Writing & Punctuation: How to use a COMMA correctly in a complex sentence

214,097 views ใƒป 2022-10-27

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. I'm Rebecca from engVid. In this lesson, I'm going to show you a small trick that you
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ engVid ใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€
00:05
can use to improve your English writing, especially when you're writing complex sentences. I'm
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็‰นใซ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅฐใ•ใชใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
going to explain to you exactly what a complex sentence is, and also how to punctuate it
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่ค‡้›‘ใช ๆ–‡ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใ€
00:16
properly so that you can get a higher mark if you're going for your exam, like the IELTS
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IELTS
00:22
or the TOEFL, or if you're submitting an essay at university, if you're writing a business
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ใ‚„ TOEFL ใชใฉใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ ๅคงๅญฆใงใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๅ†ๆๅ‡บใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
00:28
report, or if you're applying for a job. Okay? Because this little comma, this little punctuation
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ€ใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใŒใ€
00:34
mark makes the difference between a correct sentence and an incorrect sentence. All right?
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ ๆ–‡ใจ้–“้•ใฃใŸๆ–‡ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’็”Ÿใ‚€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:40
And I'll show you exactly when to use it and how to use it. Okay? So, let's get started.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:46
Now, first of all, what is a complex sentence? A complex sentence in English is a sentence
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ใงใฏใพใšใ€่ค‡ๆ–‡ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹๏ผŸ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่ค‡ๆ–‡ใจใฏใ€
00:53
which has an independent clause and a dependent clause. Okay, that's great, you say, but what's
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž ็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใจใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆก้ …ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹
01:02
a clause? Okay. Not Santa Claus. We're not talking about Santa Claus here. We're talking
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? ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ตใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ตใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
01:08
about a clause in English, in English grammar. So, "clause" is just a group of words that
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็ฏ€ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฅใ€ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใ™
01:14
has a subject and a verb. So, what's the difference, then, between independent clause or dependent
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž
01:22
clause? Well, we know that both of them are clauses, so both of them have a subject and
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็ฏ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใจ
01:29
a verb, but the independent one actually can stand on its own. It's a sentence by itself.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅ˜็‹ฌใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใŒๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:39
And the dependent clause is not a sentence by itself. It cannot stand by itself. All
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ใพใŸใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงใฏๆ–‡ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ่‡ช็ซ‹ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃ
01:45
right? So, it depends on the other part of the sentence to make it whole. All right?
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ใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆ–‡ใฎไป–ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:51
So, let's look at the example. If I say, "We'll cancel the picnic", just by itself, that's
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใง
01:57
a sentence, right? It makes sense, it's a complete thought. So, that is an independent
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ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใช่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
02:02
clause in this sentence. If I say, "If it starts raining", yeah, if it starts raining,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ้›จใŒ ้™ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ†ใ€้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ‚‰
02:11
what? So, because that's incomplete, that is a dependent clause. All right?
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๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใฏไธๅฎŒๅ…จใชใฎใง ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:17
Now, in a complex sentence, we see an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใจๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 1 ใคใฎๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:25
All right? So, we start like this, "We'll cancel the picnic if it starts raining." Now,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใŸใ‚‰ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
02:31
that's a full sentence. There's a statement that I'm making and there's some sort of a
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ๅ…จๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฃฐๆ˜ŽใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใง
02:35
situation that I'm attaching to it with the dependent clause. So, when we have a sentence
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ใใ‚Œใซไป˜้šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ็ŠถๆณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
02:43
that has an independent clause at the beginning and a dependent clause after that, we need
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ๆ–‡้ ญใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใฎๅพŒใซๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
02:51
no punctuation in the middle at all. Okay? So, we just say, "We'll cancel the picnic
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้€”ไธญใซๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ
02:57
if it starts raining." All right? No punctuation needed in the middle. No comma needed.
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้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้€”ไธญใซๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:04
But let's look at what happens if we turn that sentence around. The same sentence, okay,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’้€†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
03:10
to make it easier. This time, we're going to start with the dependent clause and then
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ใ€‚ ไปŠๅ›žใฏใ€ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€
03:15
finish with the independent clause. The meaning will be the same, but the way we write it
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆ›ธใๆ–นใŒ
03:20
is different. So, here we say, "If it starts raining, we'll cancel the picnic." Okay? All
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็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:31
right. So, you're saying to me, "Rebecca, really? That comma makes so much difference?"
