Learn English Grammar: How to use the auxiliary verb 'COULD'

768,584 views ใƒป 2018-05-24

Learn English with Gill


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hello. I'm Gill at www.engvid.com, and today we have a lesson on an auxiliary modal verb:
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ็งใฏ www.engvid.com ใฎ Gill ใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅ ใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉž
00:11
"could", the use of "could". So, there are two ways... Well, we have five ways that it's
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฎไฝฟ็”จใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€2 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™...ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ 5 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง
00:21
used here, but "could" comes either from as the past tense of the verb "can", which is
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ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcanใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcanใ€ใฏๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œcanใ€
00:30
also an auxiliary modal verb, "can": "could" in the past; or it's used as an auxiliary
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ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซใ€ŒใงใใŸ ใ€ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
00:40
verb with other verbs combined. So, sorry that sounds very complicated, but I hope it
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ใ€ไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใซ่žใ“ใˆใฆ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€
00:48
comes clearer with the sentences to illustrate how it can be used. Okay.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:55
So, first of all, just to show the simple past tense of "can", if I can do something:
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ใพใšๆœ€ๅˆใซ ใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใฎๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒไฝ•ใ‹
01:02
I can do something today, yesterday I could do it as well; or I couldn't do it yesterday,
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ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
01:11
you could use the negative as well. So, first sentence, then: "At one time"-in the past-"I
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ใ€‚ๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ๆ–‡ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆใ€-้ŽๅŽปใซใฏ-ใ€Œ
01:21
could run a mile and not get out of breath". So, to get out of breath is when you've been
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ๆฏๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ›ใšใซ 1 ใƒžใ‚คใƒซ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฏๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
01:34
running a lot, and then you can't... You're breathing very quickly and you have to wait
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ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ตฐใฃใŸใฎใซ่ตฐใ‚ŒใชใใชใฃใŸใจใใงใ™... ๅ‘ผๅธใŒ้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใ
01:41
for your body to get back to normal. And if you're running, also, it might be painful
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ใ€ไฝ“ใŒๆญฃๅธธใซๆˆปใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€็—›ใฟ
01:48
and you have to stop, so that's getting out of breath. Okay? So: "At one time in the past
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ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆๅœๆญขใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€ๆฏใŒๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆ˜”ใ€
01:56
I could run a mile." I can't say now in the present I can run a mile, because I can't,
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็งใฏ 1 ใƒžใ‚คใƒซ่ตฐใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ็งใฏ ็พๅœจใ€1ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใ‚‚่ตฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›
02:04
okay? But in the past, at one time, I could run a mile and not get out of breath. Okay,
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฏ ใ€ๆฏๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ›ใšใซ 1 ใƒžใ‚คใƒซ่ตฐใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€
02:14
so that's just the past tense of "can".
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ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€Œcanใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
02:17
But then the other four examples are where it's used as an auxiliary modal verb with
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไป–ใฎ 4 ใคใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€
02:27
different ways of using it. So we have four different ways of using it, here. First of
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใงๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€4 ใคใฎ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:34
all, number two is a polite request. So, instead of: "Can I...?" you say: "Could I...? Could
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ใพใšใ€2ใค็›ฎใฏไธๅฏงใชใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซ๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏ...ใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†๏ผšใ€Œใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹...?
02:44
I borrow your pen, please, just for a moment? Could I borrow your pen, please?" If you say:
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ ใ‘ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒšใƒณใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒšใƒณใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผš
02:51
"Can I...?" it's okay, but it's not quite as polite. So if you really want the person
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ...ใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉไธๅฏงใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใฎไบบ
02:59
to say: "Yes, of course", if you're polite they are more likely to let you borrow their
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ใซใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ใƒšใƒณใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
03:07
pen. So: "Could. Could I please?" So we've got: "Could I" and we also have "please" at
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ใ€ŒCould Iใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ŒPleaseใ€ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
03:14
the end. Or you could put: "Please" near the beginning: "Please. Please could I...? Could
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใงใใพใ™ใ‹
03:22
I please...?" Any order. "Can I borrow your pen, please, just for a moment?" So that's
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...? ไปปๆ„ใฎ้ †ๅบใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ ใ‘ใ€ใƒšใƒณใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œ
03:29
a polite request. Okay.
