5 Tricky Things about Modifiers πŸ‘¨πŸ½β€πŸŽ“πŸ‘©πŸ»β€πŸŽ“ Advanced English with JenniferESL

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2019-04-19 ・ English with Jennifer


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5 Tricky Things about Modifiers πŸ‘¨πŸ½β€πŸŽ“πŸ‘©πŸ»β€πŸŽ“ Advanced English with JenniferESL

32,744 views ・ 2019-04-19

English with Jennifer


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:05
Hi everyone. I'd like you to take a short quiz. Okay. I'll ask you five questions,
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and then we'll go over the answers together.
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Ready?
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1. Count the number of adverbs and adjectives in the following sentence.
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2. Are there any mistakes in the following sentences?
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3. Are the hyphens used correctly in the following sentence?
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4. Would you use any hyphens in the following sentence?
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5. How is the word "married" used in the following sentences?
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Did you note your answers? All right. Let's go over the questions one by one.
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Okay. Question one. Count the number of adverbs and adjectives in the following sentence.
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I was really surprised to meet lots of friendly people.
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There's one adverb: really. There are two adjectives: surprised, friendly.
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Adverbs and adjectives are modifiers. Modifiers give us information about other words in a sentence.
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"Surprised" tells us about the subject "I." What kind of mood was I in? Surprised.
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"Really" modifies "surprised." How surprised? Really surprised.
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"Friendly" modifies "people." What kind of people? Friendly people.
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Remember that adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs adjectives and other adverbs.
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It can sometimes be a little tricky to recognize adverbs.
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But we need to remember that while many adverbs end in -ly there are exceptions.
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"Friendly" and "lovely" are common examples of adjectives that end in -ly.
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A friendly person. A lovely day.
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Can you think of other examples?
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How about
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"costly" and
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"timely"?
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You can make a costly mistake.
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You can do something in a timely manner.
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Note these phrases so that you can remember that "costly" and "timely" are adjectives.
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There are adverbs that don't end in -ly. There's a common one that you'll see in question two.
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Question two. Are there any mistakes in the following sentences? I'm a fast walker. I don't like to walk slow.
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Personally, I think the sentence is fine the way it is. Did any of you want to change "slow" too "slowly"?
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You could, but you don't have to.
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"Fast" and "slow" are examples of words that can be both adjectives and adverbs in American English.
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Some may argue that "slowly" is more standard when you need an adverb,
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but I think it's perfectly acceptable and very common to say, "Go slow."
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The tricky thing is that adverbs and adjectives can share forms or have similar forms.
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Okay. I can say: walk slow, walk slowly, walk fast.
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Do you think it's alright to say "walk real fast"?
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You'll definitely hear American English speakers use "real" as an adverb.
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I would say this is okay in informal speech. In a more formal situation,
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I'd be more careful and I'd use "really" to express degree, as in "really fast."
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You might also hear Americans use GOOD instead of WELL.
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BAD instead of BADLY.
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Especially in conversation. I think it's usually acceptable,
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always understood, but some may say that that's not standard English.
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So remember Americans might use common adjectives as adverbs.
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Also, remember there are adverbs with similar forms that have the same meaning as in slow/slowly,
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quick/quickly.
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You'll often hear American English speakers use these two forms interchangeably.
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Sometimes, though, word order is a factor. The -ly form can be preferred in a certain position.
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Study these examples.
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These patterns remain the same for "quick" and "quickly."
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Which forms would you choose in these sentences?
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I would say, "In the movie Shawshank Redemption, the main character was wrongly accused of murder."
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And in this one?
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I'd say, "I did it wrong. I have to start again."
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Again, I think the position of the adverb influences our preferences, just like in the previous examples.
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But what about these sentences?
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Do "hard" and "hardly" have the same basic meaning?
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No, this pair of examples reminds us that there can be words similar in form, but different in meaning.
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"Hard" is both an adjective and an adverb that can refer to the power of a hit or a punch.
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He hit the ball hard and it went far.
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So a hard hit or hitting the ball hard
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refers to the power used to strike the ball.
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"Hardly" can only be an adverb, and it's an adverb of degree,
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not an adverb of manner.
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It doesn't answer the question "How?" It answers the question "How much?"
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It means not much or almost not at all.
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You hardly ate anything. Aren't you hungry?
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Question three. Are the hyphens used correctly in the following sentence?
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There were some heart-wrenching scenes, but the ending was heartwarming.
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This is a question without a definitive answer.
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The tricky thing is that there's variation when it comes to hyphenating compound modifiers.
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Even dictionaries can't help us too much because not all dictionaries agree on the punctuation of compound modifiers.
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But most dictionaries seem to hyphenate heart-wrenching and combine heartwarming as a single word.
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Why? Who knows? Maybe it's because heart-warming is already commonly understood and widely accepted.
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Maybe in another 10 years heart-wrenching will also combine and drop the hyphen in all dictionaries.
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The point is that dictionaries can help, but they can also confuse us when they don't agree.
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My advice is to check at least 3 sources and then go with the majority.
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If you're writing for an American audience, be sensitive to patterns used in American English.
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If you're writing for an audience that primarily uses British English, you might favor a different pattern.
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Just be consistent.
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Another tip is to learn collocations with compound modifiers.
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You can write phrases you come across in a vocabulary notebook or make flashcards.
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Taking the time to write these phrases will help you learn them.
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Here are some useful phrases with compound modifiers that are usually hyphenated.
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Question four. Would you use hyphens in the following sentence?
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The hotly debated article proved that a writer had to be well informed, not well known.
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Well, here we go again with compound modifiers. I'm not able to offer a definitive answer.
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Not all sources agree on punctuation.
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Look for patterns and study what the majority does.
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A tricky thing is that word order can influence punctuation.
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A pattern that many writers follow is to hyphenate a compound modifier before a noun,
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but not after a linking verb.
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This is true with the adverb WELL. She's a well-informed writer. The writer is well informed.
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This pattern is frequently used with WELL and with numbers.
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It's a ten-year-old car. The car is ten years old.
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Why is this happening? Because we see a shift from adjective to adverb.
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I see much more variation with adverbs that end in -ly.
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I think there's a growing tendency not to use a hyphen regardless of word order.
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My advice is to let dictionaries guide you, but just be consistent in your own writing.
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Personally, I would write about a brightly-lit room, but many journalists and authors would write that phrase without a hyphen.
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Here are some good collocations to learn. And you can decide for yourself whether to use a hyphen or not.
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Just be consistent in your own writing.
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And our last question. Question 5. How is the word "married" used in the following sentences?
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Married women in the U.S. sometimes keep their maiden name.
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It's also a fact that a woman married for the second or a third time has the right to change her name after every marriage.
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The first time the past participle "married" is an adjective modifying "women." What kind of women?
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Married women.
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There we have a past participle functioning as an adjective.
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The tricky thing is that participles can have different functions, so they can have different positions in a sentence.
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The second time we have the same past participle after the noun "woman" because it's part of
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a reduced adjective clause.
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With the full clause, the sentence reads:
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It is also a fact that a woman who is married for the second or third time...
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Adjective clauses modify a noun, but remember they follow the head noun.
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Even when we reduce the adjective clause to a phrase, the position remains the same.
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So a single-word adjective comes before the noun it modifies or after a linking verb.
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But an adjective clause (full or reduced) follows the head noun.
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She's a married woman.
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She's married. A woman married for the second or third time has the right to change her name after every marriage.
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Whew! That was an information-packed lesson. If you found it useful, please like this video.
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I hope we can meet again to study more grammar.
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As always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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