Advanced Grammar: Do You Know When It's OK to Break the Rules?

28,176 views ใƒป 2017-09-22

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Take a look at five sentences. Are there any mistakes? Anything you would change? Iโ€™ll give you a moment to read and think.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Do you know what? In my opinion, theyโ€™re all fine except one. Iโ€™ll tell you which one later in this lesson. Okay?
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ์•„? ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
00:36
And if you havenโ€™t already subscribed to my channel, please take a moment to click and subscribe.
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์•„์ง ์ œ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:53
Everyone needs to do their own work.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
Maybe this sounds just fine to you, and youโ€™re wondering why someone would even question it.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์™œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Well first, you need to know that indefinite pronouns like everyone, someone and anyone are singular and take a singular verb.
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๋จผ์ €, every, someone, someone๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ • ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Thatโ€™s why we say, โ€œEveryone needsโ€ and not โ€œEveryone need.โ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ "๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Now some people would say, especially in formal English, that our reference words have to agree in number, too.
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์ด์ œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
So we should say: Everyone needs to complete his or her own work.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
You can say it that way. Itโ€™s correct. But in everyday situations, most American English speakers wonโ€™t use that wording.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
We like to be concise, and โ€œhis or herโ€ is wordy, so often we just use โ€œtheir.โ€ It's quicker and easier.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  "๊ทธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€"๋Š” ์žฅํ™ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ข…์ข… "๊ทธ๋“ค์˜"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Which one do you think Iโ€™m more likely to say, A or B?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ A์™€ B ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์„ ๋” ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:08
A โ€“ Right? "Oh no! Someone left their iPad here." Good. Iโ€™m glad youโ€™re developing a feeling for what sounds more natural.
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A โ€“ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€? "์•ˆ๋ผ! ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ iPad๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์™”์–ด." ์ข‹์€. ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
So remember, in everyday English, itโ€™s okay to use a third person plural form like "their" to refer back to a singular indefinite pronoun.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ "their"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 3์ธ์นญ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋ถ€์ • ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
02:32
There is a quiz on Monday and an essay due on Friday.
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์›”์š”์ผ์—๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์—๋Š” ์—์„ธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
I recently taught a lesson on There is/ There are.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— There is/ There are์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
We use this structure to state what we see or what exists. With There is/ There are sentences, weโ€™re presenting information for someone to know or consider.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. There is/ There are sentence๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
The basic rule is that the noun that follows the verb BE tells us whether the verb should be singular or plural.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ๋™์‚ฌ BE ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋‹ค]
03:09
1 quiz. IS. There's a quiz on Monday.
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1 ํ€ด์ฆˆ. ์ด๋‹ค. ์›”์š”์ผ์— ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋‹ค]
03:19
2 assignments. ARE. There are two assignments due on Wednesday.
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2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ. ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ์— ์ œ์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
In informal English, itโ€™s common to use the contraction Thereโ€™s before singular and plural nouns.
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๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ˜• There's๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
There's a quiz on Monday.
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์›”์š”์ผ์— ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
There's two things due on Wednesday.
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์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
I said it so quickly, you probably didnโ€™t even notice that I used the singular verb, although I was talking about two things.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
But youโ€™ll also hear standard grammar used in a sentence like that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๋„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
There are two things. Again, I'll speak fast: There are. Link: There are. There are two things due on Wednesday.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํฌ: ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
So you'll hear it both ways.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Not all sources agree on what happens when we have more than one noun after the verb BE in a There is/There are sentence.
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There is/There are ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ BE ๋’ค์— ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
But the sources I trust confirm that many speakers and writers today prefer to focus on the noun that immediately follows the verb BE.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ BE ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
That first noun controls the verb. Is it singular or plural? Look at these examples.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฐ€์š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:46
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค]
05:27
So with There is/There are sentences, my feeling is that itโ€™s okay to use a singular verb before a singular noun even if another noun or a series of nouns follows.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ There is/There are sentence๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์จ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
That first noun can control the verb.
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
In more formal writing, you probably want to limit your use of There is/There are sentences, so just find alternative wording. Look how I rewrote the previous examples:
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” There is/There are sentence์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:15
Which sentence do you think Iโ€™m more likely to write in an email to a colleague? I'm friendly with this colleague.
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๋™๋ฃŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์“ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‚˜์š”? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ์นœํ•˜๋‹ค.
06:28
B โ€“ Right? "There is one inactive link and a few typos we have to fix."
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๋ฐ์€? "๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋งํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜คํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:33
Great. I'm glad you're starting to think like me.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ป์š”.
06:40
Who were you talking to?
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๋„ˆ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋ž‘ ์–˜๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋‹ˆ?
06:47
Did someone ever tell you that you canโ€™t end a sentence with a preposition?
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:52
At one point, thatโ€™s a rule I learned for so-called good writing.