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใซใ€Œใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใ€ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸใใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใใ‚“ใชใซ้•ใ†ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
03:36
Yes, it does. Informal business writing or informal exam writing. If you keep writing
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใพใŸใฏ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€‚
03:42
a lot of complex sentences, which you will write because you should write complex sentences,
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่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆ›ธใ็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
03:48
it's more educated, it's more advanced, but if you don't write them correctly, then it's
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ•™่‚ฒ็š„ใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ๅบฆใงใ™ใŒใ€ ๆญฃใ—ใๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใจใ€
03:54
kind of a shame. And if the examiner, let's say on your IELTS, sees that you've written
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆฎ‹ๅฟตใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ฉฆ้จ“ๅฎ˜ใŒใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐ IELTS ใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
03:59
a lot of complex sentences, that's very good, but if again and again, he or she sees that
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใŒใ€ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ใ€
04:04
you didn't put the comma there, then they know that you haven't understood the principle
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใฎๅŽŸๅ‰‡ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจ
04:11
of how to write a complex sentence. And it's really so easy because all you had to do was
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ใ€‚
04:16
to know where to put the comma or not to put the comma. So, as I said, here, where we started
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ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใในใใ‹ใ€ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ˆใ„ใฎใงใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€
04:24
with the independent clause and ended with the dependent clause, there's no comma. But
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Š ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
04:28
if we start with the dependent and then we have the independent, then we do need a comma.
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ๅพ“ๅฑžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆฌกใซ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:34
Now, just listen when I'm actually saying it, because in real life, if I was speaking
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ๅฎŸ็”Ÿๆดปใงใฏใ€
04:40
these sentences out loud, I would actually pause. Not because I see a comma when I'm
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅคงๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไธ€ๆ™‚ ๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™. ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใฏใชใ
04:47
speaking, but because that's how we talk. So, here, first let's listen to this. "We'll
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ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใพใšใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
04:52
cancel the picnic if it starts raining." It's just like one long sentence, right? But here
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้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ 1ใคใฎ้•ทๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใงใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
04:58
I'll say, "If it starts raining, we'll cancel the picnic." Now, did you feel and hear that
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ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใฏไธญๆญขใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
05:04
pause? That pause is represented by this comma. Got it? Okay. So, I hope you understood this
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? ใใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ
05:13
example and what it means when we're talking about an independent clause and a dependent
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ไพ‹ใจใ€ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž
05:17
clause, alright? But just to be sure, let's look at another example now. So, "We ordered
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็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œ
05:25
pizza after the game ended." "We ordered pizza" is the independent clause, right? Because
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่ฉฆๅˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:33
that's like a complete thought, a complete sentence. "After the game ended", this is
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ€่€ƒใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸๅพŒใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:39
incomplete, even though it has a subject and a verb, but it's incomplete, right? If I just
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ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ไธๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:45
said to you, "After the game ended", it doesn't mean anything, right? It's incomplete. So,
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ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใชใ„ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ไธๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
05:50
that makes it dependent. So, in that sentence, we have no comma. "We ordered pizza after
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไพๅญ˜ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸๅพŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:55
the game ended." Okay? It's one smooth sentence. Got it? But look what happens when the dependent
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใชใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใชไธ€ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใ‚‹ใจใฉใ†ใชใ‚‹ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:02
clause comes first. "After the game", sorry, we need to write here, okay? "After the game
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆๅพŒใ€ใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ
06:16
ended", comma, "we ordered pizza", right? Now, the dependent clause, "after the game
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็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ€ใ€Œใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆ
06:24
ended" is first, and the independent clause, "we ordered pizza" is after that. So, whenever
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็ต‚ไบ†ๅพŒใ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใงใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ ใ€Œใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏใใฎๅพŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
06:31
the dependent clause comes first, you want to put a comma after that. So, it'll sound
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ ใใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
06:38
like this if you're speaking. "After the game ended, we ordered pizza." Okay? As I said,
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ใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿใ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฉฆๅˆใŒ ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸๅพŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
06:45
we have a natural kind of pause in that place. Now, this is true when we're speaking, it
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็งใŸใกใฏใใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใง่‡ช็„ถใช็จฎ้กžใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚‚ๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Šใ€
06:50
makes it easier for people to understand us, and it also makes it much easier when somebody's
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ไบบใ€…ใŒ็งใŸใกใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€
06:56
reading your writing with a complex sentence, because we expect this kind of mental pause
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่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚‚ใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
07:03
in the writing. And these are simple examples, but let's suppose you were writing about something
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ˜็ด”ใชไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒใ€
07:08
more serious, writing about business, or you're writing about politics, you're writing about
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆทฑๅˆปใชใ“ใจใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏ ๆ”ฟๆฒปใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
07:12
something else, then it's going to make it very difficult to understand without the comma.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใชใ„ใจ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ .
