Reducing Adverb Clauses to Phrases (3 of 4) - Advanced English Grammar-

52,919 views ・ 2015-10-23

English with Jennifer


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ²ˆμ—­λœ μžλ§‰μ€ 기계 λ²ˆμ—­λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:10
In the first part of this lesson,
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이 μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ 첫 번째 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλŠ”
00:12
we looked at adverb clauses of time,
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μ‹œκ°„μ˜ λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ 
00:15
and I showed you how to reduce them.
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이λ₯Ό μ€„μ΄λŠ” 방법을 보여 λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
How to shorten the clauses to phrases.
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μ ˆμ„ ꡬ둜 μ€„μ΄λŠ” 방법.
00:22
We can also reduce adverb clauses of reason.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ˜ν•œ μ΄μ„±μ˜ λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ 쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
These clauses begin with words like because, as, since.
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이 μ ˆμ€ because, as, since와 같은 λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
They answer the question why?
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그듀은 μ™œλΌλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€λ‹΅ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:35
Again, we mostly use a present participle
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 주둜 ν˜„μž¬ 뢄사
00:39
(the -ing form of a verb)
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(λ™μ‚¬μ˜ -ing ν˜•νƒœ)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
00:42
to form these phrases.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ꡬλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
That's because most of the time
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„
00:46
we use active verbs.
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λŠ₯동 동사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Here's an example.
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여기에 μ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
"Heard" is an active verb.
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"λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€"λŠ” λŠ₯동 λ™μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
The mother did something.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό ν•˜μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
She heard strange sounds.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ΄μƒν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€.
01:06
"Because the mother heard strange sounds"
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"μ—„λ§ˆκ°€ μ΄μƒν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—"λ₯Ό
01:10
can be reduced.
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쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
Hearing strange sounds, the mother grew worried.
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μ΄μƒν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μ—„λ§ˆλŠ” 걱정이 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.
01:23
The steps should be familiar.
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λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μ΅μˆ™ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
We don't need these subordinating conjunctions in the phrases.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ꡬ문에 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 쒅속 접속사λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
They're understood.
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그듀은 μ΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Our new sentence:
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμž₯: λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ 문ꡬ둜 μΆ•μ•½ν•  λ•Œ
02:35
Note how we use negative words
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뢀정적인 단어λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ„Έμš”
02:38
when we shorten adverb clauses to phrases.
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.
02:41
It's quite simple.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Here's an example from the story.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
Focus on the phrase.
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문ꡬ에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
02:57
Do you see the word order?
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단어 μˆœμ„œκ°€ λ³΄μ΄μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
03:00
We put the negative word before the present participle.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ 뢄사 μ•žμ— 뢀정적인 단어λ₯Ό λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
It's that simple.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Now, can you understand what the full adverb clause would be?
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이제 전체 λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ΄ 무엇인지 이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:14
If we wanted to change that phrase back to a full adverb clause of reason,
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κ·Έ 문ꡬλ₯Ό 이유의 μ™„μ „ν•œ λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
03:19
We need a subordinating conjunction.
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쒅속 접속사가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
- A word that expresses a reason.
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- 이유λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 말.
03:25
Let's use BECAUSE.
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BECAUSEλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
03:27
Subject: she.
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주제: κ·Έλ…€.
03:31
And a verb.
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그리고 동사.
03:32
In this case, complete with a helping verb in the past tense.
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이 경우 κ³Όκ±° μ‹œμ œλ‘œ 쑰동사λ₯Ό λΆ™μ—¬ μ™„μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Didn't feel.
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λŠλΌμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€.
03:45
Is that clear?
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λͺ…ν™•ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:54
Up to now, I've only mentioned use of the present participle.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ λΆ„μ‚¬μ˜ μ‚¬μš©μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
When we change an adverb clause to a phrase,
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λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ ꡬ둜 λ°”κΏ€ λ•Œ
04:04
we sometimes need to use a past participle.
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ κ³Όκ±° 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
The -ed form of a regular verb.
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일반 λ™μ‚¬μ˜ -ed ν˜•νƒœ.
04:11
It's that third form:
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μ„Έ 번째 ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
04:13
Do - did - done.
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Do - did - done.
04:16
The third form.
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μ„Έ 번째 ν˜•νƒœ.
04:18
And we'll do this for two reasons.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 가지 이유둜 이것을 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
We may need to show an earlier time.
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더 이λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„μ„ ν‘œμ‹œν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
Or we may need to express a passive meaning.
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λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ™μ  의미λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Passive verbs emphasize that the subject is receiving an action.
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μˆ˜λ™νƒœ λ™μ‚¬λŠ” μ£Όμ–΄κ°€ 행동을 λ°›κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
Let me give you some examples.
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λͺ‡ 가지 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Here's a line from the story.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ ν•œ μ€„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
