My TOP 5 Writing Tips (for all levels)

524,492 views ใƒป 2018-04-28

English with Emma


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hello.
0
229
1000
ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
00:01
My name is Emma, and in today's video I am going to teach you some great writing tips.
1
1229
5601
็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ ใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใŠๆ•™ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:06
These tips are for both academic writing and non-academic writing.
2
6830
4189
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใจ้žใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎไธกๆ–นใ‚’ๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
Okay?
3
11019
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:12
So it's for writing in general.
4
12019
1520
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆ›ธใใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
00:13
Now, this video is going to be in two parts, because I have so many tips, so I'm going
5
13539
4961
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏ 2 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซๅˆ†ใ‘ ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง
00:18
to give five tips in this video and five tips in the next video.
6
18500
3920
ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใง 5 ใคใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง 5 ใคใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:22
Okay, so let's get started.
7
22420
2390
ใงใฏใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:24
So, there are so many different ways...
8
24810
3619
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
00:28
Or so many different types of writing we do in our lives; we write emails, we write essays
9
28429
6101
ใพใŸใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒไบบ็”Ÿใง่กŒใ†้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎๅŸท็ญ† ใ€‚ ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Š
00:34
if we're a student, we might write a Facebook post, or we might write a resume or a cover letter.
10
34530
7669
ใ€ๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€Facebook ใซๆŠ•็จฟใ— ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅฑฅๆญดๆ›ธใ‚„ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:42
So it's very important to develop your writing skills because you will be writing throughout
11
42199
6191
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไบบ็”Ÿใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ไผธใฐใ™ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
00:48
your life a lot.
12
48390
1680
ใงใ™.
00:50
So let's look at my first tip.
13
50070
1640
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็งใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:51
My first tip is: It's very important to think about the genre of what you're writing.
14
51710
8840
ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใฏ ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:00
"Genre" is a very fancy word that pretty much means type.
15
60550
4210
ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใ€ใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹้žๅธธใซๅ‡ใฃใŸ่จ€่‘‰ ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:04
So, a genre of writing might be an essay, or it might be a cover letter, or an email,
16
64760
6900
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅŸท็ญ†ใฎใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใฏ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€ใ‚ซใƒใƒผ ใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ€ใƒ„ใ‚คใƒผใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:11
or a tweet.
17
71660
1390
ใ€‚
01:13
These are all different genres, and each one of these has a different expectation on what
18
73050
7680
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ ใซไฝ•
01:20
you should include and how you should write it.
19
80730
3420
ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ ในใใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ˜่ฟฐใ™ในใใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆœŸๅพ…ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:24
So it's very important, first step is: Know the genre or know the type, and know what
20
84150
5790
ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฏ ใ€ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใพใŸใฏใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใซไฝ•
01:29
is expected of you.
21
89940
2780
ใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:32
Also important in this is knowing your audience, or thinking about your audience.
22
92720
5120
ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ€ ่ด่ก†ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏ่ด่ก†ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:37
So, for example, if you write an email, the language you're going to use and the way you're
23
97840
6520
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒกใƒผใƒซ
01:44
going to write will be different if you write an email to your friend versus an email to
24
104360
5880
ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ๅ‹ไบบใซใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใจไธŠๅธใซใƒกใƒผใƒซ
01:50
your boss.
25
110240
1510
ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใงใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใจๆ›ธใๆ–นใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
So it's important to think about: "Who are you writing to?" because this is going to
26
111750
5030
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใซ ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:56
help you decide what to write and how to write it.
27
116780
4030
ไฝ•ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚
02:00
Same with, you know, if you are on Twitter and you write a tweet, or on Facebook a Facebook
28
120810
6600
ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€Twitter ใง ใƒ„ใ‚คใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€Facebook ใง Facebook ใซ
02:07
post, you know, it's important to think about your audience.
29
127410
5320
ๆŠ•็จฟใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
You know, are you writing this post for friends to see, or is this a post your boss might
30
132730
5300
ๅ‹้”ใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใฎๆŠ•็จฟใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„
02:18
see, or members of the public?
31
138030
2850
ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ไธŠๅธใ‚„ไธ€่ˆฌใฎไบบใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ๆŠ•็จฟใงใ™ใ‹?
02:20
You know, and that could be a problem.
32
140880
1439
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œ ใฏๅ•้กŒใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:22
So it's important to think about, especially with this and on other social media, too:
33
142319
5221
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ็‰นใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚„ไป–ใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ
02:27
Audience.
34
147540
1000
ใงใ™: ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใ€‚
02:28
Who will see this and what will they think about it, and what are their expectations?
35
148540
5800
่ชฐใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ ่€ƒใˆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
02:34
You know, some people work for companies where they're responsible for social media, so it's
36
154340
5060
ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ‹…ๅฝ“ใ™ใ‚‹ไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบ
02:39
important, too, the type of wording they use when they're writing on Facebook.
37
159400
4589
ใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ Facebookใงๆ›ธใใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰้ฃใ„ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™.
02:43
If you work at a company and you're writing for your company, it's going to be different
38
163989
4330
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใฆ ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไผš็คพใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ
02:48
than if you're writing for your friends.
39
168319
2700
ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ๅ‹ไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
Same with an essay.
40
171019
1351
ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใจๅŒใ˜ใ€‚
02:52
An essay has a certain structure, you know, it's supposed to be a certain amount of pages,
41
172370
6080
ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใซใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆง‹้€  ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธๆ•ฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹
02:58
it has a certain organization to it, and so knowing what's expected of you when you write
42
178450
5530
ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆง‹ๆˆใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใซไฝ•ใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹
03:03
an essay will help you because it's going to be very different than, for example, a
43
183980
5589
ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
03:09
Facebook post.
44
189569
1601
Facebook ใฎๆŠ•็จฟใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€‚
03:11
Same with in business, business reports.