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ใฏไธๅฏงใช่ฆๆฑ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:34
And then the third sentence is when you're saying that something is possible. You're
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ใใ—ใฆ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏ ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
03:43
telling somebody something is possible if... If they do something, so this is called a
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่ชฐใ‹ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ™... ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆกไปถไป˜ใใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ
03:51
conditional. Okay. And that... We have lots of video lessons on conditionals, so do have
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏ... ๆกไปถไป˜ใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“
04:05
a look for those. So, here is an example: "You could get good marks in the exam if you
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใง่‰ฏใ„็‚นๆ•ฐใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:17
study every day." So, the conditional: "Could" often uses "if", because you have a choice.
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆกไปถๆ–‡: ใ€ŒCouldใ€ ใฏใ€Œifใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้ธๆŠž่‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
Are you going to study every day and get good marks in the exam, or are you going to maybe
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ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผท ใ—ใฆ่ฉฆ้จ“ใง่‰ฏใ„็‚นๆ•ฐใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚
04:34
study once or twice a week and then you get to the exam and you don't do so well, or what's
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้€ฑใซ1ใ€2ๅ›žๅ‹‰ๅผทใ— ใฆ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅ‡บใฆใ‚‚ๆˆ็ธพใŒ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚
04:44
your choice? So this is your teacher, your tutor might tell you: "You could get good
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’้ธใณใพใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฎถๅบญๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ“ใ† ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“:ใ€ŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใง่‰ฏใ„็‚นๆ•ฐใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
04:50
marks in the exam if you study every day", if you work hard regularly every day. So that's
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ใ€‚ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ่ฆๅ‰‡ๆญฃใ—ใๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œ
05:02
a possibility, a conditional. Right.
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ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ€ๆกไปถไป˜ใใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณใ€‚
05:06
So, then number four, this is a polite way of maybe giving a criticism or suggesting
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4 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆ‰นๅˆคใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
05:16
something isn't right, there's a mistake, or something may have gone wrong. If you say:
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใ€้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎไธๅฏงใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:24
"I could be wrong, but... I could be wrong, but I think there's a mistake (an error) in
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€... ็งใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ•ฐๅ€คใซใฏ้–“้•ใ„ (ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผ) ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
05:36
these figures." So if you're looking at some accounts, and the figures in columns and they're
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ‹˜ๅฎš็ง‘็›ฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ๅˆ—ใฎๆ•ฐๅ€คใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซๅˆ่จˆ
05:42
supposed to add up accurately, and you look at it and you think: "This doesn't look right."
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใฏใšใชใฎใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€ใจๆ€ใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
If you're an accounting genius, you can maybe see immediately something isn't right; the
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไผš่จˆใฎๅคฉๆ‰ใชใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใŠใ‹ใ—ใ„ ใ“ใจใซใ™ใใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:59
figures don't balance or something. So... But you don't want to say: "Oh, that's wrong.
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ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใฎใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰... ใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้•ใ†ใ€‚้•ใ†ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:06
That's not right." You don't want to be so direct, so you're very careful that when you
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š็Ž‡็›ดใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ„ใฎใง ใ€
06:14
begin your sentence: "I could be wrong, but I think..." So you're not saying: "I know.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใฏๆ€ใ†...ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆ
06:22
I can see there's a mistake there." You wouldn't say that. "I think there's a mistake (an error)
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซ้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ•ฐๅ€คใซใฏ่ชคใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€่ชคใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง
06:32
in these figures", so it's a polite way of suggesting there could be a mistake. "I could
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ใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ™ใ‚‹ไธๅฏงใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ
06:40
be wrong, but..." Okay. Useful phrase.
