Difference between Until and Unless - English conjunction words

25,484 views ใƒป 2019-10-23

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:05
Hi. This is Harry and welcome back to my English grammar classes. What we're talking to today
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ใƒใƒชใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€unless ใจ until ใจใ„ใ†
00:10
about is a bit of grammar in relation to two particular words unless and until. These seem
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2 ใคใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ้€šใ˜ใชใ„
00:16
to cause students a lot of trouble even though the words are no way connected. In fact, the
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ใฎใซ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใซ่ฟทๆƒ‘ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€
00:21
only connection they have is that they're both described as conjunctions. But that's
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎๆŽฅ็ถšใฏใ€ ไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจใ—ใฆ่จ˜่ฟฐใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:25
the only thing that they have in common. But as I said, they do cause my students a lot
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๅ…ฑ้€šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็งใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใซๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ™
00:30
of problems. So I thought what I would do today is spell out specifically with lots
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. ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใŒใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€ ๅคšใใฎไพ‹ใงๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
00:34
of examples, exactly what we mean and how you can use them. Okay. So I'm going to explain
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ
00:40
them to you. I'm going to give you examples of each, and Iโ€™ll work you through the example.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆ ใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:44
So hopefully by the end of the lesson you'll know the difference between unless and until.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใงใซใ€ unless ใจ until ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:50
And at the end I'm also going to give you an explanation as to until and till, because
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ until ใจ until ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:55
that's something else that causes my students a little bit of confusion. Okay. Well, unless
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใ‚’ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎ่ฆๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€
01:00
and until they're both conjunctions. So we use them in sentences to join some thoughts.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใพใงใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆ–‡ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Okay. So there's a commonality between them, but in every other respect, they are very
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไธก่€…ใซใฏๅ…ฑ้€š็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ็‚นใงใฏ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:12
different. So let's look first of all at unless. So when we're using it, unless, we don't use
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใพใšunlessใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
01:18
it with any negative word, it's not followed with a negative. We can't say unless not or
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ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใฏ็ถšใใพใ›ใ‚“. ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€
01:23
unless no or unless I didn't. Okay. So you cannot follow it with a negative only with
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ใพใŸใฏ็งใŒใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใใ€็งใŸใกใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่‚ฏๅฎš ใ ใ‘ใงๅฆๅฎšใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
01:28
a positive. And you can't follow it with will. Unless I will. Okay. So there are things that
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ„ๅฟ—ใงใใ‚Œใซๅพ“ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
01:34
you cannot do, but when we use it in the, in the sentence, let me give you an example...
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ใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†... ๅฎฟ้กŒใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„
01:40
You can't play football outside unless you have finished your homework.
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้™ใ‚Šใ€ๅค–ใงใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
01:45
Okay? So, here we're being very specific. We're telling the person what he has to do
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ๅค–ใง้ŠใณใŸใ„ไบบใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:52
if he wants to play outside. And this is the actual comparison we can make because it's
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹
01:57
very similar in some ways to the word IF. It's conditional. Okay? So you're introducing
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใง IF ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใซ้žๅธธใซไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆกไปถไป˜ใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆกไปถใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:02
the condition. So he cannot play outside unless he finishes his homework. Okay. You could
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใฏๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใจๅค–ใง้Šในใชใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:10
rewrite that and say: If you finish your homework, you can play outside. So there you put a positive:
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็›ดใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ๅค–ใง้Šในใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:16
If you finish your homework, you can play outside. Unless you finish your homework,
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ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅค–ใง้Šในใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใจ
02:21
you can't play outside. Okay. So the if and unless they're opposites, but they give you
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ๅค–ใง้Šในใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€if ใจ not ใฏๆญฃๅๅฏพใงใ™ใŒใ€
02:28
the exact same meaning in the sentence. So there's a condition there, cause we always
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ๆ–‡ไธญใงใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ใใ“ใซใฏๆกไปถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€
02:33
use if when we're talking about the condition. So let me give you that example again. You
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ๆกไปถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๅธธใซ if ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ”็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’
02:38
can't play outside unless you finish your homework.
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใจๅค–ใง้Šในใชใ„ ใ€‚ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’
02:42
You can't play outside unless you finish your homework. Okay? So let me just expand on that
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ„ใจๅค–ใง้Šในใชใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:48
again for you. So we've said you can't use a negative after unless, okay. So in the example
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€unless ใฎๅพŒใซๅฆๅฎšใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
02:54
I've given you - You can't play football unless you do your homework first. So the negative
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซไธŽใˆใŸไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใพใšๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใ‚นใŒ
03:01
comes first. You can't, you cannot play football unless you do your homework first. And then
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ๅ…ˆใ€‚ ใพใšๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
03:09
how I twisted it around. If you want to use the positive with if. If you do your homework
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ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฒใญใฃใŸใ‹ใ€‚ if ใงๆญฃใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
03:16
then you can play outside. Okay? So if you do your homework, you can play football outside.