45
191170
3870
ใ‚คใƒณใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:15
Understanding the format of a business report is important if this is something you're going
46
195040
3640
ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎๅฝขๅผใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
03:18
to be writing, and thinking about your audience.
47
198680
3199
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๅฏพ่ฑก่€…ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:21
Same with executive summaries, which is a type of thing businesspeople write.
48
201879
5461
ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฝใƒณใŒๆ›ธใใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎใ‚จใ‚ฐใ‚ผใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚ตใƒžใƒชใƒผใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:27
If you're not in business you might not ever write one of these, but if you are in business
49
207340
5860
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใซๆบใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใซๆบใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
03:33
you need to realize that audience is important because professionals are going to be reading
50
213200
5920
ใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
03:39
this, and these people are busy, so, you know, knowing your audience and knowing what is
51
219120
5929
ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ด่ก†ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
03:45
expected of you is the very first step to good writing.
52
225049
4410
ใ€ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:49
Let's look at some other tips.
53
229459
1691
ไป–ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:51
Okay, so we've talked about genre or the type of writing you're doing, and part of this
54
231150
5860
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใ‚„ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€ใใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏใ€
03:57
is knowing the expectations for how long what you write should be.
55
237010
6039
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฎ้•ทใ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
04:03
Okay?
56
243049
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:04
So you want to know a bit about length expectations before you start writing.
57
244049
4410
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ไบˆๆƒณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้•ทใ•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:08
This is really important, especially in university where you often have a number of pages you're
58
248459
6640
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚็‰นใซๅคงๅญฆ ใงใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒ่จฑๅฏใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:15
allowed to write.
59
255099
1441
ใ€‚
04:16
It's important, you know, in the workplace because sometimes, you know, you can't write a lot.
60
256540
8000
่ทๅ ดใงใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:24
And it's important, you know, on Twitter because you have a certain number of characters you
61
264540
4380
ใใ—ใฆใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅญ—ๆ•ฐใŒๆฑบใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€Twitter ใงใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™
04:28
can use.
62
268920
1000
ใ€‚
04:29
So length is very important because that's going to help you decide what to include in
63
269920
4840
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้•ทใ•ใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
04:34
your writing.
64
274760
1000
ใ€‚
04:35
Okay, so let's look at this a bit more.
65
275760
3400
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:39
When I was younger I used to think long, meaning a lot of writing, was always better, but this
66
279160
7160
็งใŒ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใ€็งใฏ้•ทใ„้–“่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ๅคšใใฎๅŸท็ญ†ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
04:46
is not the case.
67
286320
2820
ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
04:49
You know, the more you write, maybe you can include more detail, but a lot of the times
68
289140
4810
ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฉณ็ดฐใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅคšใใฎ
04:53
the person or your audience who's reading what you write does not have a lot of time,
69
293950
6070
ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚„่ด่ก† ใฏๆ™‚้–“
05:00
and so they don't want to read long pieces of work.
70
300020
4210
ใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’่ชญใฟใŸใŒใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไป•ไบ‹ใฎใ€‚
05:04
Okay?
71
304230
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:05
So it's important to know expectations.
72
305230
1270
ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:06
So, for example, I have here the word "short" and "long", and so this is kind of like the
73
306500
6350
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œ็Ÿญใ„ใ€ใจใ€Œ้•ทใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้Ÿณ้šŽใฎใ‚ˆใ†
05:12
scale.
74
312850
1000
ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:13
If you write a tweet it's going to be something short; a Facebook post might be a little bit
75
313850
3550
ใƒ„ใ‚คใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใ€็Ÿญใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ Facebook ใฎๆŠ•็จฟใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
05:17
longer; a paragraph, you might write something like five sentences if in school you have
76
317400
6190
ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅญฆๆ กใงไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€5ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
05:23
to write a paragraph on something; an email might be a little bit longer than this; a
77
323590
5450
ใ€‚ ้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซ ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใ—้•ทใใชใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:29
cover letter you might use a full page; a resume maybe you might use two pages but nothing
78
329040
6170
ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใ€‚ ๅฑฅๆญดๆ›ธ ใฏ 2 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:35
more; and then you might write an essay which might be 5 pages, 10 pages, depending; and
79
335210
7000
ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ ดๅˆ ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏ 5 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ€10 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:42
then maybe a report which might be 50 pages-who knows?-depending on what's expected.
80
342210
5520
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ†…ๅฎนใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ 50 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:47
So my main point here is that different types of writing have different expectations with
81
347730
6070
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ็งใฎไธปใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กž ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใŒ้•ทใ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใง
05:53
length, and it's really important to follow those expectations.
82
353800
5130
ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใซๅพ“ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™.
05:58
For students who are writing the TOEFL or the IELTS, you only can use a certain number
83
358930
5060
TOEFL ใ‚„ IELTS ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ•ฐใฎๅ˜่ชžใ—ใ‹ไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„
06:03
of words, so this is very important for you to know and to really think about.
84
363990
5130
ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€็œŸๅ‰ฃใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:09
How are you going to get your message across using the right amount of words?
85
369120
7250
้ฉๅˆ‡ใช้‡ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไผใˆใพใ™
06:16
This is a key word we often talk about in good writing, and that's "concise".
86
376370
5900
ใ‹? ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ‚ˆใ่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ญใƒผใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็ฐกๆฝ”ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:22
So when you are concise, it means you say something with as few words as possible, but
87
382270
6730
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ฐกๆฝ”ใจใฏ ใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅฐ‘ใชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰
06:29
still getting the meaning across.
88
389000
2050
ใ‚‚ใ€ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:31
So you are communicating your idea, but you're doing it in a short way, as short as you can
89
391050
8120
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใใ“ใซไฟใกใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘็Ÿญใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:39
while still keeping the idea there.
90
399170
2970
.
06:42
So, in different cultures you have different rules about this.
91
402140
4380
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใง ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:46
In some cultures longer is better.
92
406520
3440
ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใง ใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆ–นใŒๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:49
In English-speaking cultures usually we really want to get to the point, so we want something to be...
