5 Tricky Things about Modifiers ๐Ÿ‘จ๐Ÿฝโ€๐ŸŽ“๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿปโ€๐ŸŽ“ Advanced English with JenniferESL

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2019-04-19 ใƒป English with Jennifer


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5 Tricky Things about Modifiers ๐Ÿ‘จ๐Ÿฝโ€๐ŸŽ“๐Ÿ‘ฉ๐Ÿปโ€๐ŸŽ“ Advanced English with JenniferESL

32,439 views ใƒป 2019-04-19

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:05
Hi everyone. I'd like you to take a short quiz. Okay. I'll ask you five questions,
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์งง์€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ
00:11
and then we'll go over the answers together.
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๋‹ค์Œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Ready?
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์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ?
00:17
1. Count the number of adverbs and adjectives in the following sentence.
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1. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
00:31
2. Are there any mistakes in the following sentences?
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2. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:45
3. Are the hyphens used correctly in the following sentence?
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3. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:58
4. Would you use any hyphens in the following sentence?
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4. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:15
5. How is the word "married" used in the following sentences?
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5. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "married"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:33
Did you note your answers? All right. Let's go over the questions one by one.
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๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Okay. Question one. Count the number of adverbs and adjectives in the following sentence.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:47
I was really surprised to meet lots of friendly people.
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์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์–ด์š”.
01:52
There's one adverb: really. There are two adjectives: surprised, friendly.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ •๋ง. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋†€๋žŒ, ์นœ๊ทผํ•จ.
02:02
Adverbs and adjectives are modifiers. Modifiers give us information about other words in a sentence.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ •์ž๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
"Surprised" tells us about the subject "I." What kind of mood was I in? Surprised.
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"Surprised"๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ "I"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ? ๋†€๋ž€.
02:20
"Really" modifies "surprised." How surprised? Really surprised.
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"Really"๋Š” "๋†€๋ž๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
"Friendly" modifies "people." What kind of people? Friendly people.
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"Friendly"๋Š” "์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค? ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
02:36
Remember that adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs adjectives and other adverbs.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
It can sometimes be a little tricky to recognize adverbs.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
But we need to remember that while many adverbs end in -ly there are exceptions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
"Friendly" and "lovely" are common examples of adjectives that end in -ly.
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"Friendly"์™€ "lovely"๋Š” -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
A friendly person. A lovely day.
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์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ. ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ.
03:10
Can you think of other examples?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:15
How about
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03:16
"costly" and
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"๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ "
03:18
"timely"?
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"์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ"๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:19
You can make a costly mistake.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
You can do something in a timely manner.
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์ ์‹œ์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Note these phrases so that you can remember that "costly" and "timely" are adjectives.
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"costly"์™€ "timely"๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:32
There are adverbs that don't end in -ly. There's a common one that you'll see in question two.
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-ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ 2์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Question two. Are there any mistakes in the following sentences? I'm a fast walker. I don't like to walk slow.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 2. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑท๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
03:53
Personally, I think the sentence is fine the way it is. Did any of you want to change "slow" too "slowly"?
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ"๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด "์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ"๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:01
You could, but you don't have to.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
"Fast" and "slow" are examples of words that can be both adjectives and adverbs in American English.
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"Fast"์™€ "slow"๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Some may argue that "slowly" is more standard when you need an adverb,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ "slowly"๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„
04:17
but I think it's perfectly acceptable and very common to say, "Go slow."
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, "Go slow"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
The tricky thing is that adverbs and adjectives can share forms or have similar forms.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
Okay. I can say: walk slow, walk slowly, walk fast.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค: ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑท๋‹ค, ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑท๋‹ค, ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑท๋‹ค.
04:39
Do you think it's alright to say "walk real fast"?
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"๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑท๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:45
You'll definitely hear American English speakers use "real" as an adverb.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ "real"์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
I would say this is okay in informal speech. In a more formal situation,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ธ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:57
I'd be more careful and I'd use "really" to express degree, as in "really fast."
