How did the months get their names?

213,296 views ใƒป 2018-01-20

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. This is Gill here from engVid, and today's lesson is on the subject of the "Months of
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ engVid ใฎ Gill ใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใ€ใ€Œ
00:08
the Year" and where the names for the months come from. This links to an earlier lesson
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ไปŠๅนดใฎๆœˆใ€ใจๆœˆใฎๅๅ‰ใฎ็”ฑๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
00:16
I did on the days of the week and where those names come from. And this is very similar,
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ใฏใ€ๆ›œๆ—ฅใจใใฎๅๅ‰ใฎ็”ฑๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆไปฅๅ‰ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:23
really, because a lot of the names come from Roman times, the Roman Empire, the emperors
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ๅคšใใฎๅๅ‰ใฏ ใƒญใƒผใƒžๆ™‚ไปฃใ€ใƒญใƒผใƒžๅธๅ›ฝใ€็š‡ๅธ
00:33
and so on, Roman mythology, gods and goddesses, that kind of thing, as well as a few Latin
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ใชใฉใ€ใƒญใƒผใƒž็ฅž่ฉฑใ€็ฅžใ€…ใ€ๅฅณ็ฅžใชใฉ ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ
00:42
words. So, let's have a look.
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่ชžใซ็”ฑๆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:46
The months of the year, so we begin with January, and the God Janus, the god of doors... If
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1 ๅนดใฎๆœˆใฏ 1 ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Š ใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใฎ็ฅžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒคใƒŒใ‚น็ฅž...
00:57
you see a statue or a picture of Janus, you see two faces looking in two different directions,
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ใƒคใƒŒใ‚นใฎๅƒใ‚„ๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€2 ใคใฎ้ก”ใŒ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๅ‘ (
01:06
usually left and right. The god who looks both ways, back to the past and forward to
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้€šๅธธใฏๅทฆๅณ) ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ‚‹็ฅžใ€ๆœชๆฅ ใ‚’ๅ‰ใซ้€ฒใ‚€็ฅž
01:14
the future, and also with doors, of course, you either go in through the door or out through
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆๆ‰‰ใ‚‚ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใ€ๆ‰‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใ‹ๆ‰‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใช
01:20
the door, so it's about two directions, a place of transition. Okay? So that's January,
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ใฎใงใ€ไบŒๆ–นๅ‘ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ้ท็งปใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:29
coming from Janus. Okay.
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Janus ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ™ใ‚‹ 1 ๆœˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:34
February, this is maybe not so clear where the name comes from, but people think it comes
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2ๆœˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅๅ‰ใฎ็”ฑๆฅใŒใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅ˜่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„
01:41
from the word... The Latin word "februare" which means to purify, because at that time
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ใพใ™... ๆต„ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใฎใ€Œfebruareใ€ ใฏใ€ใใฎ
01:52
of year in the Roman Empire there was a Festival of Forgiveness where people were forgiven
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ๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใƒญใƒผใƒžๅธๅ›ฝใง็ฅญใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใŸใ‚ใงใ™. ไบบใ€…ใŒ
02:00
for things that they'd done. So it was a kind of purification period. So it may be that
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่จฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่จฑใ—ใฎใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎ ใฎๆต„ๅŒ–ๆœŸ้–“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:09
February comes from that, februare. Okay.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€2 ๆœˆใฏใใฎ 2 ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:16
Then we have March, which is named after the god of war, Mars. Okay. And at one time for
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๆˆฆไบ‰ใฎ็ฅžใƒžใƒซใ‚นใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใƒžใƒผใƒใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:25
a long time March was the first month in the Roman calendar. It was counted from here,
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ใใ—ใฆ้•ทใ„้–“ใ€3ๆœˆใฏใƒญใƒผใƒžๆšฆใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆœˆใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ•ฐใˆใฆ
02:34
and then presumably they went to the end and January, February came at the end. So, Mars...
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ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆœ€ๅพŒใพใง่กŒใฃใฆใ€ 1ๆœˆใ€2ๆœˆใŒๆœ€ๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€็ซๆ˜Ÿ...
02:43
March was the first month of the year in the Roman Empire calendar. But that changed in
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3ๆœˆใฏใƒญใƒผใƒžๅธๅ›ฝๆšฆใฎๅนดใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆœˆใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
02:54
the 16th century when Pope Gregory brought in his Gregorian Calendar and made January
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ๆ•™็š‡ใ‚ฐใƒฌใ‚ดใƒชใ‚ฆใ‚น ใŒใ‚ฐใƒฌใ‚ดใƒชใ‚ชๆšฆใ‚’ๅฐŽๅ…ฅใ—ใ€
03:04
the first month of the year officially, and that explains a little bit what we will be
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ๆญฃๅผใซ 1 ๆœˆใ‚’ๅนดใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆœˆใจ ใ—ใŸ 16 ไธ–็ด€ใซ
03:10
coming to at the end of the list where these numbers don't make sense, but we'll come to
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ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใพใ™
03:17
that. Okay, so that's March.
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€3ๆœˆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:21
April, Aprilis in the Latin name, and it could come, people think, from the Latin word to
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Aprilใ€Aprilis ใฏใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใฎๅๅ‰ใง ใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใฎ
03:32
open: "apperire", and if you think of flowers in the spring opening, it's that kind of idea
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ใ€Œapperireใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ˜ฅใซ่ŠฑใŒ้–‹ใใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจ
03:41
after the winter, flowers start to appear, so it's a springtime kind of word. Okay.
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ใ€ๅ†ฌใฎๅพŒใซ่ŠฑใŒๅ’ฒใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ๆ˜ฅใ‚‰ใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:52
May is named after Maia, the Roman goddess who was the mother of Mercury.
