Parallelism: The secret to great writing

881,001 views ใƒป 2018-06-30

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚
00:01
I'm Rebecca from engVid.
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engVid ใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:02
This lesson is for you if you want to learn how to communicate more powerfully in just
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใ€็Ÿญๆ™‚้–“ ใงใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใชใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ™
00:07
a short time.
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ใ€‚
00:09
This lesson is about something called: "Parallelism" or "Parallel Structure".
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใ€ ใ€Œไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:14
Now, in case you've never heard of it, or if you've heard of it but you're not sure
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่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ๆ–นใ€ ใพใŸใฏ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‘ใฉใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๆ–นใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€็‰นใซๅญฆ็•Œใ‚„ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใซใŠใ„ใฆ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช
00:18
what it is, I just want to tell you that it's something really important, especially in
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ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:25
academic circles or in the business world.
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ไธ–็•Œใ€‚
00:28
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:29
And also socially.
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ใใ—ใฆ็คพไผš็š„ใซใ‚‚ใ€‚
00:30
So, whether you're speaking, or whether you're writing, this principle of parallelism will
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ“ใฎไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใฎๅŽŸๅ‰‡ใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„
00:36
help you to communicate more effectively.
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ใชใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:39
So, first of all, what is parallelism?
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ใงใฏใ€ใพใš ไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹?
00:42
So, it's a speaking or writing technique in which you communicate more powerfully by balancing
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใฎ ใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใพใŸใฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ
00:52
different parts of your sentence, and I'm going to show you lots of examples so you
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™
00:57
understand exactly.
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ใ€‚
00:58
So, when we create a sentence that has parallel structure, it means that when we have a list
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŒใคๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
01:05
of items in our sentence, all of the forms of speech should be the same.
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใซ้ …็›ฎใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ™ในใฆ ใฎ็™บ่ฉฑๅฝขๅผใŒๅŒใ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
01:12
For example, you have verbs, verbs, verbs; nouns and nouns; adjectives and adjectives;
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใจๅ่ฉž; ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž;
01:20
adverbs and adverbs.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€‚
01:21
Now, that seems obvious, but in real life when people speak and write, they don't always
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ๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šๅ‰ใฎใ“ใจใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ไบบใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅธธใซ
01:26
do that.
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ใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:27
So I'm going to show you: "What are the benefits of using parallelism?" and also exactly how
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅˆฉ็‚นใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
01:33
to use them in a sentence.
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€‚
01:35
So, some of the benefits that you will get when you start creating sentences with parallel
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅˆฉ็‚นใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏใ€
01:40
structure are that your sentences will have more weight, they'll be more balanced, they'll
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ๆ–‡ใฎ ้‡ใฟใŒๅข—ใ—ใ€ใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œ
01:48
have more rhythm to them, they'll have more style, more clarity (they'll be more clear),
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ใ€ใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใŒๅข—ใ—ใ€ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใŒๅข—ใ— ใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Š๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™๏ผ‰ใ€
01:55
and also you'll be able to emphasize things more.
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:59
And as a result of all that, your speaking or your writing will be much more dramatic
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจ ใ‚„ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅŠ‡็š„
02:05
and much more powerful.
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ใงๅŠ›ๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:07
And you may not realize why, but it's really important that this parallel structure exists.
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็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใ“ใฎไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:14
Now, in addition, it's not just something to make it better, it's not just something
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:20
to improve your communication.
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ใ€‚
02:23
In academic circles, if you don't follow these parallel structure rules, it's actually considered
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ๅญฆ็•Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ„ใจใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
02:30
a mistake in writing; it's considered very weak writing, bad writing, poor writing, and
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ใฏๆ›ธใ้–“้•ใ„ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ ๅผฑใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ€ไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ€ไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œ
02:36
you will get lower grades as a result of that.
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ใ€ใใฎ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆๆˆ็ธพใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:40
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:41
So it's really important, especially if you're in the academic world or writing anything
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็‰นใซ ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใชไธ–็•Œใ‚„็œŸ้ข็›ฎใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
02:44
serious or in the business world, to write this way.