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ๅค–ใง้Šในใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅค–ใงใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:23
So unless and if in that situation are both opposites. Okay. But they are giving you the
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ ๅๅฏพใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ
03:29
same meaning one with a positive spin- If. One with the negative spin - unless. Okay.
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ๆญฃใฎใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณIfใ‚’ๆŒใคๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™. ่ฒ ใฎใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ‚‚ใฎ-ใใ†ใงใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:36
Let me give you some, some more examples.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:38
So I left my keys at home. So you phone your partner to say you've left your keys of the
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฎถใซ้ตใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใŸใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ€ๅฎถใฎ ้ตใ‚’ๅฎถใซๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใพใ™
03:45
house at home. So Hi, really sorry to bother you. I've left my keys at home so unless you're
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใŠๆ‰‹ๆ•ฐใ‚’ใŠใ‹ใ‘ใ—ใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ้ตใ‚’ๅฎถใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใŸใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
03:52
home before me, I'm going to have to wait. Yeah. Okay. So you're ringing to say you've
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ๅ…ˆใซๅธฐใฃใฆใ“ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
03:58
left your keys at home, you've done a stupid thing. You're, you were in a rush this morning
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้ตใ‚’ๅฎถใซๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใ€ๆ„šใ‹ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€ใจ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไปŠๆœ
04:03
and unless, so this is where the negative comes, unless they get home before you, you're
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ๆ€ฅใ„ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
04:09
going to have to wait. Okay. So if they can get home then everything is going to be okay.
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Œใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒใ†ใพใใ„ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:15
And here we have that word again IF. If they can get home before you, then everything's
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅ†ใณใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ IF ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ˆใซๅธฐๅฎ…ใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ
04:19
going to be okay. But as normal, if you are home first, you're now going to have to wait
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๆœ€ๅˆใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:25
because you don't have your keys.
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้ตใŒใชใ„ใฎใงๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:27
So you ring them. Sorry to ring you, sorry to annoy you, I've left my keys at home and
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€่ฟทๆƒ‘ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ ใ€้ตใ‚’ๅฎถใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใŸ
04:33
unless you can get home before me, I'm going to have to wait. Okay. So let me give you
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ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ˆใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Œใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€็งใฏ ๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
04:40
another example. We'd go to the kitchen. We're trying to get out to work and look in the
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๅฐๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ ไป•ไบ‹ใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆๆˆธๆฃšใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
04:46
cupboards and we have no coffee. Okay. Oh, I'll get some coffee on my way home. Unless
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ ๅธฐใ‚Šใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
04:51
you want to run out to the shop now and get some. Okay. So you're giving somebody the
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ไปŠใ™ใๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใฆๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:56
choice. You open the cupboards, there's no coffee. Oh, I get some on my way home this
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ใ€‚ ๆˆธๆฃšใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ไปŠๅคœใฎๅธฐใ‚Šใซใ„ใใคใ‹ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™
05:01
evening. Unless you want to go now quickly and get some. Okay. Okay. And one more example,
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ใ€‚ ใ™ใใซ่กŒใฃใฆๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:08
and here we're going to put unless at the beginning of the sentence and โ€ฆ so it doesn't
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€unless ใ‚’ๆ–‡ใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
05:12
really matter where you put it. The meaning is exactly the same. So unless he studies
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ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใ‹ใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ ๅ…จใๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ„ใจ
05:18
harder, he really isn't going to pass that exam at the end of the year.
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ใ€ๅนดๆœซใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† .
05:22
So you're talking to your partner about one of the children, he's having a difficult time
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใจๅญไพ›ใฎ 1 ไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ๅฝผใฏ
05:28
at school. So you're wondering how are things going to improve? How is he going to get that
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ๅญฆๆ กใง่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฝผใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใฎ
05:33
final exam so he can get into university? So unless he studies harder, he isn't going
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ๆœ€็ต‚่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆๅคงๅญฆใซๅ…ฅๅญฆใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ„ใจใ€
05:40
to be able to pass this exam at the end of the year. So we're putting on less at the
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ๅนดๆœซใฎใ“ใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใงใใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† . ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅฐ‘ใชใใ—ใฆ
05:45
beginning, still negative unless he studies harder. Meaning if he studies harder than
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ใ€ๅฝผใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใพใ ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใงใ™ . ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจ็†ฑๅฟƒใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
05:51
yes, he has a chance of doing the exams, but unless he studies harder than he's not gone
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ใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็†ฑๅฟƒใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€
05:57
to be successful. Okay. So we can use on less as an opposite to if and when we use, unless
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ๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€on less ใ‚’ if ใจ when ใฎๅๅฏพใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
06:03
we don't follow it with it a negative, we can only follow it with a positive. And we
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ๅฆๅฎš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ ่‚ฏๅฎš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ—ใ‹ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
06:09
can twist it if we want to use if, okay.