93
409960
10380
่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใงใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ่ฆ็‚นใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™...
07:00
We want to communicate our idea, but we want it to be in a concise way, so using our words
94
420340
6080
็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ฐกๆฝ”ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’
07:06
very carefully so we don't use too many words.
95
426420
3760
้žๅธธใซๆ…Ž้‡ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:10
So main point here: Know how long something you're writing should be, and paying attention
96
430180
7420
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ้‡่ฆใช็‚นใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ้•ทใ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Š ใ€
07:17
to this when you write.
97
437600
1240
ๆ›ธใใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
07:18
All right?
98
438840
1160
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:20
Now let's look at my next tip.
99
440000
1790
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:21
Okay, so my third point might be one of the most important points in this lesson, and
100
441790
5820
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฎ 1 ใคใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:27
that is: When you write something, very important to plan or to think about what you will say
101
447610
8980
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใฏใ€ๆ›ธใๅ‰ ใซ่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใŸใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹
07:36
before you write it.
102
456590
2030
ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:38
This is something a lot of people don't do because they're busy, they feel like they
103
458620
4650
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใ€
07:43
don't have a lot of time, or you know, they just don't have any ideas.
104
463270
5380
ๆ™‚้–“ ใŒใชใ„ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใชใ„ใชใฉใฎ็†็”ฑใงๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใ‚„ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:48
And the thing is, though, that this will really help improve your writing.
105
468650
4740
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
07:53
Okay?
106
473390
1220
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:54
And it doesn't matter what you're writing; planning out an email can be important, just
107
474610
4420
ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎ ่จˆ็”ปใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใฎ
07:59
like planning out an essay can be important.
108
479030
3650
่จˆ็”ป ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:02
So let's think about some ways we can plan out what we want to write.
109
482680
3620
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
08:06
There are...
110
486300
1000
ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
08:07
There are different ways to do this.
111
487300
2220
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใง่จˆ็”ป
08:09
Some people like to make a plan by brainstorming.
112
489520
2970
ใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชไบบใ‚‚ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:12
So, for example, imagine you were writing a paragraph about cats, so you might have
113
492490
6790
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Œซใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ— ใฆ
08:19
your subject or your key idea here, and then you might think about: "Okay, what's something
114
499280
6250
ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใซไธป้กŒใ‚„้‡่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฌก ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
08:25
about cats?
115
505530
1540
08:27
Hmm.
116
507070
1320
ใ€‚
08:28
They make great pets", and then you might write some stuff about that.
117
508390
3260
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:31
Maybe they're quiet, so they make a good pet.
118
511650
2030
ๅคšๅˆ†ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้™ใ‹ใช ใฎใงใ€่‰ฏใ„ใƒšใƒƒใƒˆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:33
They're cheap.
119
513680
1680
ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎ‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:35
Okay?
120
515360
1619
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:36
And so the thing is just getting out your ideas.
121
516979
2071
ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ•้กŒใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅผ•ใๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:39
Okay?
122
519050
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:40
And then you can organize your ideas better.
123
520050
1669
ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใๆ•ด็†ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:41
Or maybe, you know, you're thinking: "Okay, cats, they eat food.
124
521719
4490
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ็Œซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚
08:46
What kind of food do they eat?"
125
526209
2130
ใฉใ‚“ใช้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:48
So you can do the same thing with reports.
126
528339
2750
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:51
You can think about: "Okay, what's the main ideas that I need to talk about in this report?"
127
531089
5841
ๆฌกใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:56
You know, where you just kind of brainstorm in advance.
128
536930
2670
ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ† ใซใ€ไบ‹ๅ‰ใซใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:59
I usually do that when I write reports, and I find it very helpful actually, just to get
129
539600
5750
็งใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ด™ใซๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใฆๆ•ด็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใก
09:05
my ideas down on paper, and then I organize them.
130
545350
3989
ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:09
So, this is one method.
131
549339
2271
ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:11
Another thing you can do is you can just write down everything, just like this, with a dash.
132
551610
5680
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒ€ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
09:17
So, for example, if I was writing about cats in a paragraph, I might just start thinking...
133
557290
6620
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒ็Œซใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ ่€ƒใˆๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
09:23
Writing anything I think: "Quiet, cute, Grumpy Cat", okay?
134
563910
6330
... ใ€Œ้™ใ‹ใงใ€ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใ€ไธๆฉŸๅซŒใช็Œซใ€ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:30
And I might just write down all the ideas I have.
135
570240
2860
ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒ ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:33
Now, of course, you're probably not writing an essay or a paragraph on cats; you're probably
136
573100
5390
ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็Œซใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚„ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
09:38
writing something very different, but the idea is the same.
137
578490
4630
้žๅธธใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใŒใ€่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฏๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:43
Okay?
138
583120
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:44
The idea being it's important to plan, and these are different, great ways to get out
139
584120
6139
ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏ่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ
09:50
your ideas, and to think about them before you actually write.
140
590259
5051
ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅผ•ใๅ‡บใ—ใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆ›ธใๅ‰ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™.
09:55
Sometimes if you're writing an essay you might think in advance about your thesis or what your...
141
595310
6250
ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ‚„่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใซใคใ„ใฆๅ‰ใ‚‚ใฃใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
10:01
The main topic and the main argument of your essay is going to be.
142
601560
3690
ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:05
So, for example, cats are better than dogs.
143
605250
3370
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็Œซ ใฏ็Šฌใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:08
Maybe that's something I want to argue in an essay.
144
608620
3610
ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™.
10:12
And then I might organize based on ideas, so I might write, you know, my first main
145
612230
6570
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆๆ•ด็†ใ— ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไธปใช
10:18
idea: "They're cleaner", and then I might put some details about that.
146
618800
4740
ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šใใ‚Œใ„ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ€ใใ‚Œ ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:23
My second main idea is that they're great for apartments, and then I might write some
147
623540
4721
็งใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไธปใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚„็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
10:28
examples or some reasons why.