07:20
And the reader is mentally looking for that comma to divide the ideas, to divide the thoughts,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ชญ่€…ใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใ€
07:26
and to make it easier to understand your writing and whatever you're trying to convey. Okay?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใจใ‚ใชใŸใŒไผใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’้ ญใฎไธญใงๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:31
So, don't just think, "Oh, one little comma, what difference does it make?" It does make
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒ 1 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ€ ใฉใ‚“ใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎ?ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
07:35
a big difference. And definitely, it'll make a big difference to your marks or your score
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ๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ้–“้•ใ„ใชใใ€่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ็‚นๆ•ฐใ‚„ใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใซๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใพใ™
07:40
if you keep leaving out these commas in complex sentences. Okay?
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:46
Now, one other clue to know, for you to know that something is a dependent clause, is to
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใฏใ€
07:53
look for these words which are called subordinating conjunctions. Not very interesting, but I'll
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ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใพใ‚Š้ข็™ฝใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
08:00
tell you what they are. And when you hear or see one of these words, or write one of
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ 1 ใคใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ 1 ใคใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹
08:05
these words, then you know that there is a dependent clause coming up in a complex sentence.
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ใจใ€ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใฎไธญใซๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:13
And these words are "before", so we could say here, "Before the game ended, we ordered
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:20
pizza." That would also be a dependent clause, right? Or "When the game ended", or "Because
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ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œ
08:26
the game ended", or whatever, okay? "Because", "since", "although", "even though", "if", "unless",
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ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€ใชใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ ไปฅๆฅใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€
08:35
okay? These kind of words. There are more words like this, but I'm giving you the most
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ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใฏไป–ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚
08:39
common examples. So, whenever you're using one of these words in that dependent clause,
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€
08:44
make sure that you put, what? A comma after it, and then put your independent clause.
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’็ฝฎใ ใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:51
But, if you wrote the independent clause first, then no comma necessary, alright? I hope this
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ…ˆใซๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
08:57
is making sense to you, and let's really master it now by looking at a few more sentences.
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็†่งฃใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ็†่งฃใ‚’ๆทฑใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:03
Okay, so now you're going to help me to decide whether we need to put a comma in these sentences,
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹
09:10
or whether we don't. You decide, okay? Along with me. So, number one. "Although we advertised
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ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅˆคๆ–ญใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฑบใ‚ใพใ™ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€1็•ชใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅฎฃไผใ—ใŸใŒ
09:17
the job, we didn't get many applications." Now, just for you to know, while I'm reading
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ใ€ๅคšใใฎๅฟœๅ‹Ÿใฏๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ.ใ€ ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใŠใใพใ™ใŒใ€
09:23
it, I'm going to try not to give the answer away, so I'm not going to pause, even though
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็งใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใฏใ€็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆ ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใฎใงใ€
09:28
normally I might pause or anything like that in all of them, okay? So, what do you think?