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ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใฎ ไธ–็•Œใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆ
02:49
Let's look at some simple examples first.
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ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใชไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
02:51
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:52
So, this sentence, the first one: "Janet sings and dances."
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ ใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฏๆญŒใฃใฆ่ธŠใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:57
So here, what do we see?
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ใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:00
We see verbs and verbs: "Janet sings and dances."
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฏๆญŒใฃใฆ่ธŠใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:07
If somebody didn't write this sentence properly, they might write: "Janet sings and is dancing."
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ“ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’้ฉๅˆ‡ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฏๆญŒใฃใฆ่ธŠใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:14
Now, here it didn't match because this was present simple, so this should be a verb in
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใ ใฃใŸใฎใงไธ€่‡ดใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
03:20
the present simple; they should both be verbs, they should both be in the same tense, and so on.
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ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:27
Let's look at more examples.
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:28
"We enjoy reading and cooking."
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏ่ชญๆ›ธใจๆ–™็†ใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:30
Here we have two gerunds: "reading", "cooking".
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ ใ€"reading" ใจ "cooking" ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
Next: "I like to watch movies and to travel abroad."
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ๆฌก: ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ป้‘‘่ณž ใจๆตทๅค–ๆ—…่กŒใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:42
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:43
Now, you see how that seems really balanced?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:46
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:47
So we have: "to watch movies", so we have an infinitive and a noun, and "to travel abroad".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ ไธๅฎš่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆตทๅค–ๆ—…่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:57
"To travel", infinitive and a...
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ใ€Œๆ—…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใจโ€ฆ
04:00
Well, it's not a noun, but it's like a noun, it functions like a noun.
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ใพใใ€ๅ่ฉžใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฟใŸใ„ใชใ€ๅ่ฉžใฟใŸใ„ใชๅƒใใ€‚
04:04
Next: "The reasons for my view are political, cultural, and social."
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ๆฌกใธ: ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใ€ๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ใ€็คพไผš็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:10
So here we have three adjectives.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใŒ3ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:12
Now, up til now we had two, now we have three.
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ไปŠใพใงใฏ 2 ใคใ ใฃใŸใฎใŒใ€ไปŠใงใฏ 3 ใคใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:19
And if you've watched my earlier lesson on: "The Power of Three" or "The Magic of Three",
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใ€ŒThe Power of Threeใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒThe Magic of Threeใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ
04:24
you will know that this is really special.
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ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็‰นๅˆฅใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:27
This is like parallelism on steroids.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ใฎไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:30
This is like the best kind of writing you can do, and a lot of very famous leaders and
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซๆœ‰ๅใชใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ‚„ไฝœๅฎถใฎๅคšใใŒ
04:36
writers write this way, using parallelism in threes to make things much more effective.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€3 ใคใฎไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆ็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:44
So, if you haven't watched that other lesson, I will tell you where you can get it; it's
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไป–ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ใพใ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใฉใ“ใงๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ
04:48
called: "The Magic of Three" on our website.
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ใงใฏใ€ŒThe Magic of Threeใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:50
So: "The reasons for my view are political, cultural, and social."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใ€ๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ใ€็คพไผš็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:55
Three adjectives.
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3 ใคใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€‚
04:58
"The police acted quickly and carefully."
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ใ€Œ่ญฆๅฏŸใฏ ่ฟ…้€Ÿใ‹ใคๆ…Ž้‡ใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:01
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:02
So we have here: "quickly", "carefully", two adverbs.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ใ€Œ่ฟ…้€Ÿใซใ€ใ€ ใ€Œๆ…Ž้‡ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ† 2 ใคใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
And last: "We enjoy comedies, dramas, and documentaries."
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ณใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ€ ใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒžใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฅใƒกใƒณใ‚ฟใƒชใƒผใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:13
So you have here three nouns.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ 3 ใคใฎๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
05:17
So that's what's important: nouns with nouns, adverbs with adverbs, adjectives with adjectives
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™๏ผšๅ่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
05:22
- you get the idea.
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- ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹.
