English Vocabulary: Many ways to use the word 'BACK'

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. I'm Gill at www.engvid.com, and today we have a lesson on a little word "back".
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฏ www.engvid.com ใฎ Gill ใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅ ใฏใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:10
And this is in response to a request from Najma, who posted a comment on the www.engvid.com
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€www.engvid.com ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆŠ•็จฟใ—ใŸ Najma ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใซๅฟœใˆใŸใ‚‚ใฎ
00:20
website. So, thank you, Najma, I hope you're watching. This is for you. Okay. So, the use
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใƒŠใ‚ธใƒžใ€ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
00:28
of the word "back". It's a very common word; it's used all the time. And it's also used
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ใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใšใฃใจไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
00:37
in different ways as different parts of speech. So it can be used as a noun, as an adjective,
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ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ“่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
00:48
as an adverb, as a verb, and it can be used as part of a phrasal verb. So I'll be showing
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ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใ€ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€้ƒจใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚
00:57
you examples of all of these. Okay?
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:01
So, let's start with "back" used as a noun. Okay? So, for example, if you're talking about
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€Œbackใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
01:11
a friend of yours who, when they get on the bus, they always go to the back, they like
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบใŒ ใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚
01:17
to sit at the back. So: "He always sits at the back of the bus." You can tell it's a
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ๅพŒใ‚ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ ใƒใ‚นใฎๅพŒใ‚ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
01:26
noun because it has "the" in front of it. "The back", okay? Right, so:
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ๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œtheใ€ใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ฃใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€
01:33
"He always sits at the back of the bus."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใƒใ‚นใฎๅพŒใ‚ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
01:37
Second one, the back can be in a location, but you can also talk about my back, that's
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็ฌฌไบŒใซใ€่ƒŒไธญใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใฎ่ƒŒไธญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ
01:46
this, part of your body is your back at the back. So: "My back is itching!" Oo, ah, oo.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ่ƒŒไธญใŒใ‹ใ‚†ใ„๏ผใ€ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€‚
01:58
I have to scratch. It's itching. Ah. Okay? "My back is itching." Okay? Useful word: "itching".
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็งใฏๅผ•ใฃใ‹ใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‹ใ‚†ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ ่ƒŒไธญใŒใ‹ใ‚†ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไพฟๅˆฉใช่จ€่‘‰๏ผšใ€Œใ‹ใ‚†ใฟใ€ใ€‚
02:07
It's probably not polite, though, to sort of scratch in public. So you have to be a
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไบบๅ‰ใงใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใƒใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใใฎ
02:14
bit careful about that. It's probably safe to scratch your back and to scratch your head
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใใฎ็‚นใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ƒŒไธญใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃๆŽปใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€้ ญใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆๅผ•ใฃๆŽปใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฎ‰ๅ…จ
02:22
up to a certain extent, but other parts of the body, maybe not a good idea in public.
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ใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ไฝ“ใฎไป–ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏใ€ๅ…ฌใฎๅ ดใงใฏ่‰ฏใ„่€ƒใˆใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
02:30
So, okay, better move on.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:34
Right, you're arranging to meet somebody and depending on whether you're in America or
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซไผšใ†ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹
02:43
in another part of the world where English is spoken, you can either say:
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œใฎๅˆฅใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅฟœใ˜ ใฆใ€
02:48
"I'll meet you in back of the building." That's the American way of using "back"
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ใ€Œๅปบ็‰ฉใฎๅพŒใ‚ใงไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎใ€Œbackใ€ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–น
02:56
or in the U.K., for example,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅปบ็‰ฉใฎ
02:58
we would say: "I will meet you behind the building." That means at the back, behind.
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ๅพŒใ‚ใงไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅพŒใ‚ใ€ๅพŒใ‚ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:09
It's a similar idea. So "in back of" is American. In the U.K., we say "behind". All right. So
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ไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใช่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œin back ofใ€ใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใงใฏใ€Œbehindใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:18
that's "back" as a noun.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹
03:21
Moving on to "back" used as an adjective to describe something, a back something. Question:
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ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใซ็งปใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•๏ผš
03:31
"Did you close the back door?" Okay? In your house, you might have a back door and a front
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ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ๅฎถใซใฏใ€่ฃๅฃใจ็Ž„้–ขๅฃใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:38
door. This is the back door, the door at the back of the house, the back door. Okay? And
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฃๅฃ ใ€ๅฎถใฎ่ฃใฎๆ‰‰ใ€่ฃๅฃใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:47
also: "He's in the back room." So different rooms in the house, a room at the back is
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅฅฅใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅฎถใฎไธญใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใŒ้•ใ†ใฎใง
03:57
called "a back room" as an adjective. Okay. All right.