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้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ...ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไพฟๅˆฉใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€‚
06:46
And then, finally, in this first half of the lesson, when somebody is saying they could
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใฎ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅ‰ๅŠใงใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ
06:55
have done something or they could have been something, a profession: "I could have been
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ่ทๆฅญใซใชใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒใƒฌใ‚จใƒ€ใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
07:02
a ballet dancer, but something happened to stop me." A lot of people say: "I could have
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ใŒใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆ ็งใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ.ใ€ ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใ€Œ็งใฏ
07:10
done this, I could have done that", and then you think: "Well, why...? Why didn't you?"
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใจ ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™:
07:17
Maybe the circumstances weren't right, maybe you needed money for it which you didn't have,
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็ŠถๆณใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ› ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ใŠ้‡‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใฃใŸใฎใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎ
07:26
so there are lots of reasons why people don't do what they could have done; if they'd had
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ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:32
the money, if they'd been in the right place at the right time with the right people, etc.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅ ดๆ‰€ ใซ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ™‚ใซ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชไบบใŸใกใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใชใฉใ€‚
07:40
So: "I could have been", that's a kind of conditional, but it's a conditional where
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07:49
it's already in the past and it's too late now, you can't go back and change it. So:
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้ŽๅŽป ใซๆˆปใฃใฆๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš
07:57
"I could have been a ballet dancer, but it didn't happen." So...
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒใƒฌใ‚จใƒ€ใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ†ใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.ใ€ ใง
08:03
And that one reminded me of a famous scene in a film, the actor Marlon Brando, you may
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ใ€ใ‚ใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใฎๆœ‰ๅใชใ‚ทใƒผใƒณใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ไฟณๅ„ชใฎใƒžใƒผใƒญใƒณ ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
08:10
know this one, called On the Waterfront, and he's sitting in the back of a car with I think
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผ ใƒ•ใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ ๅฝผใฏ่ปŠใฎๅพŒ้ƒจๅบงๅธญใซๅ…„ๅผŸใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:19
his brother, and he's saying what... He could have been somebody. He could have really done
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ไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹... ๅฝผใฏ ่ชฐใ‹ใ ใฃใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไบบ็”Ÿใงๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
08:27
something with his life, and now he's upset, he thinks it's too late, something's gone
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ใ€ไปŠใฏๅ‹•ๆบใ— ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ‰‹้…ใ‚Œใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ
08:33
wrong, so he says: "I could have been a contender" meaning someone who really gets out there
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:41
and does something, a contender. "I could have been somebody", rather than nobody. He
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. ใ€Œ็งใฏไฝ•่€…ใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Œ ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ไฝ•่€…ใงใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ ๅฝผ
08:49
feels he's nobody. "I could have been somebody." So that's a famous example of: "could have
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ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ•่€…ใงใ‚‚ใชใ„ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏไฝ•่€…ใ‹ใซใชใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ‰ๅใชไพ‹ใงใ™:
08:58
been" in a film.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎไธญใงใ€Œใใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€.
09:02
And then to end this half of the lesson, the different forms for "could have", that's the
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ“ใฎๅŠๅˆ†ใ‚’็ต‚ไบ† ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€Œcould'veใ€ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพ
09:09
full form with no abbreviation, you can have it abbreviated, contracted with "could've",
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ใชๅฝขๅผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็•ฅ่ชžใฎใชใ„ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅฝขๅผใงใ™ใ€‚ ็œ็•ฅใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œcould'veใ€
09:18
"I could've", so "could", apostrophe, "ve". So the apostrophe shows the missing letters
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ใ€ใ€ŒI could'veใ€ใจ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ could"ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€"ve". ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅญ—
09:27
"ha". "Could have", so you say: "Could've", "could've", just a "ve" sound at the end.
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"ha" ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒCould'veใ€ใฏใ€ใ€ŒCould'veใ€ใ€ ใ€Œcould'veใ€ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œveใ€ใฎ้Ÿณใ ใ‘ใŒไป˜ใใจ่จ€ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
09:36
"Could've" instead of "could have". "I could've". Okay. And then sometimes, because the way
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ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ€
09:45
people speak, they sometimes say: "I coulda". "I coulda done that. I coulda done that",
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใงใใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
09:52
instead of "could've". "I coulda", if they're speaking quickly, meaning: "I could have done
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ใงใใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€‚ใงใใŸใ€ใ€‚ "I coulda" ใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆ—ฉๅฃใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ€ŒI could have done
09:59
that. I coulda". You may sometimes see this written down if someone's written down what
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that. I couldaใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
10:08
somebody said, and it sounded like "coulda", you might see that in writing, but usually
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œcouldaใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€้€šๅธธ
10:15
you will hear it when people are speaking.
