English Writing - Paraphrasing

505,279 views ใƒป 2009-08-10

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, my name is Rebecca and in today's lesson we're going to be talking about paraphrasing.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:15
Now what is paraphrasing and why is it important?
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ใงใฏใ€่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ใชใœใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
00:19
Paraphrasing is expressing the same ideas that you have heard or read in your own words,
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใจใฏใ€่žใ„ใŸใ‚Š่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ—ใŸๅŒใ˜่€ƒใˆใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ€ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใง่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
00:25
in different words.
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ใ€‚
00:27
Why is it difficult to do this?
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ใชใœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:30
Because sometimes when we hear something or read something that sounds quite good, we
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚Š่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„้Ÿณใ‚’่žใใจใ€ใใ‚Œ
00:34
have a tendency to want to copy that.
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ใ‚’็œŸไผผใ—ใŸใใชใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:37
However, we can't because that's called copying.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:40
The proper word for that is called plagiarism, which is actually looked upon quite seriously
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ใใฎ้ฉๅˆ‡ใช่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅ‰ฝ็ชƒใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ
00:46
as an offense in universities and in academic life in general and also in professional life.
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ใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ‚„ๅญฆๅ•็”Ÿๆดปๅ…จ่ˆฌใ€ใใ—ใฆ่ทๆฅญ็”ŸๆดปใซใŠใ„ใฆ็Šฏ็ฝชใจใ—ใฆ้žๅธธใซ็œŸๅ‰ฃใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:52
So it's really important for you to learn to be able to express something that you have
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่žใ„ใŸใ‚Š่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใง่กจ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™
00:57
heard or read about in your own language.
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ใ€‚
01:01
So I'm going to show you in this video some strategies to help you to do that.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๆˆฆ็•ฅใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Let's look at what they are.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:08
Ok, so I have here six different techniques you can use when you want to paraphrase something
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ใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆ
01:14
or when you want to express something in your own words.
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ใŸใ„ใจใใ‚„ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใซไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ 6 ใคใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:18
And I'm going to give you some examples as we go along of each one.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไพ‹ใซๆฒฟใฃใฆใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:23
The first one is to use a synonym for the word in the sentence.
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1 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ๆ–‡ไธญใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅŒ็พฉ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:29
So for example, I'm just going to grab my examples here.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ“ใง็งใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚€ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
01:33
Alright, so if your original sentence is "The hardest language to learn is Mandarin."
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ…ƒใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ€ŒๅญฆใถใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชžใฏๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใงใ™ใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:42
The hardest language to learn is Mandarin.
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ๅญฆใถใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชžใฏๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:45
If I want to paraphrase that sentence, I could say "The most difficult language to learn
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ใใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ŒๅญฆใถใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชž
01:52
is Mandarin."
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ใฏๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:56
So what I've done here is I've substituted "most difficult" for "hardest".
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ใ“ใ“ใง่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:01
This is one way, but it's still not a good paraphrase because it's too close to the original
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅ…ƒใฎๆ–‡ใซ่ฟ‘ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใพใ ่‰ฏใ„่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:08
sentence.
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.
02:09
So I could now change a couple of words.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏไปŠใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ.
02:13
If my original sentence is "The hardest language to learn is Mandarin."
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็งใฎๅ…ƒใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ€ŒๅญฆใถใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชžใฏๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:18
I could say "The most difficult language to master is Mandarin."
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ใ€Œ็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชžใฏๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
Now I've changed two parts.
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ไปŠใ€็งใฏ2ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:26
I've changed "hardest" to "most difficult" and I've changed "learn" to "master".
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ใ€Œๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅญฆใถใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œ็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:33
This is better, but it still sounds a lot like the original, doesn't it?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ธใƒŠใƒซใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
02:38
OK.
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OKใ€‚
02:39
So here's another option.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:41
We could say "Mandarin is one of the most difficult languages to master."
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ใ€ŒๅŒ—ไบฌ่ชžใฏใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„่จ€่ชžใฎ 1 ใคใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:48
Now we have a more successful paraphrase because we've changed not only words using different
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹้กž็พฉ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚‚ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ
02:54
synonyms, we've also changed the order of the words.
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ใ€‚
02:59
So we have a more effective paraphrase and that would be a good one.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:03
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
03:04
Let's look now at a second method.
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ๆฌกใซใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:08
The second method is to use an antonym.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ๅๆ„่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:10
An antonym, as you know, is a word that means the opposite.
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ๅๆ„่ชžใจใฏใ€ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅๅฏพใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใค่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:14
So this is a fairly easy technique which you can fall back on when you're really not sure
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ‰‹ๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
03:21
what else to do.
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ใ€ไป–ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใซ้ ผใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:22
An example of this would be instead of saying "The man is tall."
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใฏ่ƒŒใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
You could say "The man is not short."
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ใ€Œ็”ทใฏ่ƒŒใŒไฝŽใใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
03:30
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
03:32
Instead of saying "The school is far away."
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ใ€Œๅญฆๆ กใŒ้ ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€‚
03:36
You could say "The school is not near."
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ใ€Œๅญฆๆ กใŒ่ฟ‘ใใซใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
This is an example of using antonyms.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅๆ„่ชžใฎไฝฟ็”จไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:42
It's a fairly basic, simple technique and you can use it once in a while, not all the
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใงๅ˜็ด”ใชๆ‰‹ๆณ•ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅธธใซใงใฏใชใ
03:48
time, but you can use it successfully.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ†ใพใไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:50
Alright.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€‚
03:51
The third way is to use a phrasal verb.