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์ข€ ๋” ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "really"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "really fast"์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
You might also hear Americans use GOOD instead of WELL.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด WELL ๋Œ€์‹  GOOD๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
BAD instead of BADLY.
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BADLY ๋Œ€์‹  BAD.
05:13
Especially in conversation. I think it's usually acceptable,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ 
05:18
always understood, but some may say that that's not standard English.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
So remember Americans might use common adjectives as adverbs.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
05:52
Also, remember there are adverbs with similar forms that have the same meaning as in slow/slowly,
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๋˜ํ•œ slow/slowly, quick/quickly์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
05:59
quick/quickly.
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.
06:03
You'll often hear American English speakers use these two forms interchangeably.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Sometimes, though, word order is a factor. The -ly form can be preferred in a certain position.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -ly ํ˜•์‹์€ ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Study these examples.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:41
These patterns remain the same for "quick" and "quickly."
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์€ "quick" ๋ฐ "quickly"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Which forms would you choose in these sentences?
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:58
I would say, "In the movie Shawshank Redemption, the main character was wrongly accused of murder."
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"์˜ํ™” ์‡ผ์ƒํฌ ํƒˆ์ถœ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ์‚ด์ธ ๋ˆ„๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋ช…์„ ์ผ๋‹ค."
07:07
And in this one?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ?
07:15
I'd say, "I did it wrong. I have to start again."
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"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด."
07:22
Again, I think the position of the adverb influences our preferences, just like in the previous examples.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
But what about these sentences?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
07:35
Do "hard" and "hardly" have the same basic meaning?
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"hard"์™€ "hardly"๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:43
No, this pair of examples reminds us that there can be words similar in form, but different in meaning.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
"Hard" is both an adjective and an adverb that can refer to the power of a hit or a punch.
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"Hard"๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด์ž ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
He hit the ball hard and it went far.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ์ณค๊ณ  ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
08:03
So a hard hit or hitting the ball hard
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:07
refers to the power used to strike the ball.
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๊ณต์„ ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
"Hardly" can only be an adverb, and it's an adverb of degree,
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"Hardly"๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋งŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ
08:17
not an adverb of manner.
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์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
It doesn't answer the question "How?" It answers the question "How much?"
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
It means not much or almost not at all.
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๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
You hardly ate anything. Aren't you hungry?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ˆ?
08:39
Question three. Are the hyphens used correctly in the following sentence?
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:45
There were some heart-wrenching scenes, but the ending was heartwarming.
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๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—”๋”ฉ์€ ํ›ˆํ›ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
This is a question without a definitive answer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋‹ต์ด ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
The tricky thing is that there's variation when it comes to hyphenating compound modifiers.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์ •์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“ 
09:04
Even dictionaries can't help us too much because not all dictionaries agree on the punctuation of compound modifiers.
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์‚ฌ์ „์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
But most dictionaries seem to hyphenate heart-wrenching and combine heartwarming as a single word.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์€ ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
Why? Who knows? Maybe it's because heart-warming is already commonly understood and widely accepted.
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์™œ? ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„? ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Maybe in another 10 years heart-wrenching will also combine and drop the hyphen in all dictionaries.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ผ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ „์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ณ  ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
The point is that dictionaries can help, but they can also confuse us when they don't agree.
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์š”์ ์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
My advice is to check at least 3 sources and then go with the majority.
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๋‚ด ์กฐ์–ธ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
If you're writing for an American audience, be sensitive to patterns used in American English.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
If you're writing for an audience that primarily uses British English, you might favor a different pattern.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์‹ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Just be consistent.
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์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
10:12
Another tip is to learn collocations with compound modifiers.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋กœ ์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
You can write phrases you come across in a vocabulary notebook or make flashcards.
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๋‹จ์–ด ๊ณต์ฑ…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
Taking the time to write these phrases will help you learn them.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Here are some useful phrases with compound modifiers that are usually hyphenated.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Question four. Would you use hyphens in the following sentence?
