Using PASSIVE in English to avoid responsibility

378,243 views ใƒป 2012-05-18

English with Emma


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, my name is Emma, and today we will be talking about using the passive voice and
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
00:11
the active voice.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:13
So what this lesson is going to do is it's going to look at, first of all, what is the
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่กŒใ† ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€
00:17
difference between the passive and the active voice, something that a lot of ESL students
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ใซใ€ๅคšใใฎ ESL
00:23
do have problems with, and then we're going to look at how they are used, and when to
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ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
00:28
use them.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:30
So this lesson is really going to focus on how businesses can use the active and passive
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€ไผๆฅญใŒ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจ
00:34
voices, how governments use them, and which ones will your teachers prefer when you write
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่ชฒ้กŒใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ๆ•™ๅธซใŒใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ใ‹ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™
00:40
essays or when you write different written assignments.
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.
00:43
Okay, so let's get started.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:46
So first of all, I have here a sentence, "I ate cake."
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ใพใš ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:50
"I ate cake" is an example of the active voice.
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ใ€ŒI ate cakeใ€ใฏ ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:58
Most sentences you see are examples of the active voice.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๆ–‡ ใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:03
What it is, is you have a subject, "I", you have the verb, the action, "ate", and then
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ŒIใ€ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œ้ฃŸในใŸใ€ใ€
01:11
for a lot of sentences, you have the object, in this case, "cake".
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ใใ—ใฆๅคšใใฎๆ–‡ใง ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:16
So what is an active voice?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใจใฏ๏ผŸ
01:18
What does it do?
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ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‹๏ผŸ
01:19
Well, it's where the subject does the action.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏพ่ฑกใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:24
Who ate the cake?
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ใ ใ‚ŒใŒใใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
01:25
I ate the cake.
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็งใฏใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:27
Who did the action?
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่ชฐใŒใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
01:28
I did the action, okay?
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็งใฏ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:30
So now let's compare this to the passive voice.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:36
So here in this example, we have most of the same structures.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ ใงใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅŒใ˜ๆง‹้€ ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:39
We have the "cake", so "cake, cake".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ€ใ€‚
01:42
We have the verb, "to eat", but now we have the verb, "to be", "was".
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ใ€Œ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€Œใ ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:49
So this is an example of the passive voice, okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎไพ‹ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:00
So the cake was eaten.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
02:03
Now how do we make the passive voice?
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
02:05
Well, we take the passive subject.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชไธป้กŒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:08
What does that mean?
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:09
Well, in this case, the cake is not doing the action.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:13
In the first case, we say, "I am doing the action."
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏใใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:17
In the second sentence, we don't know who's doing the action.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใง ใฏใ€่ชฐใŒใใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:21
We just know that the object of the action, the cake, is being eaten.
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:26
So we've sort of taken away the subject.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏไธป้กŒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡
02:28
There is no "I" in this sentence.
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ใซใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:30
You don't know who's eating the cake.
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่ชฐ ใŒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:32
So in order to make the passive, here is our formula.
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ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใฎๅผใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
02:36
We take the passive subject, so in this case, that's the cake, the cake in the first sentence.
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ๅ—ใ‘่บซใฎไธป่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใงใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใงใ™ใ€‚
02:42
We take "to be", so "was", and the past participle, which in this case is "eaten".
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ใ€Œto beใ€ใ€ใ€Œwasใ€ใ€้ŽๅŽป ๅˆ†่ฉžใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œeatenใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
Now for the active voice and the passive voice, it's very important to remember that we can
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
02:55
use this with so many different tenses.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:58
So for example, we can use it with the present perfect, the future.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:03
The main thing to remember is the passive voice always has "to be", past participle.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใไธปใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏ ๅธธใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:11
So we're going to go into more detail now about how the passive voice and the active
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ใใ“ใง ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†
03:15
voice are used, and go through more examples of both voices.
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ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ— ใ€ไธกๆ–นใฎ้Ÿณๅฃฐใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใจใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–
03:22
Look at how we can use the passive and the active.
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ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
03:26
So here is a comparison chart.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงๆฏ”่ผƒ่กจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:29
On the one side, we have the active voice, so notice we have a subject, "I", "we", "we",
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžใซใฏใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:36
whereas on the passive, we have "be", "was", "were", "will be".
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ ใงใฏใ€Œbeใ€ใ€ใ€Œwasใ€ใ€ใ€Œwereใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
03:44
So just take a second, look at the differences between these sentences.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:48
They have the same meaning, it's just the emphasis is on something different.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏๅ˜ใซ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซ้‡็‚นใŒ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:53
So read both sides of the chart, and just think about it for a second.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒˆใฎไธก้ขใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใง ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:01
Okay, so first of all, like I said before, in the active, we have the subject, "I made
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใพใšใ€ๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ† ใซใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ง
04:09
a mistake."
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ใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไธป้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
So in this case, when I say "I made a mistake", I'm taking responsibility for doing something.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œ็งใŒ้–“้•ใˆใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:16
Now this is a strong sentence, in general, in English, we prefer to use the active.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ไธ€่ˆฌใซ ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
So for your teachers, for most essays, for most of your work you're doing, your teacher
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ•™ๅธซใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไป•ไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
04:26
would prefer a strong sentence where you do have a subject and a verb like this.
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ใŒใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
04:33
Now where this is not the case is when we're trying to avoid taking responsibility for
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝ“ใฆใฏใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฎ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š
04:39
something, when we don't want to take the blame for something we did.
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ใŸใใชใ„ใจใใงใ™ ใ€‚
04:45