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ใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:20
And because of this one, unfortunately, there's a terrible mistake that people put when they're
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใซใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใง ใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใฒใฉใ„้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—
10:28
writing, and they put: "could of", which is completely wrong. Okay? So please don't write
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ใ€ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใจๆ›ธใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
10:38
"could of". It should be: "could have". So: "could of" makes no sense. The word "of" has
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ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใฎใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰
10:48
nothing to do with what this is saying, so please don't put: "could of", that's completely
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจใฏไฝ•ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ
10:59
wrong, so be careful because also people say it like that: "I could of", "I could of",
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้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆณจๆ„ใ— ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใชใฉใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:06
so it's "could've" here turning into "could of" there, and they even say... People even
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œcould'veใ€ใŒใ€Œcould ofใ€ใซๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆ
11:13
say it like an "of". "Could of", and they write it that way, too, "could of", and it's
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ใ€ใ€Œofใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œcould ofใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ ใ‚‚ใ€Œcould ofใ€ใจ
11:20
completely wrong, so please avoid that if you can. Right, so we'll just move on to the
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ๆ›ธใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใงใใ‚Œใฐ้ฟใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใงใฏ
11:27
second part of the lesson where I have a little test for you. Okay.
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ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซ้€ฒใฟ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
11:32
Okay, so here's the test for you to use the word "could" in four different sentences.
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œcouldใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ 4 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:42
So, let's look at the first one. So, another way of saying it is: "I used to be able to
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅˆฅ ใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€Œไปฅๅ‰ใฏๆฐดไธญใ‚’ 1 ๅˆ†้–“ๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
11:52
swim underwater for a full minute." So if you're in the swimming pool, you go under
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
12:02
the water, below the surface, and you can swim around under water, holding your breath
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ใ€ๆฐดไธญใ€ๆฐด้ขไธ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใ€1ๅˆ†้–“ ๆฏใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใฆๆฐดไธญใ‚’ๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
12:11
for a full minute. Okay? So: "I used to be"-meaning at one time-"I was able to"-able to-"swim
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒI used to beใ€ -ใ‹ใคใฆใฏใ€ŒI was able toใ€-ใ€ŒใงใใŸ-ใ€ใ€Œ
12:25
under water for a full minute". So, can you say that in a similar way, starting: "At one
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ๆฐดไธญใงไธธ 1 ๅˆ†้–“ๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ŒAt one timeใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆ
12:32
time", and then use the word "could"? "At one time", okay. So it's about I, so: "At
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œใฒใจใจใใ€ใงใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ“ใจใชใฎใงใ€
12:46
one time I..." So: "At one time I could", and then it goes on. "At one time I could
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ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆ็งใฏ...ใ€ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆ็งใฏใงใใŸใ€ ใจ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆใ€็งใฏ
13:04
swim under water for a full minute." Okay. "Full minute" means a whole minute, 60 seconds,
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ๆฐดไธญใง 1 ๅˆ†้–“ๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ 1 ๅˆ†ใ€ใจใฏใ€1 ๅˆ†ใ€60 ็ง’
13:15
a complete minute. "At one time I could swim under water for a full minute." Okay. Right,
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ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‹ใคใฆใ€็งใฏ ๆฐดไธญใง 1 ๅˆ†้–“ๆณณใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
13:25
so that's using "can", "could" as the past tense. "I could at one time", okay. Right.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถใจใ—ใฆใ€Œใงใใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏไธ€ๅบฆใซใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅณใ€‚
13:36
Next one. If you ask someone to speak more slowly, what would you say? If you're asking
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ๆฌกใฎใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใซใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰ ใ€ไฝ•ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ‹?
13:45
someone to speak more slowly, politely asking them: "Speak more slowly", so you say: "Please...