05:24
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:25
Now, if you get the idea, work with me, stay with me.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆ€ใ„ใคใ„ ใŸใ‚‰ใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅƒใใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:28
We're going to do a quiz and we're going to analyze some of these sentences when the parallelism
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ„ ใ€ไธฆๅˆ—ๆ€งใŒๅดฉใ‚ŒใŸใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆž
05:33
falls apart, and you're going to help me put these sentences back together to make them
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ…ƒใซๆˆปใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’
05:38
really strong.
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้žๅธธใซๅผทๅŠ›ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:39
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:40
Let's get started.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:41
Okay, now you help me to find the faulty parallelism, the mistakes in parallel structure in these
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใฎ่ชคใ‚Šใ€ๆฌ ้™ฅใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™
05:48
sentences.
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ใ€‚
05:49
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:50
Let's go.
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ใ•ใ‚่กŒใ“ใ†ใ€‚
05:51
Number one: "The lightbulbs are in the cabinet, on the table or the kitchen sink."
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1ใค็›ฎ๏ผšใ€Œ้›ป็ƒใฏ ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ“ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎไธญใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฐๆ‰€ใฎๆตใ—ใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:00
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:01
Think for a second: Is there a mistake in this sentence?
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ๅฐ‘ใ—่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซ่ชคใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
06:06
There is.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
06:07
First of all, there are mistakes in all of these.
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ใพใšใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใซ้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:09
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:10
So I'll tell you all of that right now.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:12
Where is the mistake?
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้–“้•ใ„ใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:14
"The lightbulbs are in the cabinet, on the table or the kitchen sink."
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ใ€Œ้›ป็ƒใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ“ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎไธญ ใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฐๆ‰€ใฎๆตใ—ใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:20
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:22
So I was trying to say it in a way that you feel and hear the rhythm.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€่žใๆ–นๆณ•ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—
06:27
So, the rhythm is here: "The lightbulbs are in the cabinet, on the table or", what's missing
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ใŸ. ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ้›ป็ƒ ใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ“ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎไธญใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆ
06:40
here?
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
06:42
A preposition. "in" is a preposition, "on" is a preposition, but here we're missing a
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€‚ "in" ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€"on" ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใŒๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆ
06:50
preposition, and that created a mistake in this sentence.
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ใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œ ใŒใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซ่ชคใ‚Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:55
So we could say: "...or under the kitchen sink".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ...ใพใŸใฏ ใ‚ญใƒƒใƒใƒณใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฏใฎไธ‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:01
"...in the cabinet, on the table, under the kitchen sink".
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ใ€Œโ€ฆใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ“ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎไธญใ€ ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใ€ๅฐๆ‰€ใฎๆตใ—ใฎไธ‹ใ€ใ€‚
07:05
Now this sentence is parallel.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅฏพ่จณใงใ™ใ€‚
07:08
Congratulations.
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ใŠใ‚ใงใจใ†ใ€‚
07:09
All right, number two: "She wants to speak to the manager, return the cellphone and to
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2 ็•ช็›ฎ: ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใจ่ฉฑใ—ใ€ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’่ฟ”ๅด
07:16
get a refund."
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ใ—ใ€ๆ‰•ใ„ๆˆปใ—ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:17
Did you catch the error?
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ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใ‚’ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
07:21
"She wants to speak to the manager, return the cellphone and to get a refund."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใจ่ฉฑใ— ใ€ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’่ฟ”ๅดใ—ใ€่ฟ”้‡‘ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:27
Now, there are actually two ways that you could fix this sentence.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ• ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
So one is here: "She wants to..."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏโ€ฆใ—ใŸใ„ใ€
07:36
She wants to do what?
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
07:38
"...speak to the manager, return the cellphone", and in one way to correct it is to get rid
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"...speak to the manager, return the cellphone" ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ
07:49
of this extra "to" and then we have just three verbs.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช "to" ใ‚’ ๅ‰Š้™คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ 3 ใคใ—ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:53
"...speak to the manager, return the cellphone, get a refund".
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ใ€Œ...ใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ ใ€ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใ€ๆ‰•ใ„ๆˆปใ—ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€.
07:58
The other way to correct the sentence which is all right, but it's not maybe as effective,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใ‚ŒใปใฉๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
08:03
is to say: "She wants to speak to the manager", now we say "to speak".