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ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:36
Do we need a comma here anywhere? Remember the rules. If the sentence starts with a dependent
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ใ“ใ“ใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‹? ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
09:44
clause, then you need a comma before the independent clause. But if the sentence starts with an
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ใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ใŒ
09:52
independent clause, a complete sentence, then - and then it finishes with a dependent clause,
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใฏ
09:58
then no comma necessary, okay? You can see that here.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:01
So, let's analyze this first sentence. This word "although", is it one of those subordinating
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฎไธ€ใคใงใ™ใ‹
10:08
conjunctions? Actually, yes. So, there's your big clue that we will need a comma here because
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๏ผŸ ๅฎŸใฏใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅคงใใชๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:16
we're starting with a dependent clause. So, let's see where we put the comma, okay? "Although
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
10:22
we advertised the job", okay, that's where we put it. "Although we advertised the job",
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็งใŸใกใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅฎฃไผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™. ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅฎฃไผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€
10:29
because we have here a subject, we have here a verb, and then we have more subject. "We
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ใ“ใ“ใซไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
10:40
didn't get many applications", okay? So, "Although we advertised the job" is incomplete, that's
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ๅฟœๅ‹ŸใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ ๆฑ‚ไบบๅบƒๅ‘Šใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใฏไธๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
10:48
a dependent clause. "We didn't get many applications" is a complete sentence, that's the independent
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฟœๅ‹ŸใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹
10:54
clause, alright? Got it? Good for you.
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ๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ ใจใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใญใ€‚
10:58
Number two. "I closed the window because it was cold." Does that sentence need a comma?
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ใƒŠใƒณใƒใƒผ2ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฏ’ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใง็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‹?
11:07
Look at it. Okay? So, what's happening here? "I closed the window", alright? Subject, verb,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™
11:17
so "I closed the window" is a complete sentence, right? Complete sentence, right? It means
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:23
independent clause here, and "because it was cold" is the dependent clause, but it comes
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ๅฏ’ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใฏๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€
11:30
after. So, when you have an independent clause followed by a dependent clause, you need no
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ใใฎๅพŒใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎๅพŒใซๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒ็ถšใๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:36
comma. So, this sentence is absolutely fine the way it is. "I closed the window because
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใใฎใพใพใงใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฏ’ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใง็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
11:42
it was cold." No comma necessary, alright?
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
11:45
Let's look at number three and analyze it together, okay? "They're going on strike unless
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3 ็•ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆไธ€็ท’ใซๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ˜‡็ตฆใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ญใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†
11:50
they get a raise." "They're going on strike unless they get a raise." So, where's that
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.ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ๆ˜‡็ตฆใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ญใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†.ใ€ ใงใฏใ€
11:58
word that we're looking for, subordinating conjunction, okay? It's here, okay? So, this
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็งใŸใกใŒๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใงใ€ใ“ใฎ
12:05
part after "unless", right, is the dependent clause, and so is it first or is it second?
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ใ€Œunlessใ€ใฎๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž ็ฏ€ใชใฎใงใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚2็•ช็›ฎใงใ™ใ‹
12:14
It's second, right? So, if it's second, that means we don't need a comma in that sentence.
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ไบŒ็•ช็›ฎใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:20
It's fine the way it is. "They're going on strike unless they get a raise." Okay? Good.
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ใ“ใฎใพใพใงใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ๆ˜‡็ตฆใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ญใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†.ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
12:27
Number four. "Before the library closes, I need to return this book." So, what do we
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4็•ชใ€‚ ใ€Œๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ“ใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
12:35
do there? Do we need a comma? Alright, let's look at this sentence, the first part of it.
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ใใ“ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:41
"Before the library closes." So, you have a clue, because you have this word "before",
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ใ€Œๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹
12:47
which is another one of those subordinating conjunctions that introduces our dependent
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ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฎใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใงใ™
12:52
clause. So, "Before the library closes, I need to return this book." Because now we
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ“ใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
13:02
had a dependent clause first, and we need the comma, and then the independent clause.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ€ๆฌกใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:07
And in real life, the way I would say it is, "Before the library closes, I need to return
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ๅฎŸ็”Ÿๆดปใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ๅดใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
13:13
this book." Okay? So, that's also when you're speaking, you don't - you have a kind of - you
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ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“-ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ-
13:20
don't obviously write a comma, but you do pause. Alright?
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใฎใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ ใŒใ€ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใฏใ—ใพใ™. ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
13:25
Next, number five. "I like to watch TV before I go to sleep." What about that? Do we need
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ๆฌกใซไบ”็•ชใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ ใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•๏ผŸ
13:33
a comma there? So, let's analyze it. "I like to watch TV", that's an independent clause.