148
628261
3469
ใ€‚
10:31
So, my main point is all of these can work.
149
631730
4030
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใฎไธปใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใŒๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:35
Find what's...
150
635760
1000
ไฝ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹...
10:36
What helps you in terms of planning.
151
636760
1860
่จˆ็”ปใฎ้ขใงๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
10:38
There's many different ways to plan what you're going to write, but the most important thing
152
638620
4779
ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจ
10:43
is to plan and to take some time to think about what you want to say in advance, because
153
643399
5490
ใฏใ€ไบ‹ๅ‰ใซ่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใงใ™
10:48
it will really help your writing.
154
648889
1820
ใ€‚
10:50
And it's very obvious when somebody hasn't planned what they're going to write, because
155
650709
4911
ใใ—ใฆใ€่ชฐใ‹ ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ“ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็™ฝใงใ™
10:55
everything's disorganized and it's hard to follow.
156
655620
3860
ใ€‚
10:59
Planning makes it easier for the audience to understand you.
157
659480
3919
่จˆ็”ปใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ ่ด่ก†ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:03
Now let's look at another tip for how to write better.
158
663399
3630
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซๆ›ธใใŸใ‚ใฎๅˆฅใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
11:07
Okay, so remember I said that it's very important to think about the type of writing you're
159
667029
5011
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ— ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—
11:12
doing, and your audience or who's going to read it?
160
672040
3700
ใจใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ด่ก† ใ‚„่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™?
11:15
One of the reasons why this is important is because depending on the type of writing,
161
675740
6230
ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎ็จฎ้กžใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ
11:21
you're going to write either in a formal way or an informal way.
162
681970
6549
ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–นๆณ•ใพใŸใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚
11:28
Okay?
163
688519
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:29
And I'll explain why this is important to know and how it affects your writing.
164
689519
4151
ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใชใœ้‡่ฆใชใฎ ใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™.
11:33
So first let's talk about what that means.
165
693670
2229
ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใพใšใฏ ใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:35
Well, when you write something formally, this means that we choose certain words and certain
166
695899
6670
ๆญฃๅผใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏ็งใŸใกใŒ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใจ็‰นๅฎšใฎ
11:42
types of sentences, and we write a certain way, and we write this way because our audience
167
702569
7080
ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ ๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆ›ธใใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆ›ธใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่ด่ก†
11:49
or the people who are going to read this are usually people from work so we want to be
168
709649
6771
ใ‚„ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ไบบใฏ ้€šๅธธใ€่ทๅ ดใฎไบบใ€…ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใƒ—ใƒญใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„
11:56
professional, so we write formally when we're being professional.
169
716420
5709
ใฎใงใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใใฏๆญฃๅผใซๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:02
We might write this way to strangers or customers.
170
722129
2950
่ฆ‹็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใฌไบบใ‚„้กงๅฎขใซใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ›ธใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
12:05
Okay?
171
725079
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:06
If we work somewhere and we need to write an email, we might use this type of language,
172
726079
5141
ใฉใ“ใ‹ใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใฆใ€้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎ่จ€่ชžใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:11
formal language.
173
731220
1750
ใ€‚
12:12
And we also use formal language in high school, in university, in college when we're writing
174
732970
8469
ใพใŸใ€้ซ˜ๆ ก ใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ€ๅคงๅญฆ
12:21
for an assignment or for our homework, or something that our teacher or professor will
175
741439
5960
ใงใ€่ชฒ้กŒใ‚„ๅฎฟ้กŒใ€ใพใŸใฏ ๆ•™ๅธซใ‚„ๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒ่ชญใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใใจใใซใ€ๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
12:27
read.
176
747399
1000
ใพใ™.
12:28
Okay?
177
748399
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:29
So we use formal writing mainly in work settings and in academic or school settings.
178
749399
6451
ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธปใซไป•ไบ‹ใฎ ๅ ดใ‚„ๅญฆๅ•ใ‚„ๅญฆๆ กใฎๅ ดใงๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:35
Now, this is different from informal writing.
179
755850
3570
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ›ธใ่พผใฟใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:39
Informal writing is the type of writing you will be doing with your friends, so maybe
180
759420
5459
้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ›ธใ่พผใฟใฏ ใ€ๅ‹้”ใจ่กŒใ†ๆ›ธใ่พผใฟใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—
12:44
for example a text message, that's informal; you might use this type of writing when you're
181
764879
5400
ใงใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใฏใ€
12:50
talking to children or writing something for children; and also on social media, so if
182
770279
6310
ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใจ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฎใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜
12:56
you write a tweet or a Facebook post, usually you'll be using informal language; and also
183
776589
6790
ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒ„ใ‚คใƒผใƒˆใ‚„ Facebook ใฎๆŠ•็จฟใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใ€้€šๅธธใ€ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:03
with your family, too, you usually use informal language.
184
783379
4760
ใพใŸใ€ๅฎถๆ—ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ๆ™ฎๆฎตใฏใใ ใ‘ใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:08
So, I have here some examples of genres or types of writing that you might use the formal
185
788139
9180
ใใ“ใงใ€ ๆญฃๅผ็‰ˆใพใŸใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผ็‰ˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใพใŸใฏๆ–‡็ซ ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็คบใ—ใพใ™
13:17
version or the informal version.
186
797319
2380
ใ€‚
13:19
So, under formal we have essays, if you do that at university or high school, it would
187
799699
5591
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใฎไธ‹ใซใฏใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ‚„้ซ˜ๆ กใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚‹
13:25
be formal; a cover letter, if you want to get a job and you have to write a cover letter
188
805290
6469
ใจใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ซใƒใƒผ ใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใ€‚ๅฐฑ่ทใ—ใŸใใฆใ‚ซใƒใƒผ ใƒฌใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
13:31
then this is going to be formal language you use; a report, if you work at a company and
189
811759
6800
ๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ€ไผš็คพใงๅƒใ„
13:38
you have to write reports, you'll be using formal language; or emails to customers you'll
190
818559
6150
ใฆใ„ใฆใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€
13:44
be using formal language.