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4๋ฒˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:25
The hotly debated article proved that a writer had to be well informed, not well known.
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๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
Well, here we go again with compound modifiers. I'm not able to offer a definitive answer.
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์Œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์ •์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Not all sources agree on punctuation.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Look for patterns and study what the majority does.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:50
A tricky thing is that word order can influence punctuation.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ์–ด์ˆœ์ด ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
A pattern that many writers follow is to hyphenate a compound modifier before a noun,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜์ •์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ
12:01
but not after a linking verb.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
This is true with the adverb WELL. She's a well-informed writer. The writer is well informed.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ WELL์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
This pattern is frequently used with WELL and with numbers.
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด์€ WELL ๋ฐ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
It's a ten-year-old car. The car is ten years old.
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10๋…„๋œ ์ฐจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Š” 10๋…„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
Why is this happening? Because we see a shift from adjective to adverb.
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
I see much more variation with adverbs that end in -ly.
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๋‚˜๋Š” -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
I think there's a growing tendency not to use a hyphen regardless of word order.
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์–ด์ˆœ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
12:48
My advice is to let dictionaries guide you, but just be consistent in your own writing.
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๋‚ด ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋˜, ๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
Personally, I would write about a brightly-lit room, but many journalists and authors would write that phrase without a hyphen.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ๊ณผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ ์—†์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Here are some good collocations to learn. And you can decide for yourself whether to use a hyphen or not.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ์—ฐ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Just be consistent in your own writing.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:50
And our last question. Question 5. How is the word "married" used in the following sentences?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ 5. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "married"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:58
Married women in the U.S. sometimes keep their maiden name.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ „ ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
It's also a fact that a woman married for the second or a third time has the right to change her name after every marriage.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
The first time the past participle "married" is an adjective modifying "women." What kind of women?
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ "married"๋Š” "women"์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ?
14:22
Married women.
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๊ธฐํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ.
14:24
There we have a past participle functioning as an adjective.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
The tricky thing is that participles can have different functions, so they can have different positions in a sentence.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
The second time we have the same past participle after the noun "woman" because it's part of
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ "์—ฌ์ž"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:46
a reduced adjective clause.
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.
14:51
With the full clause, the sentence reads:
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
It is also a fact that a woman who is married for the second or third time...
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It is also a fact that a woman who is married for the second or three time...
15:02
Adjective clauses modify a noun, but remember they follow the head noun.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:09
Even when we reduce the adjective clause to a phrase, the position remains the same.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๋„ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
So a single-word adjective comes before the noun it modifies or after a linking verb.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
But an adjective clause (full or reduced) follows the head noun.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ(์™„์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝ)์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
She's a married woman.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
She's married. A woman married for the second or third time has the right to change her name after every marriage.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
Whew! That was an information-packed lesson. If you found it useful, please like this video.
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์•„ํœด! ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ตํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์˜์ƒ ์ข‹์•„์š” ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
I hope we can meet again to study more grammar.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋” ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
As always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
15:59
Become a member of my learning community. Click the JOIN button to become a member of my YouTube channel English with Jennifer.
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๋‚ด ํ•™์Šต ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. JOIN ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์˜์–ด ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋˜์„ธ์š”.
16:06
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ํŠน๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐ์ง€, ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ,
16:09
on-screen credit, and a monthly live stream. Note that YouTube channel memberships. Are not available in every country at this time.
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์˜จ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง ๋ฐ ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. YouTube ์ฑ„๋„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์‹ญ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
Follow me and gain more practice on Facebook and Twitter. I also have new videos on Instagram.
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์ €๋ฅผ ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜๊ณ  Facebook๊ณผ Twitter์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์ƒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
16:26
If you haven't already,
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์•„์ง ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:28
subscribe to my channel so you get
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16:31
notification of every new video I upload to YouTube.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ YouTube์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ ๋™์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ œ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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