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3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:55
So let's look at an example of this.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:58
She discarded her used lipstick case in the trash can.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝฟ็”จๆธˆใฟใฎๅฃ็ด…ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใ‚ดใƒŸ็ฎฑใซๆจใฆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:04
She discarded her used lipstick case in the trash can.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝฟ็”จๆธˆใฟใฎๅฃ็ด…ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใ‚ดใƒŸ็ฎฑใซๆจใฆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:09
Let's suppose that we want to replace the word "discarded" with a phrasal verb.
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ใ€Œdiscardedใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:15
So what could you use?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:17
Do you know what it means to discard something?
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆจใฆใ‚‹ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:20
To discard something means to throw it away.
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ๆจใฆใ‚‹ใจใฏใ€ๆจใฆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:24
That's right.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
04:25
So we could use here "She threw away her used lipstick case."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝฟ็”จๆธˆใฟใฎๅฃ็ด…ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ๆจใฆใŸใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:31
Instead of "She discarded."
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆจใฆใŸใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€‚
04:34
Because if you keep using the same words that were used in your original passage, whether
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจใ€ๅ…ƒใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
04:39
it's a reading passage or a listening text, then that would not be considered paraphrasing.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใจใฏ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™.
04:46
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
04:47
So what we're looking for is to successfully substitute those words with our own words
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซใ†ใพใ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹
04:53
and also to resist the temptation to copy or use those words no matter how wonderful
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ใ“ใจใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใฉใ‚“ใชใซ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใŸใ‚Šไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹่ช˜ๆƒ‘ใซๆŠตๆŠ—
05:01
they may be.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
05:03
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
05:04
Let's look at another technique and this is sometimes being able to use a general verb.
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ๅˆฅใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:10
So for example, if you had a sentence that said, "The factory manufactures boxes."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅทฅๅ ดใง็ฎฑใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:18
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
05:19
"The factory manufactures boxes."
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ใ€Œใใฎๅทฅๅ ดใฏ็ฎฑใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:22
You could substitute it with a synonym like, "The factory produces boxes."
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ใ€Œๅทฅๅ ดใฏ็ฎฑใ‚’็”Ÿ็”ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅŒ็พฉ่ชžใง็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:29
Or you could use a more general verb, "The factory makes boxes."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๅทฅๅ ดใง็ฎฑใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:35
It's not as effective, but at least you're not using the same word.
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ใใ‚ŒใปใฉๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“.
05:39
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
05:40
And lastly, we could use phrases.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:45
So for phrases, what we mean is something like this.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
Let's suppose that our original sentence is, "Many people in Canada are bilingual."
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ๅ…ƒใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใงใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:55
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
05:56
"Many people in Canada are bilingual."
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ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใงใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:00
So let's suppose that you want to find a substitute for the word "bilingual."
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎไปฃ็”จใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:06
What could you say?
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ไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:07
Well, what does "bilingual" mean?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:10
"By" is a prefix which means "to" and "lingual" has to do with languages.
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ใ€ŒByใ€ใฏใ€Œtoใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๆŽฅ้ ญ่พžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒLingalsใ€ใฏ่จ€่ชžใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:16
"Bilingual" means you speak two languages.
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ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใ€ใจใฏใ€2 ใคใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:19
So you could just use a phrase to elaborate on that word or to explain that word.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:25
So you could say, "Many people in Canada speak two languages," or, "Many people in Canada
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใงใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ 2 ใคใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใงใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใƒใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฌใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
06:32
are bilingual."
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ใ€‚
06:33
These two sentences are the same, but at the same time, you haven't copied the exact words.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๆญฃ็ขบใชๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:40
Again, more successfully, you would also be changing the structure of the sentence and
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใ™ใŒ
06:45
not only individual words, but these are some techniques to do that.
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™.
06:50
Now, what happens if you find a particularly delightful sentence or word in your reading
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ใงใฏใ€่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎไธญใซ็‰นใซๆฅฝใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ€
06:57
passage, and you really don't want to paraphrase it or you don't know how to paraphrase it?
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใŸใใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
07:04
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
07:05
Both of these situations can occur.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็Šถๆณใฎไธกๆ–นใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:06
So what do you do then?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:07
Well, in that case, it is possible to use a quotation, which is what I have here as
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ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใจใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅผ•็”จใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝ
07:14
your last option.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:16
You can put the quotation, you can use an entire sentence and put it in quotation marks.
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ๅผ•็”จใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆใงๅ›ฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:22
You could use certain expression and put it in quotation marks.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎ่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆใงๅ›ฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
When I'm going like this, it means quotation marks, OK?
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็งใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
07:31
Because quotation marks consist of two commas, two apostrophes at the top and two apostrophes
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ๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€ๆœซๅฐพใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅผ•็”จ็ฌฆ
07:37
at the end of it, so that's called a quotation.
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ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:40
So when people go like this, they mean quotation.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅผ•็”จใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™.
07:43
And if you saw that episode of Friends, then you'll know what I'm talking about, where
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใ‚บใฎใ‚ใฎใ‚จใƒ”ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚
07:48
Ross does something similar to that, OK?
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ใ†ใ€ใƒญใ‚นใŒไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใญใ€‚
07:52
So these are some techniques that you can use for paraphrasing, which is a really important
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
07:57
skill in academic life, in your TOEFL exam, in your IELTS exam or any other exam or any
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ใ€ๅญฆๅ•็”Ÿๆดปใ€TOEFL ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ€IELTS ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ€ใใฎไป–ใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
08:04
other type of writing you may need to do in your life, all right?
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ไบบ็”Ÿใงๅฟ…่ฆใจใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใใฎไป–ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใซใŠใ„ใฆ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚‹่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:08
So I hope I've been able to help you with that.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:10
Good luck with paraphrasing.
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:11
Bye for now.
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ใพใŸใญใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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