How to Use Can, Could and Be Able To - English Modal Verbs for Ability

675,305 views ใƒป 2015-04-13

Oxford Online English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hello, I'm Oli.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใงใ™ใ€‚
00:02
Welcome to Oxford Online English.
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ใ‚ชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:05
In this lesson, you can learn about using modal verbs to express ability.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆ็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:10
If you don't know what modal verbs are, or why you should care about them, watch this
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ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใชใœๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎๆฆ‚่ฆ
00:14
lesson, which gives you an introduction to the topic.
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ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ 
00:18
So in this lesson, we're going to focus on using the verbs 'can' and 'could' to talk
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ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcanใ€ใจใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
00:24
about ability.
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ใฆ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:26
You will also learn about the verbs 'be able to' and 'managed to'.
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ 'be able to' ใจ 'managed to' ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
00:30
These verbs are not modal verbs, but we can't use 'can' or 'could' in every situation to
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใงใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
00:36
talk about ability, so we sometimes need to use a different, non-modal verb.
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ใ“ใจใฏใงใใชใ„ ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅˆฅใฎ้žๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:43
First of all, let's look at using 'can' and 'could' to talk about ability.
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ใพใšใ€่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฎใ€Œcanใ€ใจใ€Œcouldใ€ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
00:49
You can use 'can' to talk about abilities in the present or the future.
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'can' ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃ ใฆใ€็พๅœจใพใŸใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:54
For example: "She can speak Spanish very well."
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
00:57
Or: "Can you come with us on Saturday?"
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€ŒๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใซไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:02
You can also use 'could' to talk about general abilities in the past.
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'could' ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:07
For example: "I could run much faster when I was younger."
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚ŒใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
01:11
'When I was younger' is a general ability, so I could run faster any time I wanted.
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ใ€Œ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใ€ใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ƒฝๅŠ›ใช ใฎใงใ€ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:18
"She could play the violin when she was a child."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€ใƒใ‚คใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใ‚’ๅผพใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
01:22
Again, this is a general ability about a longer period in the past.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆœŸ้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ƒฝๅŠ› ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:28
This is quite simple, and I'm sure you're familiar with it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:31
However, there are many situations where you can't use 'can' or 'could' to talk about ability,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒๅคšใ
01:38
and we need to use a different verb.
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ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
One of these verbs is 'be able to'.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ 1 ใคใซใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:44
Generally, 'can' and 'be able to' have the same meaning.
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใฏ ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:47
So, you can usually use either verb without any difference in meaning: "She can speak
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้€šๅธธใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎ้•ใ„ใชใ—ใซใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จ
01:54
Spanish very well," or: "She's able to speak Spanish very well."
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ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:59
These two sentences have the same meaning.
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ใ“ใฎไบŒใคใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
02:02
"I could run much faster when I was younger," or: "I was able to run much faster when I
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ใ€Œ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚ŒใŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚Œ
02:09
was younger."
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ใŸใ€
02:10
Again, there's no difference in meaning between these two sentences.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:14
However, you can't use 'can' or 'could' in every verb tense.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:19
If you want to use, for example, the present perfect form, there's no form of 'can' or
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไฝฟ็”จ ใงใใ‚‹ใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏ
02:25
'could' which you can use.
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฎๅฝขใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:28
So in these cases, you need to use a form of 'be able to'.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:34
For example: "He's been able to swim since he was two years old."
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผใฏ 2 ๆญณใฎ้ ƒใ‹ใ‚‰ๆณณใ’ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง
02:39
There's no way to use 'can' or 'could' in this sentence and keep the same meaning.
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ใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:44
We have to use 'be able to'.
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ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:46
"I like being able to choose my own working hours."
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ใ€Œๅƒใๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใง้ธในใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ„ใ„ ใ€
02:51
After the verb 'like', we need a verb with '-ing', so we need to use 'be able to'.
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'like' ใฎๅพŒใซใฏ '-ing' ใ‚’ไผดใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ 'be able to' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:56
Again, there's no way to use 'can' or 'could' in this sentence.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
03:01
There are many cases like this.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:04
Generally, if you have a choice, it's better to use 'can' or 'could', because it makes
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ 'can' ใพใŸใฏ 'could' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–น
03:08
your sentence simpler and shorter.
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ใŒๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใง็Ÿญใใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ 'can' ใ‚„ 'could' ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใชๅ ดๅˆ
03:11
We sometimes choose to use 'be able to', even when 'can' or 'could' are possible, because
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€'be able to' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:17
it sounds more formal.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:19
OK, now let's look at ability in the past: 'could' vs. 'be able to'.