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ใ€ๅฅฅใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ€Œๅฅฅใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
04:03
Then moving on, using "back" as an adverb where it's sort of modifies a verb:
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ๆฌกใซใ€"back" ใ‚’ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จ ใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใพใ™:
04:12
"I'm going back home now." You can say: "I'm going home now."
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"I'm going back home now." ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
But going back home is like the idea
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ
04:20
of returning home. "I'm going back home now." To go back.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ ไปŠๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€‚
04:26
Right? And, finally, in this section:
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ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใ€
04:30
"Our neighbours are back from holiday."
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎ้šฃไบบใฏไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:35
So, that again is an adverb: "they are back from holiday".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
04:40
Okay, so we'll move on now to look at "back" used as a verb.
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ใ•ใฆ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€Œbackใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:46
Okay, so now let's have a look at "back" used as a verb. Right? So, for example:
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€Œbackใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
04:54
"The car was backing into the street." So the car was going backwards
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ใ€Œ่ปŠใŒ้€šใ‚Šใซ้€†่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ปŠใฏ
05:01
into the street, it was backing.
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้€šใ‚Šใซ้€†่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:03
So "to back" is what a car can do. Okay? Another way of backing somebody or something, if you
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใฏ่ปŠใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ชฐใ‹ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆดใ™ใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€
05:16
say: "Don't worry - if you want to raise this issue with the boss I will back you." Meaning:
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ใ€Œๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ไธŠๅธใซใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆ่ตทใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€็งใŒๆ”ฏๆดใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
05:25
I will support you. If there's a problem in the office, and your friend is a little bit
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๏ผšๅฟœๆดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซๅ•้กŒใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบใŒใใฎใ“ใจ
05:32
unsure about whether to talk to the boss about it, they need a bit of support, you say:
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ใซใคใ„ใฆไธŠๅธใซ็›ธ่ซ‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฟทใฃใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
05:39
"I will back you." Meaning:
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ๏ผš
05:41
"I will agree with you and say the same thing to the boss that you are saying."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ ใ“ใจใ‚’ไธŠๅธใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:47
Okay? "I will back you", support you. And a similar idea of supporting:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅฟœๆดใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ๅฟœๆดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๅŒๆง˜ใฎใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–น:
05:54
"The company will back the project." That usually means money, putting money into a
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ใ€Œไผš็คพใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏ้€šๅธธใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€
06:03
project to make something happen, so "to back something" can be financial. Okay.
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŠ•ๅ…ฅใ—ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆดใ™ใ‚‹ ใ€ใ“ใจใฏ้‡‘้Šญ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:12
And then if we move on to look at some phrasal verbs where "back" is used with another verb,
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ๆฌกใซ ใ€ใ€Œbackใ€ใŒๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€
06:22
there are different uses of that. So, for example, maybe somebody is saying something
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็”จ้€”ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ
06:30
that you don't agree with, and rather than sometimes you might keep quiet and say:
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅŒๆ„ใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ้ป™ใฃใฆ
06:37
"Well, I'm not going to say anything. It could cause trouble",
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ใ€Œใพใ‚ใ€็งใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง
06:41
but sometimes you just have to say: "Well, actually, I don't think that's true."
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใพใ‚ใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:46
You're challenging the person. Disagreeing
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไบบใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:50
with them. So: "When I challenged her she backed down." It means she didn't keep saying:
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŒๅฝผๅฅณใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ๅผ•ใไธ‹ใŒใฃใŸ.ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่จ€ใ„็ถšใ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™๏ผš
07:00
"Oh no, well, that is true." She didn't. She did the opposite. She sort of... It's like
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™ใ€. ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏๅๅฏพใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจโ€ฆ
07:06
taking a step back and saying: "Oh, okay then, maybe I'm wrong. You may be right." So if
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ไธ€ๆญฉไธ‹ใŒใฃใฆใ“ใ†่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
07:15
you challenge somebody, they are either going to argue back or they're going to say:
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่ชฐใ‹ใซ็•ฐ่ญฐใ‚’ๅ”ฑใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
07:21
"Oh, okay then, whatever you say. I'm not going to argue." That's backing down, if you're
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ๅ่ซ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพŒ้€€ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
07:28
sort of standing back from it. Okay?
