Adjective Clauses: More Uses of Relative Pronouns in English (WHICH, WHOM)

18,367 views ใƒป 2018-01-18

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:10
Hey there. Itโ€™s Jennifer here on a winter day in Massachusetts.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€ใใ“ใ€‚ ใƒžใ‚ตใƒใƒฅใƒผใ‚ปใƒƒใƒ„ๅทžใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ†ฌใฎๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
00:15
New England can be hot in the summer and brutally cold in the winter, but I like the climate.
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ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใฏๅคใฏๆš‘ใใ€ๅ†ฌใฏๆฅตๅฏ’ใงใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏใใฎๆฐ—ๅ€™ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
I enjoy seeing nature change, which means I really like having four seasons.
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่‡ช็„ถใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใ€ๅ››ๅญฃใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
00:28
In the past, I worked in a number of places, one of which was the Bahamas.
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ไปฅๅ‰ใ€็งใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใฎ 1 ใคใŒใƒใƒใƒžใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:35
I remember how I wrote to a friend and asked her to send pictures of spring in Pennsylvania.
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ใƒšใƒณใ‚ทใƒซใƒใƒ‹ใ‚ขใฎๆ˜ฅใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’้€ใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจๅ‹ไบบใซๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:42
I missed the many different flowers, all of which make spring so special.
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ๆ˜ฅใ‚’็‰นๅˆฅใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่Šฑใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:49
The tropical islands were beautiful, but I missed the weather back home.
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็†ฑๅธฏใฎๅณถใ€…ใฏ็พŽใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใŒใ€ๆ•…้ƒทใฎๅคฉๆฐ—ใŒๆ‹ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:55
Did you ever travel far from home?
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ๅฎถใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ้›ขใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
00:58
The farther you travel, the more different life can be, which makes it hard to stay away from home for very long.
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้ ใใธๆ—…ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€็”Ÿๆดปใฏๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้•ทใ„้–“ๅฎถใ‚’้›ขใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:08
Iโ€™ve just given you a couple examples of how we can use WHICH to refer back to a whole idea and not just a single head noun. Look closer.
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WHICH ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๅ˜ไธ€ใฎ้ ญๅ่ฉžใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:36
Notice the position of the relative pronoun WHICH.
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้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉž WHICH ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:42
Itโ€™s the first word of the adjective clause, but it refers back to the whole idea presented in the main clause.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธป็ฏ€ใงๆ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
Here is one more example:
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:13
But use of a relative pronoun allows us to combine the two ideas and show the close connection between them.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้–“ใฎๅฏ†ๆŽฅใช้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:23
Let me challenge you with this variation:
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ใ“ใฎใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใชใŸใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„:
02:39
Note that this is something you'd likely see in writing.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใๆ›ธ้ขใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
02:43
In conversation, we'd probably break up this long idea into more sentences.
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ไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ“ใฎ้•ทใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ–‡ใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:50
In conversation, I might say:
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ไผš่ฉฑใฎไธญใงใ€็งใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“:
03:07
So we could rewrite "in which case" as "which means if that's true, then..."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚’ใ€Œใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰...
03:16
And we can use "which" as a relative pronoun to refer back to the whole idea or the whole fact presented in the main clause.
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ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ็›ดใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธป็ฏ€ใงๆ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸไบ‹ๅฎŸใ€‚
03:29
At the beginning of this lesson, I also gave you examples of WHICH with quantifiers.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€้‡ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅญใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸ WHICH ใฎไพ‹ใ‚‚็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:36
Quantifiers answer the question "how much?" or "how many?"
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ๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใฏใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใใค๏ผŸใ€
03:48
In other words, I worked in a number of place. One of those places was the Bahamas.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชใจใ“ใ‚ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎ1ใคใฏใƒใƒใƒžใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:03
In other words, I missed the many different flowers. All of those flowers make spring so special.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใช่ŠฑใŒๆ‹ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่Šฑใฏใ™ในใฆๆ˜ฅใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚็‰นๅˆฅใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:13
So these constructions with quantifiers allow us to refer back to a head noun and quantify it.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้‡ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅญใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆง‹้€ ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€้ ญๅ่ฉžใซๆˆปใฃใฆๅ‚็…งใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้‡ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:20
We can talk about one member of a group, some members of a group, or we can refer to all the members of a group.
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ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎ 1 ไบบใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใ€ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎไธ€้ƒจใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:28
And if it's a whole, we can talk about all of it, much of it, some of it, none of it.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ…จไฝ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใฎใ™ในใฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:37
We can create similar patterns with the relative pronoun WHOM to refer to all or some people.
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้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉž WHOM ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅŒๆง˜ใฎใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใ€ใ™ในใฆใพใŸใฏไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
Note that this kind of construction with a quantifier and WHOM sounds rather formal.
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้‡ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅญใจ WHOM ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎๆง‹้€ ใฏใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:03
You'll see it more in writing. In everyday spoken English, I'd probably use shorter sentences.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ—ฅๅธธ็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ™่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:22
Here are a couple of sentences you can complete for practice. Iโ€™ll offer corrections as time allows, but you can also help one another. Okay?
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็ทด็ฟ’ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅฎŒๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ่จฑใ™้™ใ‚Šไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠไบ’ใ„ใซๅŠฉใ‘ๅˆใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:49
Thatโ€™s all for now. I hope you found this lesson useful.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:52
If you enjoy studying grammar with me and you're excited about the next grammar lesson, please remember to like this video.
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็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ€ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๆฅฝใ—ใฟใชๆ–นใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:59
Thanks for watching and happy studies!
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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