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ใƒกใ‚คใ‚ขใฏใƒžใƒผใ‚ญใƒฅใƒชใƒผใฎๆฏใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒญใƒผใƒžใฎๅฅณ็ฅžใƒžใ‚คใ‚ขใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒ”ใ‚ฟใƒผใฎๅฆปใงใ‚ใ‚‹
04:01
June named after Juno, another goddess who was the wife of Jupiter.
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ๅˆฅใฎๅฅณ็ฅžใ‚ธใƒฅใƒŽใƒผใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
04:11
July is named after the famous emperor, Julius Caesar who was born in that month. He was
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7ๆœˆใฏใ€ใใฎๆœˆใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸๆœ‰ๅใช็š‡ๅธใƒฆใƒชใ‚ฆใ‚นใƒปใ‚ซใ‚จใ‚ตใƒซใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ
04:20
born in that month when it was called Quintilis, which is the Latin word for fifth, which explains
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒชใ‚นใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚ŒใŸใใฎๆœˆใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใง 5 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ˜่ชž
04:28
if you start with March as one... One, two, three, four, five, July was the fifth month
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ใงใ€3 ๆœˆใ‚’ 1 ใจใ—ใฆๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™... 1ใ€2ใ€3ใ€4ใ€5ใ€7 ๆœˆใฏใใฎๆ™‚็‚นใง 5 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆœˆ
04:35
at that time. But they renamed it anyway after Julius Caesar and it's now called July. Okay.
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ใงใ—ใŸ . ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚ขใ‚นใƒปใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ถใƒผใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅๅ‰ใŒๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ็พๅœจใฏ 7 ๆœˆใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
04:44
And similarly, with August, that used to be called the sixth month, Latin, Sextilis, but
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€8ๆœˆ ใฏ6็•ช็›ฎใฎๆœˆใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใ€ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒชใ‚นใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—
04:54
it was named... It was changed and named after Augustus Caesar in the 8th century BC. So,
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ใŸใŒใ€ๅๅ‰ใŒไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ... ็ด€ๅ…ƒๅ‰8ไธ–็ด€ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฆใ‚ฐใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ฅใ‚นใƒปใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ถใƒผใซใกใชใ‚“ใงๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใ€ๅๅ‰ใŒไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ .
05:05
August comes from the emperor Augustus, okay.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฆใ‚ฐใ‚นใƒˆใฏ ็š‡ๅธใ‚ขใ‚ฆใ‚ฐใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ฅใ‚นใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:10
And then the last four are just based on the numbers, and this is where it... This is why
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 4 ใคใฏๆ•ฐๅญ—ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™... ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
05:17
it seems strange that September nowadays, it's not the seventh month at all, it's the
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ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ 9 ๆœˆ ใŒ 7 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆœˆใงใฏใชใใ€
05:25
ninth month, but at that time when they were counting from March, it was the seventh month.
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9 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆœˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใซๆ€ใˆใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ 3ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ•ฐใˆใฆ7ใƒถๆœˆ็›ฎใ€‚
05:34
That's why it's so confusing. So: "septem" Latin for 7th, September. October, "octo",
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œseptemใ€ใฏ ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใง 9 ๆœˆ 7 ๆ—ฅใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ 10 ๆœˆใ€ใ€Œoctoใ€ใ€
05:43
Latin for 8th. November, "novem", Latin for 9th. December, "decem", Latin for 10th, so
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ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใง 8 ๆ—ฅใ€‚ 11 ๆœˆใ€ใ€Œnovemใ€ใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใง 9 ๆ—ฅใ€‚ 12 ๆœˆใ€ใ€Œdecemใ€ใ€ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใง 10 ๆ—ฅใชใฎใง
05:53
that explains why those months don't have the right number connection at all. So, that
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœˆใซ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎใคใชใŒใ‚ŠใŒใชใ„็†็”ฑใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ• ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œ
06:01
explains that mystery. And it explains also how we have this influence from so many hundreds
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ใฏใใฎ่ฌŽใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€ไฝ•็™พๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใฎใƒญใƒผใƒžๅธๅ›ฝใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ—ใ‘ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
06:10
of years ago from the Roman Empire and we've never really replaced that system. It's a
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ใใฎใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™. ๅŒ—ใจๅ—ใฎ็ฅž่ฉฑใฎๅๅ‰
06:17
bit like the days of the week, with the northern and southern mythology names. It would be
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ใงใ€ๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅฐ‘ใ—ไผผใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:25
too difficult, probably to try to change the names now, so we still have those names from
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใไปŠๅๅ‰ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
06:31
hundreds of years ago.
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ไฝ•็™พๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใฎๅๅ‰ใŒๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:33
So, there we are. So I hope that's been useful. And as I mentioned, we already have a lesson
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซๆ›œๆ—ฅใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:41
on the days of the week, and a lot of them are also based on the Roman... Roman mythology
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅคšใใฏ ใ€ใƒญใƒผใƒžใฎ... ใƒญใƒผใƒž็ฅž่ฉฑ
06:50
and also the northern Norse mythology from the northern European area. So, if you haven't
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ใจๅŒ—ๆฌงๅœฐๅŸŸใฎๅŒ—ๅŒ—ๆฌง็ฅž่ฉฑใซใ‚‚ๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ใใฎใŸใ‚
07:00
already seen that lesson, the lesson on the days of the week, and the names for the days,
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ใ€ใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใ€ๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’ใพใ ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„
07:07
do have a look at that. Okay, so thanks for listening, and see you again soon. Bye.
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ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ”ๆธ…่ดใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
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