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ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œcouldใ€ใจใ€Œbe able toใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:25
This gets a little bit more complicated.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ค‡้›‘ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:28
Let's look at an example sentence: "The traffic was really bad, but we could catch our train."
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ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€Œไบค้€š้‡ ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ‚ชใ‹ใฃใŸใŒใ€้›ป่ปŠใซ้–“ใซๅˆใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸ.ใ€
03:36
Does it sound right to you?
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๆญฃใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:37
What do you think?
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ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:40
If you said it sounds wrong, you're actually correct; this sentence is not right, it's
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้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:45
not possible.
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ใ€‚ไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
03:46
Do you know why?
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ใชใœใชใฎใ‹ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:48
The answer is this sentence is talking about a specific ability at a specific moment in
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏ้ŽๅŽป ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:55
the past.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:58
In this case, you can't use 'could'; you need to use a different verb.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€'could' ใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:04
You could say: "The traffic was really bad, but we were able to catch our train."
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ใ€Œๆธ‹ๆปžใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใฒใฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใฉใ€้›ป่ปŠใซใฏ้–“ใซๅˆใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:09
Or: "The traffic was really bad, but we managed to catch our train."
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ใพใŸใฏ: ใ€Œๆธ‹ๆปžใŒใฒใฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใฉใ€ไฝ•ใจใ‹ ้›ป่ปŠใซ้–“ใซๅˆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:15
In both of these sentences, we're talking about one moment, one train.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ‚‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅˆ—่ปŠใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:20
It's a specific situation; that means we can't use 'could'; we must use 'be able to' or 'managed
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ 'could' ใฏไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œbe able toใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œmanaged toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:30
to'.
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ใ€‚
04:32
Let's look at some more examples.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:34
"It was hard work, but we managed to finish everything on time."
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ใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใชไฝœๆฅญใงใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ๅ†…ใซใ™ในใฆใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:39
That means we finished something specific, at a specific moment.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซ็‰นๅฎšใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:44
"Our car broke down on the way, but luckily I was able to fix it."
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎ่ปŠใฏ้€”ไธญใงๆ•…้šœใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๅนธ้‹ใซใ‚‚ ไฟฎ็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:49
I fixed it at a specific moment; it wasn't a general thing.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ— ใŸใ€‚
04:55
There's one more important point here, which makes it even a little bit more complicated.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค้‡่ฆใช็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ค‡้›‘ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:00
This difference between general and specific situations only applies to positive sentences.
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ใ“ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช็Šถๆณใจ็‰นๅฎšใฎ ็Šถๆณใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชๆ–‡ใซใฎใฟ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:08
If your sentence is negative, there's no difference between 'could' and 'be able to'.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡ใŒๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใ€ 'could' ใจ 'be able to' ใฎ้–“ใซ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:13
It's like most other cases: you can choose which verb to use and it doesn't matter.
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ไป–ใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒๆง˜ใซ ใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้ธๆŠžใงใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:19
"It was hard work, and we couldn't finish everything on time."
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ใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใชไฝœๆฅญใงใ€ๆ™‚้–“ๅ†…ใซใ™ในใฆใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ— ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:24
Or: "It was hard work, and we weren't able to finish everything on time."
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ใพใŸใฏ: ใ€Œๅคงๅค‰ใชไฝœๆฅญใงใ€ ๆ™‚้–“ๅ†…ใซใ™ในใฆใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:31
Because these sentences are negative, it doesn't matter if the situation is general or specific;
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€็ŠถๆณใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใ‹ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใ‹ใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:37
it's now possible to use both forms: 'couldn't' or 'weren't able to'.
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'couldn't' ใพใŸใฏ 'weren't able to' ใฎไธกๆ–นใฎๅฝขๅผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚
05:41
Again, there's no difference in meaning in this case.
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ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:45
So, to review, 'can/could' or 'be able to' generally have the same meaning, unless you're
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€'can/could' ใพใŸใฏ 'be able to'
05:53
talking about a specific situation in the past, and the sentence is positive.
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ใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใ ใ€ๆ–‡ใŒ่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใงใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™ใ€‚
05:59
If you're not sure about this, remember you can always use 'be able to' in every case
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใชใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€Œbe able toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ
06:05
and never be wrong.
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ใ€ๆฑบใ—ใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:07
Next, let's look at 'could' in more detail.