191
824709
1570
ๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้กงๅฎขใธใฎ้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใ€‚
13:46
And there's a lot more; this is just some examples.
192
826279
3420
ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใปใ‚“ใฎไธ€ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:49
For informal, if you write a postcard to your family you'll be using informal language;
193
829699
6231
้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฎถๆ—ใซใƒใ‚ฌใ‚ญใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:55
a text message would be informal; an email to your friend you would use informal language;
194
835930
7909
ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‹ไบบใธใฎใƒกใƒผใƒซใ€‚
14:03
or maybe a birthday card.
195
843839
1711
ใพใŸใฏๅคšๅˆ†่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใ€‚
14:05
Okay?
196
845550
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:06
So it's important to think in advance what kind of language you're going to use.
197
846550
4659
ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่จ€่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ไบ‹ๅ‰ใซ่€ƒใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:11
Okay, so how can we make something formal or informal with our language?
198
851209
7911
ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ ็งใŸใกใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใพใŸใฏใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
14:19
There's a couple of ways to do this.
199
859120
2600
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:21
The first thing you need to think about is the words you're going to use or your vocabulary.
200
861720
4989
ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใพใŸใฏ่ชžๅฝ™ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:26
So, different words either fit into the formal category or informal category.
201
866709
6190
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅ˜่ชžใŒ ๆญฃๅผใชใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใพใŸใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:32
So, for example, if we were talking about a lot of something and we want to be informal,
202
872899
7711
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใใ ใ‘ใŸ่จ€ใ„ๆ–น ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„
14:40
we might use the word "lots".
203
880610
3419
ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€"lots" ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:44
So this is an example of an informal word: "lots"; we'd use this with our friends.
204
884029
5661
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎไพ‹ใงใ™: "lots"; ็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‹้”ใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:49
If we want to be a bit more formal, we're writing, you know, at the university level,
205
889690
5660
ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฝขๅผใฐใฃใŸ ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅคงๅญฆใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใง
14:55
we might use the word "many"; this word is formal, whereas "lots" is more informal.
206
895350
6079
ใฏใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ๆญฃๅผใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚
15:01
Okay?
207
901429
1100
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
15:02
Or same with if we're writing an email and at the very end of the email we sign our name,
208
902529
7100
ใพใŸใฏใ€ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใฆ ใ€ใƒกใƒผใƒซใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅๅ‰ใซ็ฝฒๅใ™ใ‚‹
15:09
we usually say something like "From", but we don't use the word "From".
209
909629
3500
ๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€้€šๅธธใฏใ€ŒFromใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒFromใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“. ใƒกใƒผใƒซ
15:13
We can say "Cheers" if we're writing an email, we can say, you know: "Cheers.
210
913129
7120
ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œไนพๆฏใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œไนพๆฏใ€‚ใ‚จใƒžใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
15:20
Emma", this would be informal.
211
920249
2991
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ใ€‚
15:23
Or if, you know, we're in a business and we need to be more serious and formal, we might
212
923240
4959
ใพใŸใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็œŸ้ข็›ฎใงใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซใชใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
15:28
say something like: "Regards" or "Kind regards".
213
928199
5860
ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
15:34
Same with different words, like: "Sorry".
214
934059
3450
ใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใชใฉใ€ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:37
"Sorry" is a little bit more informal, whereas the word "apologize" is more formal.
215
937509
6601
"Sorry" ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ ใŒใ€"Apologize" ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
15:44
So, it's very important when you're choosing your words because a lot of words fit either
216
944110
5539
ๅคšใใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ
15:49
into this category or this category, and some words fit into both.
217
949649
4610
ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚Š ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏไธกๆ–นใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
15:54
It's good to know the level of formality for the words you're using.
218
954259
3961
่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅ …่‹ฆใ—ใ•ใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:58
Now, if you're having a lot of trouble with this and you're thinking: "How am I going
219
958220
3330
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ ใฆใ€ใ€Œ
16:01
to know if the word is formal or informal?"
220
961550
3589
ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆญฃๅผใ‹้žๅ…ฌๅผใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€
16:05
There's a quick tip you can try; it doesn't always work, but in general, longer words
221
965139
9050
ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅธธใซใ†ใพใใ„ใใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ้•ทใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎ
16:14
in English are often more formal.
222
974189
3240
ๆ–นใŒใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:17
So, the longer words are usually in this category.
223
977429
4070
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้•ทใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฏ ้€šๅธธใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใซๅฑžใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:21
It's not always the case, but just if you really don't know, it's a good way to guess.
224
981499
4941
ๅธธใซใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ ใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ้ฉใ—ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:26
And they're usually...
225
986440
1660
ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŸใ„ใฆใ„โ€ฆ
16:28
They come from Latin.
226
988100
1340
ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:29
So, for anyone who's watching who's from France, from Spain, or South America, or Italy, or
227
989440
7089
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น ใ€ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใ€ๅ—ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขๅ‡บ่บซใฎไบบใ€ใพใŸใฏ
16:36
who speaks a Latin-based language, if you have a word that's similar in your language,
228
996529
7220
ใƒฉใƒ†ใƒณ่ชžใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใซใจใฃใฆ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่ชžใงไผผใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€
16:43
it probably is a formal word in English or it's probably something you can use in a formal setting. Okay?
229
1003749
7551
ใใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆญฃๅผใชๅ˜่ชžใ‹ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชๅ ดใงไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ†ใƒ ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
16:51
So usually the shorter words are the more informal words.
230
1011300
3829
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้€šๅธธใ€็Ÿญใ„ ๅ˜่ชžใปใฉ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๅ˜่ชžใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:55
So now let's look at some other ways we can look at formality; formal versus informal.
