32
And that is ‘been’.
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āφāϰ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻšāϞ 'āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
12:34
‘You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.’
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' āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āϤāĻŋāύ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ
12:40
The next sentence says,
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āĨ¤' āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
12:42
‘They blank for six hours before they took a break.’
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'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ›āϝāĻŧ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤'
12:46
Again, no matter what the subject, we have ‘had’ and then the past participle.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϏāĻŋāĻĒāϞ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
12:53
So the answer is,
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āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻšāϞ,
12:55
‘They had studied for six hours before they took a break.’
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'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ›āϝāĻŧ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
13:01
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āρāϜ⧁āύāĨ¤
13:05
It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇.
13:09
‘They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.’
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'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĨ¤'
13:16
Can you find the mistake?
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ?
13:18
Well, we have the subject and ‘had’, but check this out.
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āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āϞ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ',
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ.
13:22
There are two past participles here.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
13:25
We need to get rid of one of them.
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āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
13:28
We can take out this verb and say, ‘They had known each other for ten years
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇
13:34
before they had their first fight.’
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āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāϤ āĨ¤'
13:38
The next sentence says, ‘I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.’
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āĨ¤'
āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
13:46
This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.
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13:48
But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say ‘had’.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ,
āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ 'had'āĨ¤
13:53
‘I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ
āĨ¤' āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ. āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
14:00
Good job, everybody.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ.
14:02
Let's move on.
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14:03
Great job, everyone.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ
14:05
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇
āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĨ¤
14:09
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāύ,
14:12
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāύ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
14:15
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻšāϜ āύāϝāĻŧ
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϝāĻŧāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
14:19
I know you'll master it.
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14:21
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.
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āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϧāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇

āĻāχ āϏāĻžāχāϟāϟāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ YouTube āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻž āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāϤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāϞ-āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇⧎ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, āĻāχ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ.

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