Reducing Adverb Clauses to Phrases (3 of 4) - Advanced English Grammar-

52,918 views ใƒป 2015-10-23

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:10
In the first part of this lesson,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใฏ
00:12
we looked at adverb clauses of time,
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ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’่ฆ‹
00:15
and I showed you how to reduce them.
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ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:18
How to shorten the clauses to phrases.
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ๅฅใ‚’ๅฅใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€‚
00:22
We can also reduce adverb clauses of reason.
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ใพใŸใ€็†็”ฑใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:26
These clauses begin with words like because, as, since.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฅใฏใ€becauseใ€asใ€since ใชใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
They answer the question why?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใชใœ๏ผŸใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
00:35
Again, we mostly use a present participle
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฅใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไธปใซ็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉž
00:39
(the -ing form of a verb)
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(ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ -ing ๅฝขๅผ)
00:42
to form these phrases.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:44
That's because most of the time
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ
00:46
we use active verbs.
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Here's an example.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:58
"Heard" is an active verb.
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ใ€Œ่žใ„ใŸใ€ใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:00
The mother did something.
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ๆฏ่ฆชใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:03
She heard strange sounds.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ€‚
01:06
"Because the mother heard strange sounds"
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ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅค‰ใช้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
01:10
can be reduced.
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ใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
Hearing strange sounds, the mother grew worried.
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ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช้Ÿณใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ€ๆฏ่ฆชใฏๅฟƒ้…ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:23
The steps should be familiar.
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ๆ‰‹้ †ใฏใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
02:14
We don't need these subordinating conjunctions in the phrases.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:18
They're understood.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
Our new sentence:
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็งใŸใกใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡: ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅฅใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€
02:35
Note how we use negative words
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ๅฆๅฎš่ชžใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:38
when we shorten adverb clauses to phrases.
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ใ€‚
02:41
It's quite simple.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:43
Here's an example from the story.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‰ฉ่ชžใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:55
Focus on the phrase.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:57
Do you see the word order?
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่ชž้ †ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:00
We put the negative word before the present participle.
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็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซๅฆๅฎš่ชžใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:05
It's that simple.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:07
Now, can you understand what the full adverb clause would be?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
03:14
If we wanted to change that phrase back to a full adverb clause of reason,
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ใใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’็†็”ฑใฎๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใซๆˆปใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
03:19
We need a subordinating conjunction.
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ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:22
- A word that expresses a reason.
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ใƒป็†็”ฑใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚
03:25
Let's use BECAUSE.
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BECAUSEใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:27
Subject: she.
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ไปถๅ: ๅฝผๅฅณใ€‚
03:31
And a verb.
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ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
03:32
In this case, complete with a helping verb in the past tense.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใซใ—ใฆๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:36
Didn't feel.
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ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:45
Is that clear?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:54
Up to now, I've only mentioned use of the present participle.
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ็”จๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใฟ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:00
When we change an adverb clause to a phrase,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅฅใซๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹
04:04
we sometimes need to use a past participle.
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ใจใใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
The -ed form of a regular verb.
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่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ -ed ๅฝขใ€‚
04:11
It's that third form:
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ใใ‚Œใฏใใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅฝขๅผใงใ™:
04:13
Do - did - done.
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Do - Did - Done ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:16
The third form.
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็ฌฌไธ‰ๅฝขๆ…‹ใ€‚
04:18
And we'll do this for two reasons.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
We may need to show an earlier time.
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ๆ—ฉใ‚ใซ่กจ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:24
Or we may need to express a passive meaning.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:28
Passive verbs emphasize that the subject is receiving an action.
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
Let me give you some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:40
Here's a line from the story.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็‰ฉ่ชžใฎไธ€็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:52
This phrase actually expresses both a reason
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ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ็†็”ฑ
04:56
and an earlier event.
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ใจไปฅๅ‰ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎไธกๆ–นใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
The full adverb clause would be:
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Š
05:09
So we're changing an adverb clause with a perfect form.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
We need to use HAVING
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HAVING ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:18
plus a past participle.
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ใ€‚
05:20
This form explains a sequence of events.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใฏไธ€้€ฃใฎใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:25
So when your adverb clause has a perfect verb form,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใŒ็พๅœจใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฎŒๅ…จๅฝขใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
05:29
present or past,
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05:31
use HAVING + a past participle.
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HAVING + ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:36
This will show that you're referring to an earlier event.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฎใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:43
Now, if I only wanted to emphasize
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ใ“ใ“ใง
05:47
the order of events and not a reason,
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ใ€็†็”ฑใงใฏใชใๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎ้ †ๅบใฎใฟใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
05:51
I could just use a time word
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ใฏใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ˜่ชž
05:54
and a present participle
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ใจ็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉž
05:56
and say something like this:
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใˆใพใ™
06:06
Compare those two sentences.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:09
In the end, they're not that different.
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็ตๅฑ€ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:18
We also need to use a past participle
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ใพใŸ
06:21
when we have a passive verb in the adverb clause.
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ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใซๅ—่บซๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:26
Passive means that someone or something is receiving an action.
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใจใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
Here's an example from the story.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‰ฉ่ชžใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:46
What would the full adverb clause be?
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
06:51
It's an adverb clause of time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:01
"Was reassured" is a passive verb.
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ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅฟƒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:04
It's a form of BE plus a past participle.
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BE ใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
07:08
Changing that to a phrase,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใ€
07:11
we keep both parts.
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ไธกๆ–นใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:13
The form of BE takes the -ing form.
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BE ใฎๅฝขๅผใฏ -ing ๅฝขๅผใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:16
The present participle.
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็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใ€‚
07:19
The main verb remains a past participle.
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ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใพใพใงใ™ใ€‚
07:32
Now here's where it gets a little tricky.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
We have variations.
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ใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:38
This sentence could also be written as:
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™:
08:01
Why did she decide to investigate?
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ใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ชฟๆŸปใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
08:05
Some might choose to write:
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08:11
Personally, I think this is a little too much.
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ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:14
The time word "after"
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ใ€ŒๅพŒใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰
08:16
already establishes the order of events.
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ใฏใ€ใ™ใงใซๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’็ขบ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:19
So the helping verb HAVE is really unnecessary.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉž HAVE ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซไธ่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:26
Concise is usually best.
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้€šๅธธใฏ็ฐกๆฝ”ใŒๆœ€้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
08:29
So consider this last variation.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:42
All the sentences basically say the same thing.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:46
But this last one is nice
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏ
08:48
because it's so concise.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๆฝ”ใชใฎใงใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:50
We can remove all helping verbs
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่ฃœๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ™ในใฆๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆ
08:53
and use only the past participle,
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ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใฟใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
08:57
understanding that it carries a passive meaning.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
Something affected the mother.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฏ่ฆชใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:03
She was reassured.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฎ‰ๅฟƒใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:10
So now you know why you might need the help of a past participle.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅŠฉใ‘ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:16
But most of the time when you're changing an adverb clause to a phrase,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅฅใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
09:21
you'll be working with present participles.
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็พๅœจๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:24
You'll be changing clauses with active verbs.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๅฅใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
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