231
1015129
6300
ใงใฏใ€ๅฝขๅผใ‚’ไป–ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ๅ…ฌๅผๅฏพ้žๅ…ฌๅผใ€‚
17:01
Okay, so when we're talking about formal and informal writing, another thing to think about
232
1021429
5171
ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒๆญฃๅผใชๆ›ธใๆ–นใจ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ›ธใๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†1ใค่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ในใใ“ใจ
17:06
is contractions.
233
1026600
1440
ใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™.
17:08
So, what's a contraction?
234
1028040
2159
ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅŽ็ธฎใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
17:10
A contraction is a short form of a pronoun, like: "I", "you", "he", "she", "we"; and usually
235
1030199
10220
็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€ŒIใ€ใ€ใ€Œyouใ€ใ€ใ€Œheใ€ใ€ใ€Œsheใ€ใ€ใ€Œweใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธ
17:20
part of a verb, like: "am", "would", "will".
236
1040419
3640
ใฏใ€ ใ€Œamใ€ใ€ใ€Œwouldใ€ใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚
17:24
So, the short form is, in this example: "I am" becomes "I'm".
237
1044059
4951
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็Ÿญใ„ๅฝขๅผใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ ไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ŒI amใ€ใŒใ€ŒI'mใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:29
"I'm" is a contraction.
238
1049010
2380
ใ€ŒI'mใ€ใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
17:31
Or: "you would" can become "you'd", and that's a contraction.
239
1051390
5509
ใพใŸใฏ: "you would" ใฏ "you'd" ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ธฎ็ด„ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:36
"We will" becomes "we'll" for short, and that's a contraction.
240
1056899
4251
"We will" ใฏ็•ฅใ—ใฆ "we will" ใซใชใ‚Š ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
17:41
So, contractions have an apostrophe here, and it's where some of the parts of this word
241
1061150
6820
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใซใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎไธ€้ƒจ
17:47
we just remove and so it becomes "will".
242
1067970
3150
ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใŸ ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒใ€Œwillใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:51
So, these contractions, and there's many in English, we use them in informal writing.
243
1071120
8520
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใŒใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:59
So if you're texting someone, if you're writing an email to a friend - this will make you
244
1079640
5370
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆ ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’้€ไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚„ ใ€ๅ‹ไบบใซใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
18:05
sound more informal.
245
1085010
2440
ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชๅฐ่ฑกใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
18:07
Now, compare this to if you're writing an essay or a thesis at university, or you're
246
1087450
7561
ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใ‚’ๅคงๅญฆใงใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚„่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ‚’
18:15
writing a report - we don't want to use contractions because these are informal.
247
1095011
5429
ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ - ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ .
18:20
So, if we're writing something formal, we would use something more like this; we do
248
1100440
6800
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅผ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌก ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:27
not use contractions for formal writing.
249
1107240
2720
ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใซใฏ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
18:29
Okay?
250
1109960
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
18:30
So that's another reason why we need to know what we're writing in advance, because we
251
1110960
4770
็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ไบ‹ๅ‰ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑ ใงใ™
18:35
want to decide if we'll use contractions or not.
252
1115730
4460
ใ€‚
18:40
My next point is about sentence types and sentence lengths.
253
1120190
4140
ๆฌกใซใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ ็จฎ้กžใจๆ–‡ใฎ้•ทใ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
18:44
When we're talking about formal versus informal, you'll find things that are usually informal
254
1124330
5540
ๅ…ฌๅผๅฏพ้žๅ…ฌๅผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€้€šๅธธ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏ็Ÿญใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
18:49
are short.
255
1129870
1070
ใ€‚
18:50
We usually use shorter sentences.
256
1130940
1840
็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ ็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:52
And in formal writing, you'll find sentences tends to be longer. Okay?
257
1132780
5620
ใพใŸใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ ๆ–‡ใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
18:58
So, we can call this...
258
1138400
2610
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‘ผใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
19:01
For informal we can talk about simple sentences, for example, a simple sentence: "Students
259
1141010
6310
... ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿ
19:07
are stressed."
260
1147320
1280
ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:08
It's a short sentence that if you know about clauses, it only has one clause; if you don't
261
1148600
5150
ๅฅใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ๅฅใฏ 1 ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
19:13
know about clauses, don't worry.
262
1153750
2279
ๅฅใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
19:16
The point is it's shorter.
263
1156029
1851
็Ÿญใ‚ใชใฎใŒใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ€‚
19:17
Now, compare this to something more complex.
264
1157880
2850
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ค‡้›‘ใชใ‚‚ใฎใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆ ใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
19:20
"When a student begins university, they often report feeling stressed."
265
1160730
8329
ใ€Œๅญฆ็”ŸใŒๅคงๅญฆใซๅ…ฅๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
19:29
This is more of a complex sentence, it's longer, and you'll notice there's a comma in the middle
266
1169059
7691
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ ใ€้€”ไธญใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
19:36
of it breaking it up into two clauses; and again, if you don't understand clauses, that's
267
1176750
4399
2 ใคใฎๅฅใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฅใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใชใใฆ
19:41
okay.
268
1181149
1000
ใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
19:42
The main point here is this, complex or longer is usually in formal writing, whereas simple
269
1182149
7791
ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธปใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™.่ค‡้›‘ใพใŸใฏ้•ทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ ใฏ้€šๅธธๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใช
19:49
structures or simple sentences are more informal.
270
1189940
4010
ๆง‹้€ ใพใŸใฏๅ˜็ด”ใช ๆ–‡ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™.
19:53
And again, you know, it's not always the case, but in general you'll find longer sentences
271
1193950
8579
็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅธธใซใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๆ–‡
20:02
or more complex sentences are more formal.
272
1202529
3240
ใ‚„ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:05
You'll also find informal writing we use relative clauses more.
273
1205769
5271
ใพใŸใ€ ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:11
So, if you don't know what a relative clause is, that's okay.
274
1211040
4910
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ ใฆใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
20:15
These are, for example, they use the word: "who", "which", "that", "when" within the
275
1215950
7410
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ ไธญใงใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†
20:23
sentence.