This phrase actually expresses both a reason
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이 κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이유
04:56
and an earlier event.
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와 이전 이벀트λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
The full adverb clause would be:
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전체 λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
05:09
So we're changing an adverb clause with a perfect form.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ™„λ²½ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ λ³€κ²½ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
We need to use HAVING
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HAVING
05:18
plus a past participle.
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κ³Ό κ³Όκ±° 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
This form explains a sequence of events.
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이 양식은 일련의 사건을 μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
So when your adverb clause has a perfect verb form,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ΄ ν˜„μž¬ λ˜λŠ” κ³Όκ±° μ™„λ£Œ 동사 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ λ•Œ
05:29
present or past,
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05:31
use HAVING + a past participle.
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HAVING + κ³Όκ±° 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
05:36
This will show that you're referring to an earlier event.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 이전 이벀트λ₯Ό μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
Now, if I only wanted to emphasize
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이제
05:47
the order of events and not a reason,
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μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ μˆœμ„œλ§Œ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³  μ΄μœ λŠ” κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ €λ©΄
05:51
I could just use a time word
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μ‹œμ–΄
05:54
and a present participle
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와 ν˜„μž¬ 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
05:56
and say something like this:
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
Compare those two sentences.
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이 두 λ¬Έμž₯을 λΉ„κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
In the end, they're not that different.
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κ²°κ΅­ 그듀은 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
We also need to use a past participle
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06:21
when we have a passive verb in the adverb clause.
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λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ— μˆ˜λ™νƒœ 동사가 μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ„ κ³Όκ±° 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
Passive means that someone or something is receiving an action.
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μˆ˜λ™νƒœλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 무언가가 쑰치λ₯Ό λ°›κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
Here's an example from the story.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
What would the full adverb clause be?
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전체 λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
06:51
It's an adverb clause of time.
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μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
"Was reassured" is a passive verb.
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"μ•ˆμ‹¬ν–ˆλ‹€"λŠ” μˆ˜λ™νƒœ λ™μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
It's a form of BE plus a past participle.
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BE에 κ³Όκ±° 뢄사λ₯Ό λ”ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
Changing that to a phrase,
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그것을 ꡬ문으둜 λ³€κ²½ν•˜λ©΄
07:11
we keep both parts.
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두 뢀뢄을 λͺ¨λ‘ μœ μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
The form of BE takes the -ing form.
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BE의 ν˜•μ‹μ€ -ing ν˜•μ‹μ„ μ·¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
The present participle.
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ν˜„μž¬λΆ„μ‚¬.
07:19
The main verb remains a past participle.
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λ³Έλ™μ‚¬λŠ” κ³Όκ±°λΆ„μ‚¬λ‘œ λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
Now here's where it gets a little tricky.
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이제 μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ•½κ°„ κΉŒλ‹€λ‘œμ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
We have variations.
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λ³€ν˜•μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
This sentence could also be written as:
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이 λ¬Έμž₯은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
Why did she decide to investigate?
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ™œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
08:05
Some might choose to write:
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 μ“°κΈ°λ‘œ 선택할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
Personally, I think this is a little too much.
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개인적으둜 이것은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
The time word "after"
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"이후"λΌλŠ” μ‹œκ°„ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ”
08:16
already establishes the order of events.
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이미 이벀트의 μˆœμ„œλ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
So the helping verb HAVE is really unnecessary.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 쑰동사 HAVEλŠ” 정말 λΆˆν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
Concise is usually best.
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일반적으둜 κ°„κ²°ν•œ 것이 κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
So consider this last variation.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ³€ν˜•μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
08:42
All the sentences basically say the same thing.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έμž₯은 기본적으둜 같은 것을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
But this last one is nice
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 것은
08:48
because it's so concise.
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맀우 κ°„κ²°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
We can remove all helping verbs
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λͺ¨λ“  쑰동사λ₯Ό 제거
08:53
and use only the past participle,
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ν•˜κ³  κ³Όκ±°λΆ„μ‚¬λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
08:57
understanding that it carries a passive meaning.
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μˆ˜λ™μ  의미λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Something affected the mother.
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무언가가 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
She was reassured.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ•ˆμ‹¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
So now you know why you might need the help of a past participle.
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이제 κ³Όκ±° λΆ„μ‚¬μ˜ 도움이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 이유λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
But most of the time when you're changing an adverb clause to a phrase,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 경우 λΆ€μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ ꡬ둜 λ°”κΏ€ λ•Œ
09:21
you'll be working with present participles.
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ν˜„μž¬ 뢄사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
You'll be changing clauses with active verbs.
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ν™œμ„± λ™μ‚¬λ‘œ μ ˆμ„ λ³€κ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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