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ใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:08
"She wants to speak to the manager, to return the cellphone and to get a refund."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใจ่ฉฑใ— ใ€ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’่ฟ”ๅดใ—ใ€่ฟ”้‡‘ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:15
So then we say: "to speak", "to return", "to get".
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œ่ฉฑใ™ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅพ—ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:18
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:19
Do you see how it's more balanced that way?
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ใใฎใปใ†ใŒใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:22
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:23
Two ways in which you could correct it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใ‚‹2ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ• ใ€‚
08:24
Next, number three: "To fly will be better than driving."
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใใฎ 3:ใ€Œ้ฃ›ใถ ใ“ใจใฏใ€้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡็ซ 
08:32
Maybe you've written sentences like this.
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ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:34
I do sometimes.
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็งใฏๆ™‚ใ€…ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:35
Sometimes I write it like that first, but then I correct it because I'm aware of it.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฏใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:39
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:40
And as you become more aware of it, you will correct your sentences.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
08:43
"To fly will be better than driving."
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจ ใฏ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่‰ฏใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
08:47
How can we correct this?
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ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
08:48
Well, the best way to probably correct it is here we have "driving", so here we should
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œ้‹่ปขใ€
08:55
have, what?
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:57
Another gerund: "flying".
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ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉž๏ผšใ€Œ้ฃ›ใถใ€ใ€‚
09:01
"Flying will be better than driving."
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ใ€Œ้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจ ใฏ้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:04
Okay? Good.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
09:06
Next, number four: "She wanted love, happiness, and to be secure."
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ๆฌกใซใ€4็•ช็›ฎ๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ„›ใ€ ๅนธ็ฆใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฎ‰ๅ…จใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€.
09:13
So what do we have there?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:15
"She wanted love", a noun, "happiness", a noun, and then what happened?
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ„›ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ใ€Œๅนธใ›ใ€ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆ–‡
09:21
The structure of the sentence fell apart.
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ใฎๆง‹้€ ใŒ ๅดฉใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
09:23
So instead of having a third noun, the writer went on to say: "...and to be secure".
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ไฝœๅฎถ ใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:29
How can we express this idea: "to be secure" in one word, in one noun?
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œ ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใ‚’็ขบไฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚’ใ€ไธ€่จ€ใงใ€ๅ่ฉžใงใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กจ็พใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
09:35
Do you know it?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:44
It would be: "security".
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ปใ‚ญใƒฅใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:45
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:46
"She wanted love, happiness, and security."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ„›ใ€ๅนธ็ฆใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
09:48
Now the sentence is balanced, and parallel, and perfect.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ๆ–‡ใฏใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒใจใ‚Œ ใ€ๅนณ่กŒใซใชใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒ็’งใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:52
All right.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
09:54
The next one.
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
09:55
Now, it's a little bit more challenging, but stay with me; I think you can do it.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ ใŒใ€็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:58
I know you can do it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใชใ‚‰ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
09:59
"The job demands professional qualifications, the ability to manage others and experience
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฐ‚้–€็š„ใช่ณ‡ๆ ผใ€ ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ™ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅŠ›
10:10
working around the globe."
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆไธ–็•Œไธญใงๅƒใ„ใŸ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:12
Okay, doesn't matter, sometimes we have a lot of things to say.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆ™‚ใ€… ใ€่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:16
It's okay if the sentence is long.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ้•ทใใฆใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
10:19
But even if it's long, it should still be parallel.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้•ทใใฆใ‚‚ๅนณ่กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
10:22
So, how could we make this more parallel?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธฆๅˆ—ๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
10:26
So let's start here: "The job demands" three things, right?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€Œไป•ไบ‹ใŒ ่ฆๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€3 ใคใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใญใ€‚
10:30
So the first thing was: "professional qualifications", so what do we have here?
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฏใ€Œๅฐ‚้–€ ่ณ‡ๆ ผใ€ใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
10:36
An adjective and a noun.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:40
Then the sentence kind of fell apart, and it said: "the ability to manage others".