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅพŒ้€€ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:33
In computing, sometimes... Something I hardly ever do, very bad, but:
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใงใฏใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…... ็งใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใซใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€้žๅธธใซๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€
07:40
"We need to back up these files."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใ‚’ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผไธŠใฎๅ…ƒใฎใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ‚’ๅคฑใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใซๅ‚™ใˆใฆ
07:44
Meaning to make a copy of some files in case you lose the original copy on
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ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใฎใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
07:53
your computer, you have a backup copy. To back up some files on the computer is to make
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ— ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผไธŠใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใ‚’ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
08:02
an extra copy, and maybe keep it somewhere else; on a disc, or a memory stick, or something
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ใ€ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซไฟ็ฎกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚ฏใ€ใƒกใƒขใƒชใƒผใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใพใŸใฏ
08:10
for security. Okay? So "to back up". Now, if you have made an agreement with someone,
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ใ‚ปใ‚ญใƒฅใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃ็”จใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใจๅˆๆ„ใ—ใŸ
08:21
but then they change their mind, they think: "Oh, no, I don't want to do that after all":
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ใฎใซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใพใ™ ๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ€็ตๅฑ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใใชใ„
08:27
"He wants to back out of the agreement." Meaning it's a bit like the car, backing out. He doesn't
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅˆๆ„ใ‚’ๆ’คๅ›žใ—ใŸใ„ใ€. ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹่ปŠใซๅฐ‘ใ—ไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ
08:36
want to do this anymore; he wants to back out of the agreement. He doesn't want to do
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ใ‚‚ใ†ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏๅฅ‘็ด„ใ‚’ๆ’คๅ›žใ—ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
08:42
it. So going back away from it.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
08:48
And then, finally, just a simple one, I have lent my book to somebody:
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใช ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—
08:55
"She has forgotten to give me back my book."
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ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ็งใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ใ™ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
09:01
So "to give back" is a phrasal verb. This time, it's sort of
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œto give backใ€ใฏๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๅ›ž
09:07
split with "me" in the middle. That happens sometimes. You can't say: "She has forgotten
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ‚’็œŸใ‚“ไธญใซๅ‰ฒใฃใŸๆ„Ÿใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚ใ€…่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็งใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ใ™ใฎใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆ
09:14
to give back me my book." It's: "to give me back my book", so that is a little tricky,
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ ๆœฌใ‚’่ฟ”ใ—ใฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ‚„ใ‚„ใ“ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
09:25
but that's how you say it.
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:29
Okay, so I hope that's been a helpful overview of how the word "back" is used as different
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅ“่ฉžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใจใ—ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆฆ‚่ฆใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:37
parts of speech. And if you'd like to do a quiz to test yourself on this, please go to
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
09:44
the website at www.engvid.com and do the quiz. And if you'd like to subscribe to my channel
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www.engvid.com ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ YouTube ใง ็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
09:52
on YouTube, that would be great. And hope to see you again soon. Okay. Bye for now.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใพใŸใญใ€‚
10:01
Oops, sorry. I forgot. Talking about forgetting, I missed one of my examples, so let's go back
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ใŠใฃใจใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใฆใŸใ€‚ ๅฟ˜ๅดใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ ็งใฎไพ‹ใฎ 1 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€
10:10
and have a look at it. Okay, this one. If two people are maybe arguing and you think:
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ๆˆปใฃใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ€‚ 2 ไบบใŒๅฃ่ซ–ใ—
10:22
"Oh, they're going to be fighting in a minute. They'll be doing this", punching and fighting,
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ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ™ใใซๅ–งๅ˜ฉใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚‹ใžใ€ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆฎดใฃใŸใ‚Šๅ–งๅ˜ฉ
10:30
you might say to one of them or both of them: "I think you should back off." "Back off"
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ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไธกๆ–นใซใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ’ค้€€ใ™ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€ŒๅพŒ้€€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€
10:40
meaning both of you step back, away from each other, otherwise it could be [punches], like
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ใŠไบ’ใ„ใซ่ท้›ขใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆๅพŒ้€€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
10:47
that, and not a good idea. So, I think you should back off, calm down, we don't want
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸ ใŒๅพŒ้€€ใ—ใ€่ฝใก็€ใ„ใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏๆˆฆใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
10:56
to fight. Let's make friends again once you calm down. So "back off", step back. Okay?
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ใ€‚ ่ฝใก็€ใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใพใŸไปฒ่‰ฏใใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ŒๅพŒ้€€ใ€ใ€ๅพŒ้€€ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:06
That's it.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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