So if you think about businesses and governments, this is where this comes in, okay?
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ไผๆฅญใ‚„ๆ”ฟๅบœใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใŒใใฎๅ‡บ็•ชใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
04:50
Governments hate saying they did something wrong.
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ๆ”ฟๅบœใฏใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŸใกใŒไฝ•ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚’ๅซŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:54
They hate doing that, and so if your president of your country said, "Listen guys, I made
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅซŒใ†ใฎใง ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ›ฝใฎๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใŒใ€Œ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€็ง
05:00
a mistake.
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ใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:01
I lost a whole bunch of money."
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็งใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅคฑใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€‚
05:03
The citizens would be really angry.
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ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ใฏ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆ€’ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:05
So instead, what governments do, they change it to the passive.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒ่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซๅค‰ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ้Žใก
05:11
Instead of me taking responsibility for making a mistake, now I say simply, "A mistake was
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ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ ใ€ไปŠใฏๅ˜็ด”ใซใ€Œ้Žใกใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
05:17
made."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
Who made the mistake?
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่ชฐใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:20
It's unclear.
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ไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚
05:21
We haven't said who made the mistake.
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่ชฐใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใ‹ใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:23
In this case, we're trying to shy away from that.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:25
We don't want to suggest who made that mistake.
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่ชฐใŒใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็คบๅ”†ใ—ใŸใใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:29
"A serious mistake was made."
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ใ€Œ้‡ๅคงใชใƒŸใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:31
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:32
Similarly, in war, governments, armies, they often kill a lot of people.
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ๆˆฆไบ‰ใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใ€ ่ป้šŠใงใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:39
So if a government said, "We killed a lot of people today," they probably would not
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใ€็งใŸใกใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไบบใ‚’ๆฎบใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ
05:44
be re-elected.
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ๅ†้ธใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†.
05:46
It would not be something nice for them to say.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:48
They would become unpopular.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธไบบๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:49
So how do they change this around?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
05:52
Well, they take away their responsibility.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:56
They say, "A lot of people were killed."
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ใ€ŒๅคšใใฎไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
05:59
Who killed them?
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่ชฐใŒๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆฎบใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:00
We don't know.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:01
Just, "A lot of people were killed."
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ใŸใ ใ€ ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚
06:02
So you see, again, we're taking away the responsibility, the blame of someone.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ่ชฐใ‹ใฎ่ฒฌไปปใ€้ž้›ฃใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:10
Businesses also love to use this.
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ไผๆฅญใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ๅฅฝใ‚“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:12
Any time a business is going to do something that's probably going to anger you, they don't
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ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œ
06:17
want to take responsibility for it.
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ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠใŸใŒใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“.
06:19
So for example, maybe you didn't pay your bills, and so as a result of that, you owe
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใŸใ‚ใซ
06:25
the hydro company a lot of money, and they want to tell you they're going to shut off
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ใ€ๆฐดๅŠ›็™บ้›ปไผš็คพใซๅคš้กใฎๅ€Ÿ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
06:29
your electricity.
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ใ€‚
06:33
Instead of saying, "We will turn off your electricity", if you say that "we", you're
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œ็ง ใŸใกใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰
06:36
going to get angry at the company.
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ใ€ไผš็คพใซๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:39
They avoid the "we".
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œ็งใŸใกใ€ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:40
Instead, they say, "Your electricity will be turned off."
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้›ปๆฐ—ใฏๆถˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:45
Who turned it off?
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่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒ•ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
06:46
I don't know.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚
06:47
It's just going to be turned off.
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ใ‚ชใƒ•ใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:48
So again, in terms of the passive, we're focused on the actual action itself.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏ ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ่‡ชไฝ“ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸ
06:53
We're not focused on who did the action.
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ใ‹ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
06:55
Who did the action, we're either trying to hide who did the action, or it doesn't matter.
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่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€่ชฐใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’้š ่”ฝใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:01
Or, alternatively, oftentimes with newspapers, we use the passive, and the reason is sometimes
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๆ–ฐ่žใง ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ็†็”ฑใฏ
07:08
when crimes are committed, you don't know who did the crime.
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ใ€็Šฏ็ฝชใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใซใ€ ่ชฐใŒ็Šฏ็ฝชใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:12
So if you don't really know who did something, the passive is the way to go.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ชฐใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:17
So maybe in this case, there was a murderer who murdered a lot of people, they don't know
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใ‚’ๆฎบใ—ใŸๆฎบไบบ่€…ใŒใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
07:23
who did it, a newspaper might use this as well.
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่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆ–ฐ่žใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:27
A lot of people were killed.
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒๆฎบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:28
Who killed the people?
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่ชฐใŒไบบใ€…ใ‚’ๆฎบใ—ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:29
We don't know.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:31
So to sum up, active voice is better for essays, for regular writing, because it's stronger,
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่ฆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๅฃฐใฏใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚ค ใ‚„ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใชๅŸท็ญ†ใซ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใงใ€
07:39
it's not vague, it's not unclear, and you're saying specifically who did something.
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ๆ›–ๆ˜งใงใฏใชใใ€ไธๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใฏใชใใ€ ่ชฐใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:44
The subject is important, whereas with the passive, this is the tricky one.
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ไธป่ชžใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:51
This is the one that governments love to use, and business people like to use.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœ ใŒๅฅฝใ‚“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒžใƒณใŒๅฅฝใ‚“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:56
So for more practice on this, I invite you to come visit our site at www.engvid.com.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:03
We have a quiz there.
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ใใ“ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:04
I invite you to do this quiz.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:07
So until next time, take care.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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