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่ชฐใ‹ใซใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใ‚€ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ€ใจไธๅฏงใซๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™... ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:57
Please", so the word we want to use is "could", so: "Please could", "Please could", and then
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ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆ
14:13
we're speaking to another person, so we need the word for the other person. "Please could
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็งใŸใกใฏๅˆฅใฎไบบใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใง ใ€ใใฎไบบใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™. ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—
14:19
you", okay? So: "Please could you speak more slowly?" Okay? Right. So that's a polite request,
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ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅณใ€‚ ไธๅฏงใชใŠ้ก˜ใ„
14:38
isn't it? You're being polite to the person. They're speaking too quickly, you're asking
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ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ—ฉๅฃใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
14:44
them: "Please, could you speak more slowly?" All right.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใ“ใ†ๅฐ‹ใญใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
14:50
Next one, you want to tell somebody, someone they are capable, they are able, they have
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซ ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ
15:00
the possibility of writing a book. They know so much about a subject that you say: "You
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ๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจไผใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹ไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใ†
15:11
know so much about that subject, you are capable, you are able, you would be able to write a
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆๆœฌ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:20
book on that subject because you know so much and you're so interested in it." So it's encouraging
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅˆๆœŸๅŒ–ใ€‚"
15:28
them to go ahead, write a book. So what do you say to tell them that they're capable
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅจๅŠฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใง ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใ„
15:35
of writing a book? Using the word "could": "You..." So: "You could... You could write",
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ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ "could" ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ† : "You could..." ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰: "You could... You could write" ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:56
not "writing" this time, but: "You could write a book", okay? "You could write a book on
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ไปŠๅ›žใฏ "writing" ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€"You could write a book" ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซใคใ„ใฆๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
16:05
that subject. You know so much about it." Okay, so that's a conditional because you
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ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงๆกไปถไป˜ใใงใ™
16:13
could... The person may not decide: "Oh, right, I'll write a book, then." They may think:
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... ใใฎไบบใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใ ใ€ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใ“ใ†ใ€ใจๆฑบใ‚ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
16:19
"Oh no. I can't... I can't do that, it's too much work. I'm not going to do that." But
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ใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใซใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“...็งใซใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅคงๅค‰ใชไป•ไบ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
16:27
there's the possibility that they could write a book if they wanted to. Okay.
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ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใชใ‚‰ๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
16:35
And then finally: "I had the chance, the opportunity to be in a Hollywood film, but it didn't happen."
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ ใƒใƒชใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใซๅ‡บๆผ”ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๅฎŸ็พใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
16:49
Something went wrong. They chose somebody else, as often happens. It didn't happen.
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ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’้ธใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
16:56
I had the chance, I had the opportunity, they were thinking of me, considering me. This
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็งใซใฏใƒใƒฃใƒณใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€็งใซใฏๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏ็งใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:03
isn't true, by the way. But: "I had a chance to be in a Hollywood film, but it didn't happen."
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ ใƒใƒชใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใซๅ‡บๆผ”ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๅฎŸ็พใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
17:14
So, how would you say that using the word "could"? "I", you need several words here
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‹? ใ€ŒIใ€ใ€
17:27
with "could", "could" plus some other words. "I..." Okay, so "could" comes first. "I could",
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใ€ใใฎไป–ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ...ใ€ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใ€
17:41
"in a Hollywood film". "I could have... I could have been", okay? So: "I could have
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ใ€Œใƒใƒชใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใงใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ... ็งใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒชใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใซๅ‡บๆผ”ใงใใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
18:01
been in a Hollywood film, but it didn't happen." Okay.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ็พใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
18:06
So, I hope that's been useful for you. So, if you'd like to go to the website, www.engvid.com,
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ใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
18:19
there's a quiz there. In addition to this test we've just done, there's a quiz on this
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ใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ…ˆใปใฉ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ
18:24
subject, so please go and try the quiz and see how you do. And please subscribe to my
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ใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ใœใฒใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆ ใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซ็™ป้Œฒใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”่ฆง
18:29
channel if you've enjoyed this lesson, and thanks for watching. See you again soon. Bye.
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ใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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