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ๆฌกใซใ€'could' ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:12
'Could' has two meanings.
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ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใซใฏ2ใคใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:14
Look at two sentences: "I couldn't help you because I had too much to do."
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ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:19
"I couldn't help you even if I wanted to."
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ใ€ŒๅŠฉใ‘ใŸใใฆใ‚‚ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€
06:24
In these two sentences, the verb 'could' is used in different ways.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcouldใ€ใŒ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:28
Can you see the difference?
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้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:29
Here's a question to check your understanding: how would you use 'be able to' in these two
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—
06:35
sentences?
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ใพใ™ใ‹?
06:37
If you want to think about your answer, pause the video and think about it.
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่€ƒใˆใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
06:42
In the first sentence, "I couldn't help you because I had too much to do," the meaning
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ€Œ ใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใฆใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใฏใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
06:48
is past.
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ใŒ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
06:50
If we use 'be able to', we would say: "I wasn't able to help you because I had too much to
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'be able to' ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ€ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใ ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡
06:56
do."
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ใ†ใ€‚
06:58
In the second sentence, 'could' has a hypothetical or conditional meaning.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฎ 'could' ใซใฏใ€ไปฎ่ชฌ็š„ ใพใŸใฏๆกไปถไป˜ใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:04
To use 'be able to', we would say, "I wouldn't be able to help you even if I wanted to."
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ใ€Œใงใใพใ™ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใŸใใฆใ‚‚ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
So 'could' can have two different meanings; a past meaning and a hypothetical meaning.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€'could' ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใจไปฎ่ชฌใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€‚ ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซ
07:19
You need to use the context of the sentence or the situation to understand what 'could'
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ใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใพใŸใฏ็Šถๆณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:25
means.
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ใ€‚
07:26
For example: "Why couldn't he do it last week?"
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œใชใœๅฝผใฏๅ…ˆ้€ฑใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
07:31
The time marker 'last week' shows you that this sentence is past, and that 'could' has
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ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ  ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ 'last week' ใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใŒ้ŽๅŽปใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€'could' ใซ
07:35
a past meaning.
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ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:37
"We could work together, if you wanted."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธ€็ท’ใซๅƒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:40
Again, the end of the sentence with 'if' shows you that 'could' has a hypothetical meaning.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ๆœซใฎใ€Œifใ€ ใฏใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใŒไปฎ่ชฌ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:48
OK, let's review the important points from this lesson.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
07:53
You can use 'can' or 'could' to talk about abilities in the past, present or future.
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ใ€Œcanใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใ€็พๅœจใ€ใพใŸใฏๆœชๆฅใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:58
'Can/could' and 'be able to' usually have the same meaning.
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'can/could' ใจ 'be able to' ใฏ ้€šๅธธๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
08:03
Sometimes you need to use 'be able to', for example if you need to use a verb with '-ing',
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ-ingใ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ‹•่ฉž
08:09
or if you need to use the present perfect tense, or some other tense where 'can/could'
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œcan/couldใ€ใŒไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„ไป–ใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใชใฉใ€ใ€Œbe able toใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:15
don't exist.
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ๅญ˜ๅœจใ€‚
08:18
In the past, 'could' and 'was/were able to' are sometimes different.
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ไปฅๅ‰ใฏใ€'could' ใจ 'was/were able to' ใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:24
If you are talking about a specific situation, and the sentence is positive, you can only
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็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใงใ€ๆ–‡ใŒ่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
08:29
use 'was/were able to', or 'managed to'.
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'was/were able to' ใพใŸใฏ 'managed to' ใฎใฟใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:34
Finally, 'could' can have two different meanings.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€'could' ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:38
It can have a past meaning, the same as 'was/were able to', or it can have a hypothetical meaning,
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'was/were able to' ใจๅŒใ˜้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€'would be able to' ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไปฎ่ชฌ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
08:45
like 'would be able to'.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:48
OK, that's the end of the lesson.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
08:51
I hope it was useful for you.
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ใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:53
If you want to see the full version of this lesson, you can check it out on our website.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅฎŒๅ…จ็‰ˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:56
The full lesson includes a text, so you can read and review everything.
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ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณๅ…จไฝ“ใซใฏใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงๅพฉ็ฟ’ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏ
09:02
There's also a quiz to help you practise the topic and check that you've understood everything.
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ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ€ ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:07
OK, that's all.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ ใ€‚
09:08
Thanks again for watching, and I'll see you next time.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
09:12
Bye bye!
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ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚ค๏ผ
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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