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ไฝฟใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฒใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:12
So let's look at until again, as we said before, it's a conjunction.
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ๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
06:16
It's different than unless and when we're using until it's constrained by time. It's
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ๆ™‚้–“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅˆถ็ด„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
06:21
always time constraints. Okay. It's always about restriction. So let's give you a quick
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ๅธธใซๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅธธใซ ๅˆถ้™ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใชไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:28
example. I lived with my grandmother until I was 15. I lived with my grandmother until
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ใ€‚ ็งใฏ 15 ๆญณใพใง็ฅ–ๆฏใจๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚15 ๆญณ ใพใง็ฅ–ๆฏใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
06:36
I was 15. So what does it mean? It means that for a long part of your childhood, maybe from
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅญไพ›ๆ™‚ไปฃใฎใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
06:41
a young age of two or three, you lived with somebody other than your parents, in this
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2 ๆญณใ‹ 3 ๆญณใฎ้ ƒใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€15 ๆญณใพใงใ€ ไธก่ฆชไปฅๅค–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ
06:46
case, your grandmother until you were 15. So all to that age, two 15 and then from 15,
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏ็ฅ–ๆฏใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰15ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
06:54
something changed. Perhaps you went back and live with your parents or you went somewhere
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎŸๅฎถใซๆˆปใฃใฆ ไธก่ฆชใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆšฎใ‚‰ใ™ใ‹ใ€ใฉใ“ใ‹ใธ่กŒใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:58
else. But the time constraint is that period of your life from early up to your mid teens
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ฅ–ๆฏใจไธ€็ท’ใซ้Žใ”ใ—ใŸ10 ไปฃๅŠใฐใ‹ใ‚‰15ๆญณใพใงใฎใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”ŸใฎๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™
07:05
or 15 you were, you spent that time with your grandmother. So just to make sure that you
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
07:12
actually understand this. In, in, in the best way possible when we're talking about, until,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ€ใงใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Šๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ€
07:16
as I said, it's time constraints.
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:19
So it's constrained before and up to the particular time, but not after. So in the example that
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ๅพŒใงใฏใชใใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใพใงใฏๅˆถ็ด„ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:26
I gave you about living with the grandmother until 15. He was there before, up to the age
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15ๆญณใพใงใŠใฐใ‚ใ•ใ‚“ใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸไพ‹ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใŠใฐใ‚ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ
07:34
of 15. So before 15, up to the age of 15, but after something changed. So before an
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15ๆญณใพใงใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰ใงใฏ
07:40
up to but not after. So always time constraints. So let me give you a few more examples. I
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ใชใๅพŒใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅธธใซๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:47
don't have any money for the shops. We need to go shopping or you'll have to wait until
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ใŠๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใŠ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใจใ€
07:54
I get paid at the end of the week. You'll have to wait until I get paid at the end of
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้€ฑๆœซใซ็งใŒๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใพใงๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ้€ฑๆœซใซ็งใŒๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:59
the week. So here the time constraint is up to the end of the week, whether that's Friday
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใฏ ใ€้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจ
08:06
or Saturday, whenever you get paid. So before that and up to that, you can't have any money
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ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจใ€ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใฎ้€ฑใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใใฎๅ‰ ใจใใ‚Œใพใงใฏใ€็งใŒใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„
08:12
because I don't have any. After that I will have money. Hopefully I will get paid.
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ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅพŒใฏ ใŠ้‡‘ๆŒใกใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€็งใฏๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:17
So before and up to. So you want to go shopping? I'm sorry I don't have any money. You will
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงๅ‰ใพใงใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใใฆใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:23
have to wait until I get paid at the end of the week. Okay. Can I give, I'll give you
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้€ฑๆœซใซ็งใŒๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:30
another example. I've never been in the USA until last year. I had never been in the USA
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆ˜จๅนดใพใงไธ€ๅบฆใ‚‚ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆ˜จๅนดใพใงใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
08:39
until last year. So perhaps you went there on a holiday or you went there on a business
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ‚ใชใŸใฏไผ‘ๆš‡ใงใใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸ ใ‹ใ€ๅ‡บๅผตใงใใ“ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
08:44
trip. You're really excited to tell your friend. Wow. I've never been in, in the USA until
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ‹้”ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŠใŠใ€‚ ็งใฏๆ˜จๅนดใพใงใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
08:50
last year. So up to last year, whatever year that was, that the year today is 2019, last
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ˜จๅนดใพใงใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ๅนดใง ใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใŒ 2019 ๅนดใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ˜จๅนดใฏ
08:57
year would have been 2018. So up to and until, before 2018 you had never been in the USA
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2018 ๅนดใ ใฃใŸใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ 2018 ๅนดใพใงใ€ใใ‚Œไปฅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใใ€
09:05
and then it changed. Okay. So now you can say to somebody: Well, I have been there,
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ใใฎๅพŒๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ่ชฐใ‹ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
09:10
but up to last year I hadn't been. So until last year I hadn't been in the USA.