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ใใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:41
Then we have the word "before", right, which is that conjunction, so this is telling us
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
13:45
this is the dependent clause here, and the dependent clause is in the second position,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฏ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
13:50
so we need no comma. That one is fine. "I like to watch TV before I go to sleep." Good.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ„ใคใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
13:58
And the last one, "Whenever you're ready, I can take your order." Okay? When you go
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ€Œ ใ”ๆณจๆ–‡ใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ๆ‰ฟใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:02
to a restaurant lots of time, the waiter or waitress will say this. "Whenever you're ready,
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ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซใ‚ˆใ่กŒใใจใ€ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚„ ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„ๆฌก็ฌฌใ€ใ”
14:06
I can take your order." So, what do we do if we're writing it? Do we need a comma? Okay,
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ๆณจๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ‰ฟใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€
14:15
so let's analyze it together. "Whenever you're ready". So, "whenever" is like "when", and
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ไธ€็ท’ใซๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ใฏใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใซไผผใฆใ„ใฆใ€
14:21
it's one of those subordinating conjunctions, so it tells us that this part is going to
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ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฎ 1 ใคใช ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒ
14:25
be the dependent clause. So, "Whenever you're ready, I can take your order." Okay? So, dependent
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ ๆณจๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ‰ฟใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไพๅญ˜ใ—
14:35
and then independent. So, remember the rule, dependent clause first, then you have a comma,
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ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
14:40
then the independent clause. Independent clause first, no comma, followed by the dependent
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ๆฌกใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™
14:46
clause. All right? Now, I hope you understood these examples. I think that we worked through
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ ใ€‚
14:50
it really nicely so that you could get it. But, of course, you're going to need to practice,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ†ใพใใ‚„ใ‚Š้‚ใ’ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็ทด็ฟ’ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
14:56
right? You want to practice a lot so that you get it not just right now, but later,
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ใญ๏ผŸ ไปŠ ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅพŒใงใ€ๆฅ้€ฑใ€
15:02
and next week, and the week after that, and forever. Like, there's no point in learning
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ใใฎๆฌกใฎ้€ฑใ€ใใ—ใฆ ๆฐธ้ ใซ็ฟ’ๅพ—ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
15:06
- in watching ten videos and finally going away with nothing. Instead of that, whichever
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ใ€‚ ใใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใฉใฎ
15:11
video you choose to watch, really master it and say, "You know what? I hope that I never
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ—ใฆใ€ ใ€Œ
15:16
have to make a mistake in this area ever again. I'm going to get it." So, in order to do that,
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ใ“ใฎๅˆ†้‡ŽใงไบŒๅบฆใจ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€
15:24
go to our website, www.engvid.com, do the quiz that's there, it will really help you.
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็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ€ ใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
15:30
We have at least ten examples, so you can practice it some more, and then practice writing
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 10 ๅ€‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
15:34
your own sentences with independent and dependent clauses, and also understanding exactly what
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆ ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:41
that means, okay? Alright. Now, what you can do also is subscribe. So, I can keep bringing
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€‚ ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ่ณผ่ชญใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ
15:50
you lots of good lessons and keep making more lessons, for one thing, alright? It really
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่‰ฏใ„ๆ•™่จ“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—็ถšใ‘ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆ•™่จ“ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎšๆœŸ
15:54
helps me when you subscribe. And also, if you subscribe, if you decide to subscribe,
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่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅŠฉใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
16:00
don't forget that now YouTube kind of requires you to ring a bell. There's like a bell icon
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YouTube ใงใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ
16:06
next to the subscribe button, and if you click on that as well as after you subscribe, then
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็™ป้Œฒใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใฎๆจชใซใƒ™ใƒซใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ณใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
16:13
they will send you reminders every time I have a new lesson, or - and that's true for
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ใŸใณใซใƒชใƒžใ‚คใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใŒ้€ไฟกใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€
16:18
my lessons or any other YouTube subscriptions that you have. So, make sure that you subscribe
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็งใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚„ไป–ใฎ YouTube ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฟ…ใš่ณผ่ชญใ—
16:23
and ring the bell, okay? So, thanks very much for watching, and go to engVid, do the quiz,
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ใฆใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญใ€‚ ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚engVid ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ”้€ฃ็ตกใ‚’
16:31
and I hope to hear from you soon. Thanks for watching. Bye for now.
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ใŠๅพ…ใกใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใพใŸใญใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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