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒใƒใƒฉใƒใƒฉใซ ใชใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œไป–ไบบใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ™ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:45
So, can we change this part in some way so that it's also an adjective and a noun?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงๅค‰ๆ›ด ใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
10:53
How can we say "the ability to manage others" as an adjective and a noun?
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ใ€Œไป–่€…ใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ™ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅŠ› ใ€ใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‹?
11:00
We could say...
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11:11
Instead of saying: "the ability to manage others", we say: "professional qualifications,
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ใ€Œไป–ไบบใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ™ใ‚‹่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ ใ€ใ€Œๅฐ‚้–€็š„ใช่ณ‡ๆ ผใ€
11:15
managerial ability", and then again a very longwinded thing, we want to shorten it: "experience
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็ฎก็†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€ใพใŸ้žๅธธใซ้•ท ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ„
11:23
working around the globe".
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œไธ–็•Œไธญใงๅƒใ„ใŸ็ตŒ้จ“ใ€ใจ็Ÿญใใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ .
11:24
So can you shorten that to two words, an adjective and a noun also?
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ใงใฏ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
11:29
Can you do that with me?
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็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:31
So, how can we do that?
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ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
11:34
We could say: "and global experience".
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ใ€Œใใ—ใฆ ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใช็ตŒ้จ“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:40
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:41
So now let's listen to the sentence.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ใ€ๆ–‡ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:43
"The job demands professional qualifications, managerial ability, and global experience."
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฐ‚้–€็š„ใช่ณ‡ๆ ผใ€ ็ฎก็†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใช็ตŒ้จ“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:51
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:52
Now, this is a beautiful, professional, businesslike parallel sentence.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พŽใ—ใใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒŠใƒซใงใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฏใชๅฏพ่จณๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:58
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:59
Next, the last one here, number six: "Let's start by checking your essay and look for
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 6
12:06
any faulty parallelism."
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็•ช็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚
12:09
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:10
So there is a problem there.
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ใใ“ใงๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:14
"Let's start by checking your essay and look for any faulty parallelism."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ ใฆใ€ไธๅฎŒๅ…จใชไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
12:19
It almost sounds like it's okay, but it's not, because we're saying: "Let's start by",
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซใง ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€Œๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃ
12:27
doing what?
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:29
"...checking your essay", right?
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ใ€Œโ€ฆใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏไธญใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
12:33
And so here it should be: "...checking your essay and looking for any faulty parallelism".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™๏ผšใ€Œ...ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใ€ๆฌ ้™ฅใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
12:42
Okay, sometimes it's pretty hidden.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๆ™‚ใ€… ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š้š ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:45
It's very normal to write sentences that are not parallel in the beginning, until you start
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฏๅนณ่กŒใงใฏใชใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใฎใฏใ”ใๆ™ฎ้€šใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ
12:51
really becoming aware of it, and then you enjoy it, and then you say: "Wow, my writing
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใพใงใฏ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ€ใ€Œใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€็งใฎๆ–‡็ซ 
12:55
is getting so much better, my speaking is getting so much more powerful."
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ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใ€็งใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅผทๅŠ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
12:59
This is a really powerful technique, okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅผทๅŠ›ใช ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
13:01
And as I said, if you want to make it even more powerful, check out that other lesson
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅผทๅŠ›ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅˆฅใฎ
13:06
on: "The Magic of Three", so that you'll learn how to make it parallel three times.
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ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ€ŒThe Magic of Threeใ€ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ 3 ๅ›žไธฆๅˆ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:11
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:12
As I did, for example, in sentence number five.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€5็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใง็งใŒใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ€‚
13:14
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:15
All right.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
13:16
And if you want to practice this some more, please go to our website: www.engvid.com;
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ (www.engvid.com) ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:19
there, you can do a quiz on parallelism or parallel structure, and you can also check
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ใใ“ใงใฏใ€ไธฆๅˆ—ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ‚„ไธฆๅˆ—ๆง‹้€ ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
13:27
out lots of other videos on improving your English.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎไป–ใฎๅคšใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:30
Hundreds of other videos.
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ไป–ใฎไฝ•็™พใ‚‚ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ€‚
13:32
And don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
13:35
Thanks for watching.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
13:36
All the best with your English.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:38
Bye for now.
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ใพใŸใญใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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