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธ€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
Well, I think that rule is something we follow consistently only in formal writing.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
For example, in everyday American English, no one uses the object pronoun Whom? Does it sound natural for me to ask, โ€œTo whom were you speaking?โ€ or โ€œTo whom were you talking?โ€
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ Whom์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋˜๋Š” "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
07:18
To my ears, thatโ€™s very formal or even old-fashioned.
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๋‚ด ๊ท€์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ตฌ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
I might follow that rule about not ending with a preposition in certain situations.
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ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
It would be in formal writing, perhaps with adjective clauses or embedded questions.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Here are examples of sentences that sound appropriate for formal English.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์˜์–ด์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค]
07:59
Note the word order. Note the positions of the prepositions.
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๋‹จ์–ด ์ˆœ์„œ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:06
But letโ€™s switch contexts. Which question am I more likely ask a friend?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:17
A โ€“ Right? That definitely sounds more natural for everyday English.
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A โ€“ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€? ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์–ด์— ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Never tell nobody they canโ€™t realize their dreams.
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์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:32
We finally came to the sentence that I find incorrect, or at least itโ€™s not standard English. Youโ€™d likely be understood, but the grammar would sound awkward to many listeners.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฒญ์ทจ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ
08:46
Because you want your communication to be as clear as possible, I donโ€™t recommend using double negatives, which is using two or more negative words in the same clause.
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์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
I would say, โ€œNever tell anybody they canโ€™t realize their dreams.โ€
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์ €๋Š” โ€œ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
So why can we say โ€œneverโ€ and โ€œcanโ€™tโ€ in the same sentence?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "์ ˆ๋Œ€"์™€ "ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:12
Because the sentence has two clauses.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
The main clause is โ€œNever tell anybody.โ€ Thatโ€™s an imperative. The subject โ€œyouโ€ is understood.โ€ (You) never tell anybody.
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์ฃผ์š” ์กฐํ•ญ์€ "์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค."์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹น์‹ "์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ (๋‹น์‹ ์€) ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
09:28
Never tell anybody... The second clause is a "that" clause. We omit the word โ€œthatโ€: Never tell anybody (that) they canโ€™t realize their dreams.
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์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”... ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ˆ์€ "that" ์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
09:42
Each clause is allowed to have a negative word, so the sentence with two clauses ends up with two negative words, and that's okay.
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๊ฐ ์ ˆ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
So the complete sentence with standard grammar is: Never tell anybody they can't realize their dreams.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
10:02
Which of these sentences is not standard English?
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ค‘ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:10
A โ€“ Right? It has a double negative, and that's note standard grammar.
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A โ€“ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
I prefer the wording in B: I didn't hear anybody.
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๋‚˜๋Š” B์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
I can usually tell the difference between a Steinway, a Yamaha, and a Kawai piano.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต Steinway, Yamaha, Kawai ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Did you ever learn that you we use the preposition between with two things?
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:36
In one of my lessons on prepositions, I gave the example of standing between two people.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
This use of between to explain position or location is easy to understand.
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์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
It's also quite easy to understand the use of "among" for position or location.
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์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์ค‘"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
We use among when there are more than two things and these are things usually we can't easily separate or identify.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
These things are all around us or all around an object. Take a look at these examples:
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋„์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:17
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค]
11:28
But letโ€™s talk about using between for something other than position or location.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด between์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:35
In another grammar lesson, I explain that we can use "between" for two or more things when we're dividing something equally within a group, like the family fortune being divided so that each child gets an equal portion, an equal part.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์‚ฌ์ด์—"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค]
12:01
Hereโ€™s another use: We use "between" with two or more things when we consider these things separately.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ "์‚ฌ์ด์—"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
Perhaps we're considering the differences, their relations, their connections, or perhaps our choices, meaning we'll choose one of these things.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
Remember my model sentence? That was about the differences between things โ€“ separate things we can easily identify:
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๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
I can usually tell the difference between a Steinway, a Yamaha, and a Kawai piano.
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์ €๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ Steinway, Yamaha ๋ฐ Kawai ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Here are additional examples for us to study:
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
[reads]
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[์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค]
13:36
So remember, it's not always a mistake to use "between" with three or more things.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "์‚ฌ์ด"๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:43
If I asked you to name one amazing vacation destination, could you easily choose between Switzerland, Alaska, Hawaii, and New Zealand? You can let me know in the comment section.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ํœด๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด, ํ•˜์™€์ด, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
14:00
Well, thatโ€™s all for now. If you enjoyed this grammar lesson and youโ€™d like me to cover more grammar topics in the future, be sure like this video.
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์Œ, ์•„์ง์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ. ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
14:09
And also please subscribe if you haven't already.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ง ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋… ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
As always, thanks for watching and happy studies.
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๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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