Basic English Grammar Course | Past Perfect Tense | Learn and Practice

90,433 views ใƒป 2020-11-17

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hi, everybody.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
00:01
I'm Esther.
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์ €๋Š” ์—์Šค๋”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:06
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
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์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
๋™์ž‘์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:13
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
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์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆดํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
00:18
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
So keep watching.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
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00:30
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
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์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
00:34
that happened before another action in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:38
Here are some examples.
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00:39
โ€˜I have visited China before I moved there.โ€™
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'์ €๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
00:43
No matter what the subject you follow with โ€˜hadโ€™,
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'had'๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
So that's easy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
โ€˜I hadโ€™ โ€˜Steve hadโ€™
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'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด'
'์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด'
00:50
โ€˜The plane hadโ€™ and โ€˜We hadโ€™.
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'๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด'
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด'.
00:53
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
In this case, it's โ€˜visitedโ€™.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.'
01:00
โ€˜I had visited China.โ€™
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์ด์ œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š”
01:03
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
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๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:07
โ€˜I moved there.โ€™
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.'
01:09
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
โ€˜Steve had bought the book.โ€™
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'์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.'
01:15
Again, โ€˜subjectโ€™, โ€˜hadโ€™ and โ€˜past participleโ€™.
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๋‹ค์‹œ '์ฃผ์–ด', 'had', '๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
In this case, the verb is โ€˜buyโ€™.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” '๊ตฌ๋งค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
โ€˜Steve had bought the book before he read it.โ€™
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'์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
01:26
Again, we have the simple tense of โ€˜readโ€™ which is โ€˜readโ€™.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, '์ฝ๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” '์ฝ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
And finally, โ€˜The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.โ€™
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
โ€˜The plane had leftโ€™.
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'๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค'.
01:43
This is the past participle of โ€˜leaveโ€™.
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'leave'์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” 'I got to the Airport'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
The second verb says, โ€˜I got to the airport.โ€™
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01:50
โ€˜gotโ€™ is the past tense of โ€˜getโ€™.
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'์–ป๋‹ค'๋Š” '์–ป๋‹ค'์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด๋‹ค.
01:53
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, โ€˜beforeโ€™.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€
'์ด์ „'์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ด์ „' ๋˜๋Š” '๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ'.
02:00
โ€˜beforeโ€™ or โ€˜by the timeโ€™.
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02:02
They all mean the same thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” after์— ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
So again, for the first example.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
โ€˜before I move thereโ€™ That happened later.
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'๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—'
๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.'
02:22
Before that, โ€˜I had already visited China.โ€™
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02:25
Do you understand how that works?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:27
Let's take a look at the last example.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
โ€˜When they arrived, we had already started the game.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
02:34
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
But โ€˜When they arrivedโ€™, this is the past simple tense.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ '๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ'๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด๋‹ค.
02:42
So this happened second.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
โ€˜We had already started the game.โ€™
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
02:47
This action had already started.
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
It started before this action.
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์ด ์ž‘์—… ์ด์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Let's move on.
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๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:55
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
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์•ž์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™ ์ด์ „์—
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:00
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
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์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:05
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
How long that first action happened.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
We do this by using four and a duration.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Let's take a look.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์ž.
03:17
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
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'์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
03:23
This is very similar to the first usage.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
โ€˜I hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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'I had'์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ.
03:31
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
The second part, โ€˜it brokeโ€™.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ '๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š”
03:42
that happened later than the first action.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™์ž‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, โ€˜for two monthsโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” '๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ'
์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:51
โ€˜I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.โ€™
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. '์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
03:56
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Let's take a look at the next example.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
โ€˜Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.โ€™
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'์ง์€ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์™ธ๋กœ์› ์–ด์š”.'
04:10
Again, we have subject โ€˜hadโ€™, past participle.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์ฃผ์–ด 'had', ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ 'he got a puppy'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And then we have the past simple โ€˜he got a puppyโ€™.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
04:21
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์™ธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
He had been lonely for a long time.
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04:30
That is until the later action, โ€˜he got a puppy.โ€™
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์› ์–ด์š”'๋ผ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
And finally, โ€˜She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.โ€™
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, '๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .'
04:41
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
It happened before she became my wife.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Let's move on.
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๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:57
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
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์ด์ œ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์š”.