276
1223360
1000
ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:24
So, an example of a relative clause would be: "Jane Goodall, who works with chimpanzees,
277
1224360
5549
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใฎไพ‹ใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใ‚’ๆ‰ฑใ†ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒณใƒปใ‚ฐใƒ‰ใƒผใƒซ
20:29
is a wonderful woman."
278
1229909
1701
ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
20:31
So, if you don't know about relative clauses, I recommend looking this up.
279
1231610
6640
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:38
In this video we don't have enough time to talk about them, but they can really help
280
1238250
4470
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๅๅˆ†ใชๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
20:42
your writing, especially if you're writing something in a formal situation.
281
1242720
4339
ใ€็‰นใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช็Šถๆณใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใฎใซ้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ ใ€‚
20:47
All right, now let's look at some more tips on how to improve our writing.
282
1247059
5240
ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใงใฏใ€ ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
20:52
Okay, so the last thing I'm going to say about formal writing versus informal writing, and
283
1252299
6671
ใงใฏใ€ ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใจ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใซใคใ„ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
20:58
I'm talking a lot about this because it's actually a very important part of writing,
284
1258970
5010
ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆ–‡็ซ ใฎ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใง
21:03
is I'm going to talk a little bit about slang, swear words, exaggeration words, and text
285
1263980
7199
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™. ใ€ ็ฝตใ‚Š่จ€่‘‰ใ€่ช‡ๅผต่จ€่‘‰ใ€ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆ
21:11
words, and when to use them.
286
1271179
3061
่จ€่‘‰ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
21:14
So, slang, it's words we use with our friends, words like: "cool", I was going to say "groovy"
287
1274240
8340
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใฏ็งใŸใกใŒๅ‹้”ใจไฝฟใ†่จ€่‘‰ใง ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒดใ‚ฃใƒผใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ—ใŸ
21:22
but nobody says that anymore, so, you know, there's all sorts of different types of slang.
288
1282580
5130
ใŒใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:27
It's a word that's very popular or an expression that's popular, but it's not a formal expression.
289
1287710
6189
ๆต่กŒใ‚Š่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„ๆต่กŒใ‚Š่จ€่‘‰ ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฃๅผใช่กจ็พใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:33
So, "cool" is a really good one, or "awesome": "That's awesome".
290
1293899
4431
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใ€ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€ใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
21:38
So, slang we use informally.
291
1298330
4030
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใŒ้žๅ…ฌๅผใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใงใ™ใ€‚
21:42
Same with swear words.
292
1302360
1000
็ฝตใ‚Š่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ€‚
21:43
Okay?
293
1303360
1000
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
21:44
So if you say a bad word, you know, sometimes you might say something to your friend, you
294
1304360
5390
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆ‚ชใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ ๅ‹ไบบใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹ไบบ
21:49
might use different swear words when you talk to your friends, hopefully not with strangers,
295
1309750
5710
ใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎ็ฝตใ‚Š่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ใงใใ‚Œใฐ่ฆ‹็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใฌไบบใง
21:55
but with people you know well, but you would not use swear words in a formal writing situation.
296
1315460
9190
ใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใ‚ˆใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆญฃๅผใชๅŸท็ญ†็Šถๆณใงใฎ่ช“ใ„ใฎ่จ€่‘‰.
22:04
So maybe you might use it in a text, but you wouldn't use it in a formal writing situation.
297
1324650
7149
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใง ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
22:11
Also exaggeration words.
298
1331799
2120
ใพใŸใ€่ช‡ๅผตใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚
22:13
What's an exaggeration word?
299
1333919
1791
่ช‡ๅผต่กจ็พใจใฏ๏ผŸ
22:15
"Very" is a good example.
300
1335710
1829
ใ€Œใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใŒใ„ใ„ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:17
"He is very funny", "She is very pretty", "He is really handsome", "He's totally hot",
301
1337539
9581
ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผ ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใ ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซใ‹ใฃใ“ใ„ใ„ใ€ใ€
22:27
okay?
302
1347120
1000
ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
22:28
So these types of words: "very", "really", "totally", we usually save these for informal
303
1348120
5270
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€ใ€ ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซใ€ใชใฉใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎๆ›ธใ่พผใฟ็”จใซไฟๅญ˜ใ—
22:33
writing.
304
1353390
1499
ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:34
So if you're in university and you want to say something is "very", don't use the word
305
1354889
5650
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿใง ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
22:40
"very"; there are better words, like, you know...
306
1360539
5120
ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ่‰ฏใ„่จ€่‘‰
22:45
There are a lot of other words you can use as opposed to these ones.
307
1365659
4961
ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ไปฅๅค–ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
22:50
Another thing I wanted to say is there's a lot of words we use now, they're short forms
308
1370620
4220
็งใŒ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ ็พๅœจไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
22:54
of words, like, for example: "lol" for "laugh out loud", "b4" for "before", "LMAO" for "laugh
309
1374840
9280
ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œlolใ€ใฏใ€Œ ๅคงๅฃฐใง็ฌ‘ใ†ใ€ใ€ใ€Œb4ใ€ใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒLMAOใ€ใชใฉใฎ็Ÿญใ„ๅฝขๅผใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œlaugh
23:04
my ass off", these are words we use informally.
310
1384120
4610
my ass offใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ็งใŸใกใŒ้žๅ…ฌๅผใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
23:08
Okay?
311
1388730
1530
ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
23:10
We do not use these in formal writing, so it's important in formal writing to always
312
1390260
6080
ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡ๆ›ธใงใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡ๆ›ธใงใฏๅธธใซ
23:16
spell out the word correctly, to use proper spelling, and to avoid some of these words
313
1396340
5870
ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚นใƒšใƒซใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใ—ใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใชใ‚นใƒšใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
23:22
you might be seeing a lot on the internet or in text messaging or on Facebook.
314
1402210
4560
ใ—ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ‚„ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใงใ‚ˆใ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™. ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚นใƒ–ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€‚
23:26
Okay, so we've covered about formal and informal writing.