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๆ˜จๅนดใพใง็งใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:17
Okay. And the third example, you're talking to your son or daughter about some mathematical
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ ๆฏๅญใ‚„ๅจ˜ใซๆ•ฐๅญฆใฎ
09:24
problem and the homework and say: Oh, can't you wait until your father comes home? Can't
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ๅ•้กŒใจๅฎฟ้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:29
you wait until your father gets home and he will help you? So can you wait, okay, until
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ใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅธฐใฃใฆใใฆๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงๅพ…ใฆใชใ„ใฎ ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใพใงๅพ…ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
09:36
he gets home. So that constrained, now that is a time restriction. You don't know what
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ใ€‚ ๅˆถ้™ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€ไปŠใฏ ๆ™‚้–“ๅˆถ้™ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใŒไฝ•
09:41
time he's going to be home and they're not telling you what time it is now, but it's
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ๆ™‚ใซๅธฐๅฎ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ ไปŠไฝ•ๆ™‚ใ‹ใฏๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฝผใŒ
09:45
that restriction until he gets home and when he gets home, you can ask him and then he'll
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ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใใฎๅˆถ้™ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎถใซ ๅธฐใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅฝผใซๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ใใฎๅพŒๅฝผใฏ
09:51
probably help you. So canโ€™t, can you not wait until your father gets home and then
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. ใ‚ใชใŸใ€‚ ใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงๅพ…ใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
09:58
he will help you with it. Okay. So this is everything to do with until. It's always about
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใพใงใซ่กŒใ†ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅธธใซๆ™‚้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
10:03
time and it's always a time constraint.
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ๅธธใซๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅˆถ็ด„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:05
And finally then I just want to give you a little bit about until and till, okay? Until
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ until ใจ until ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใง
10:11
- U N T I L till - T I L L. So just be careful with the spelling of that. And the good news
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- U N T I L ใพใง - T I L L. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒซใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ่‰ฏใ„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏใ€
10:19
is that they're exactly the same and there's no need to be confused. The only difference
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™. ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏใ€
10:24
is that until is a little bit more formal and till is very informal. Okay? Yeah. There's
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until ใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€til ใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:31
a song โ€™Till the 12th of neverโ€™. Yeah. There's a song and they use the little abbreviated
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ใ€ŒTill the 12th of neverใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ›ฒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆญŒใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใฎๅฐ‘ใ—็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:37
version of it till rather than until, okay. But until formal and till is informal. So
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใพใงใ€ใใ—ใฆใพใงใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
10:46
you can use either of them. If you're writing a letter and you're writing to somebody important,
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใชไบบใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€
10:51
then I would suggest you use until. If you're speaking in an informal way, as most of us
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until ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใŒไปŠใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ–นๆณ•ใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
10:56
do now, till is absolutely acceptable. And you don't have to use until. They have exactly
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ใ€till ใฏ็ตถๅฏพใซๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใฃใŸใ
11:02
the same meaning.
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ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
11:03
Okay, well, here we are at the end of yet another lesson. And I hope you have enjoyed
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
11:08
it. And I've explained to you properly the difference between unless and until, and also
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ unless ใจ until ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’ใใกใ‚“ใจ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€
11:15
giving you the information about until and till. So when you've gone through those examples,
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until ใจ until ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚‚ๆไพ›ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
11:20
hopefully you'll be able to practise them yourself and you won't be making any mistakes
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‘ใฐใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
11:25
in the future. Okay? So remember as always, press that button and subscribe to the channel
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใใฎใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ๆŠผใ—ใฆใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใ€
11:30
and join me on www.englishlessonbyskype.com and when you get there, look out for that
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www.englishlessonbyskype.com ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใใ“ใซ็€ใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
11:36
link to the Easy Peasy English club. It's really good. There's lots of people joining
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Easy Peasy English ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒ–ใธใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
11:41
and it's there to help you to improve your English because that's what you want to do.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไธŠ้”ใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ .
11:45
And that's what I want you to do. So join me again soon.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ ใพใŸใ™ใใซใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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