05:02
Take a look at the board.
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๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:04
The first sentence says, โ€˜I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€
'์–ด์ œ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
05:10
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์ด๊ณ 
05:21
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
'had' ์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ
05:33
the โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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์‚ฌ์ด์— 'not'์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '๋ฐฅ ์•ˆ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
05:37
So I say, โ€˜I have not eatenโ€™.
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05:40
Or I can use the contraction
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:42
and say, โ€˜I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.โ€™
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'์–ด์ œ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
The next sentence is very similar.โ€™
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”.'
'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
05:51
โ€˜She had not been to the circus before she went last week.โ€™
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์„œ์ปค์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .'
05:55
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
However, again, because it's negative,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋˜ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:06
I put a 'not' between โ€˜hadโ€™ and the past participle of the verb.
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'had'์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 'not'์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
Also, I can use the contraction and say, โ€˜She hadn't been to the circus.โ€™
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์„œ์ปค์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
The next sentence says,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ '๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€
06:20
โ€˜The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.โ€™
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๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
์ซ“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„
06:26
Remember, we can show duration,
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์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
06:29
or how long the first action was true.
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ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
06:32
by using 'for' and a duration.
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. 'for'์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:36
Because this is the negative form,
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06:38
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ์ฃผ์–ด ๋’ค
์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์•ž์— 'had not'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:45
In this case, the contraction โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is already there for you.
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. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 'hadn't'๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ˜•์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:49
โ€˜We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.โ€™
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ธฐ 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
.'
๊ฝค ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์—์š”.
06:56
That's a pretty short time.
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06:57
It shows the duration by saying โ€˜forโ€™, How long?
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'for', ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ? ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
โ€˜three monthsโ€™
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'3๊ฐœ์›”'
๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ž. ์ด์ œ
07:03
Let's move on.
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07:04
Now, let's take a look at questions using โ€˜hadโ€™ in the past perfect tense.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ 'had'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ
์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:10
Take a look at the first sentence.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:12
It says, โ€˜She had eaten lunch by noon.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ •์˜ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
So instead of โ€˜she hadโ€™, we say โ€˜Had sheโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 'she had' ๋Œ€์‹ ์— 'Had she'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
โ€˜Had she eaten lunch by noon?โ€™
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'์ •์˜ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
07:31
You can say, โ€˜Yes, she had.โ€™
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'์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” '์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
07:33
or โ€˜No, she hadn't.โ€™
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07:36
The next sentence says, โ€˜It had rained before they left.โ€™
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€
'๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Instead of โ€˜It hadโ€™, say โ€˜Had itโ€™ to make a question.
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'It had' ๋Œ€์‹  'Had it'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ์„ธ์š”.
07:49
โ€˜Had it rained before they left?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™”์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
07:52
To reply you can say, โ€˜Yes, it had.โ€™
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๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด '์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” '์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
07:56
or โ€˜No, it hadn't.โ€™
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07:58
Let's move on now.
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๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ 'WH' ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:00
I'll go into how to form โ€˜WHโ€™ questions in the past perfect tense.
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.
08:05
Let's take a look.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์ž.
08:07
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— 'WH' ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
โ€˜whereโ€™, โ€˜whoโ€™, โ€˜whatโ€™, and โ€˜howโ€™.
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'์–ด๋””์„œ', '๋ˆ„๊ฐ€', '๋ฌด์—‡์„', '์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ'.
08:17
Let's take a look at the first question.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
08:23
You'll notice that after each โ€˜WHโ€™ word, we have โ€˜hadโ€™.
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๊ฐ 'WH' ๋‹จ์–ด ๋’ค์—๋Š” 'had'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
08:38
The next question says, โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Š” 'WH' ๋‹จ์–ด 'had she'์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ
08:43
This is the same thing the โ€˜WHโ€™ word
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08:46
โ€˜had sheโ€™ and then the past participle.
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๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:50
You'll notice here that we have the word โ€˜beforeโ€™, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— '์ด์ „'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
If you see that it simply means before now.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
The next question says, โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
'์ ์‹ฌ ์ „์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
09:07
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says โ€˜lunch for you'.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” 'lunch for you'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
The last one says,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
09:14
โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
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'๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
09:19
Again how long โ€˜hadโ€™ + โ€˜subjectโ€™ and then the past participle.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ 'had' + '์ฃผ์–ด'์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
Let's take a look at how to answer these questions.