315
1406770
5100
ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ›ธใๆ–นใจ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ›ธใๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
23:31
My last tip for this video is about the importance of using variety in what you're writing.
316
1411870
9420
ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆ ใฏใ€ๆ›ธใๅ†…ๅฎนใซๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎ้‡่ฆๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
23:41
So what do I mean by "variety"?
317
1421290
2710
ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
23:44
Well, sometimes when people write, they have certain words that they use again and again
318
1424000
5360
ใˆใˆใจใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใ ใ€ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใฃ
23:49
and again, and so there's not a lot of variety in their choice of words.
319
1429360
6440
ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:55
Or you might have somebody else who uses the same sentence structure; maybe they learned
320
1435800
4609
ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ๅญฆใณ
24:00
the present perfect and they love the present perfect because it took them forever to learn
321
1440409
3870
ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใซๆฐธ้ ใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใช
24:04
it, so now they use the present perfect in each sentence.
322
1444279
3510
ใฎใงใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ๅ„ๆ–‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
24:07
So this is not good because we really want variety in what we write, because we want
323
1447789
5140
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏๆ›ธใใ‚‚ใฎใซๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚
24:12
it to be interesting.
324
1452929
2120
ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
24:15
If you use something too much, it makes what you're writing look boring.
325
1455049
4750
ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ†…ๅฎนใŒใคใพใ‚‰ใชใใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:19
So, let's look at an example.
326
1459799
2350
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
24:22
I have here a sentence: "Sales have increased.
327
1462149
4561
ใ“ใ“ใซๆฌกใฎๆ–‡
24:26
They have increased for many reasons.
328
1466710
2520
ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
24:29
The increase is because people increasingly like spending money."
329
1469230
5569
24:34
Can you tell me: Which word did I use too much?
330
1474799
3641
ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹: ใฉใฎ ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
24:38
If you said "increase", you're correct.
331
1478440
1560
ใ€Œๅข—ใ‚„ใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ ๆ–นใฏๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚
24:40
I used it one, two, three, four.
332
1480000
6970
็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’1ใ€2ใ€3ใ€4ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:46
Okay, so that's too much in a piece of writing.
333
1486970
4079
ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏไธ€็‰‡ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏๅคšใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅข—ๅŠ ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š
24:51
There are a lot of other words we could be using instead of "increase".
334
1491049
3801
ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใฏไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
24:54
We could be using, you know: "go up", "rise".
335
1494850
7250
ใ€ŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:02
There are a lot of other words.
336
1502100
2000
ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:04
And if you're not sure of another word for "increase", a good idea is to check a thesaurus.
337
1504100
6459
ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œๅข—ๅŠ ใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ใ‚ทใ‚ฝใƒผใƒฉใ‚นใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:10
There are a lot of online thesauruses that can help you add variety to your word choice.
338
1510559
7891
ๅ˜่ชžใฎ้ธๆŠžใซๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚ทใ‚ฝใƒผใƒฉใ‚นใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:18
So if you make this kind of mistake where you reuse the same word again and again and
339
1518450
4479
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ๅ†ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’
25:22
again, try to learn some other words that have the same meaning.
340
1522929
5350
ๆŒใคไป–ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
25:28
This will really help your writing and make it more interesting.
341
1528279
3990
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ข็™ฝใใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:32
The other thing I wanted to say is that we just talked about how you want variety in
342
1532269
4660
ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค่จ€ใ„ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ ใ€่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™
25:36
words.
343
1536929
1000
ใ€‚
25:37
You also want variety in sentence types.
344
1537929
2130
ใพใŸ ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ็จฎ้กžใซใ‚‚ๅคšๆง˜ๆ€งใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
25:40
So you want to make sure that, you know, sometimes you use long sentences, and sometimes you
345
1540059
5891
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ้•ทใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
25:45
use short sentence, sometimes you use, you know, maybe words like: "although", "when",
346
1545950
6069
ใ€็Ÿญใ„ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจ
25:52
"despite", "in spite of", and sometimes you might have something a bit simpler.
347
1552019
4951
ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฎใ€ใ€ๆ™‚ใซใฏ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ˜็ด”ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
25:56
So instead of reusing the same sentence type and the same sentence structure, try to use
348
1556970
6089
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๅž‹ใจๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๅ†ๅˆฉ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
26:03
different tenses and different structures in the sentences you write.
349
1563059
4941
็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใจ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:08
Yeah, so different tenses and try to have different sentence lengths.
350
1568000
6770
ใˆใˆใ€ๆ™‚ๅˆถ ใŒ้•ใ†ใฎใงใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ้•ทใ•ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:14
That will make your writing more interesting.
351
1574770
2379
ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ๆ–‡็ซ ใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ข็™ฝใใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
26:17
So, thank you for watching this video.
352
1577149
2660
ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
26:19
I know we covered a lot today, and I have a lot more writing tips coming soon.
353
1579809
4441
ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ ใ™ใใซใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคšใใฎๅŸท็ญ†ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
26:24
So, we've covered a lot and there's a lot of things you can practice, so I invite you
354
1584250
5850
ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š
26:30
to come visit our website at www.engvid.com, and there, you can practice what you've learned today.
355
1590100
6480
ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ— ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:36
I also invite you to subscribe to my channel; there, you will find a whole bunch of other
356
1596580
5630
็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใฏใ€
26:42
resources on different grammar points, you know, especially if you're interested in how
357
1602210
5030
ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎใƒชใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚นใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚็‰นใซใ€
26:47
to add variety, different videos on vocabulary, on writing, on pronunciation, and all sorts
358
1607240
8200
่ชžๅฝ™ใ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€็™บ้Ÿณใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎไป–ใฎใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
26:55
of other topics.
359
1615440
1160
.
26:56
So I invite you to check that out.
360
1616600
1910
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใœใฒ ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
26:58
Thank you for watching; and until next time, take care.
361
1618510
2629
่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†; ใใ—ใฆ ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7