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09:30
โ€˜Where had he traveled before?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
09:33
โ€˜He had traveled to Europe.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
is one possible answer.
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09:38
โ€˜Who had she talked to before?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?'
09:41
Here I can say, โ€˜She had talked to her brother.โ€™
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์˜ค๋น ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
โ€˜What had he eaten before lunch?โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ์‹ฌ ์‹์‚ฌ ์ „์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'
09:49
โ€˜He had eaten sushi before lunch.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ์‹ฌ ์‹์‚ฌ ์ „์— ์ดˆ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
09:53
And finally, โ€˜How long had she known him before she dated him?โ€™
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'๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋๋‚˜์š”?'
09:58
โ€˜She had known him for three years.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.'
10:01
That is one possible answer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
10:04
Let's move on.
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10:05
Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:12
Take a look at the first sentence.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:14
โ€˜I blank for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
10:19
The verb here is โ€˜workโ€™.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” '์ผํ•˜๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Remember, we need to say โ€˜I hadโ€™.
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10:24
No matter what the subject is, say โ€˜hadโ€™.
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์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  'had'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
And then, you take the past participle of the verb.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
In this case, we would say โ€˜workedโ€™.
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10:36
โ€˜I had worked for six hours before I had a break.โ€™
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.
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10:47
โ€˜We blank TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „์— TV๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
10:53
Remember, for the negative form, we say โ€˜had notโ€™
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๋ถ€์ •ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 'had not'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง
10:58
or we use the contraction, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™.
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 'hadn't'๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:01
โ€˜We hadnโ€™tโ€™.
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'.
11:04
And then, we need the past participle.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
โ€˜We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.โ€™
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” TV๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
11:15
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:19
โ€˜Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
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'๋ ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.'
11:25
Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, โ€˜hadn'tโ€™ is correct.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋ถ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” '์•Š์•˜๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
However, we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‚ฌ 'be'์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋‹ต์€
11:38
So the correct answer is,
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11:39
โ€˜Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.โ€™
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'๋ ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค'์ด๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
11:45
And finally, โ€˜Sally and Jan or they had do their job.โ€™
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'Sally์™€ Jan ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
11:51
Hmm.
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11:52
Remember, we need the past participle.
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ํ . ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:55
We don't say do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์™„๋ฃŒ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
We say โ€˜doneโ€™.
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11:59
โ€˜Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.โ€™
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'Sally์™€ Jan์€ TV๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ผ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:05
Let's move on.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ ๊ฒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”
12:06
In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
12:09
for the past perfect tense that describes how long.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:13
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
โ€˜You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
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' ์ง‘์— ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๋ฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
12:21
Remember, we start with the subject and then โ€˜hadโ€™.
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.' ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ 'had'๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
So I'm going to add that here,
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12:28
then we need the past participle of the verb โ€˜beโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋™์‚ฌ 'be'์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
And that is โ€˜beenโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋์–ด์š”'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
โ€˜You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.โ€™
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'๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง‘์— ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์›์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
12:40
The next sentence says,
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.' ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€
12:42
โ€˜They blank for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Again, no matter what the subject, we have โ€˜hadโ€™ and then the past participle.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'had'์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
So the answer is,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€
12:55
โ€˜They had studied for six hours before they took a break.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:05
It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ข€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
โ€˜They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒซ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „
10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ƒˆ์–ด์š” .'
13:16
Can you find the mistake?
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
13:18
Well, we have the subject and โ€˜hadโ€™, but check this out.
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ 'had'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:22
There are two past participles here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
We need to get rid of one of them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
We can take out this verb and say, โ€˜They had known each other for ten years
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์ด ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋ฉด '๊ทธ๋“ค์€
์ฒซ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค
13:34
before they had their first fight.โ€™
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'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
The next sentence says, โ€˜I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ '
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค '๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.
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13:48
But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say โ€˜hadโ€™.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
'had'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:53
โ€˜I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.โ€™
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' ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:00
Good job, everybody.
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.' ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
14:02
Let's move on.
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14:03
Great job, everyone.
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์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
14:05
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:09
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
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. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณต๋ถ€
14:12
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
14:15
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
I know you'll master it.
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14:21
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.
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์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
, ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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