IELTS Writing Task 1: How to describe a process

1,240,059 views ใƒป 2016-11-22

English with Emma


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi there.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚
00:03
My name is Emma, and in today's video I am going to teach you about how to write
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็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚จใƒžใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง ใฏใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™
00:08
about processes.
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ใ€‚
00:10
So, if you are taking the IELTS, this video is very important for writing task 1.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏใ‚ฟ ใ‚นใ‚ฏ 1 ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™
00:17
If you're not taking the IELTS, you can learn a lot in this video, because we will be covering
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ใ€‚IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
00:21
some very important grammar and some very important vocabulary that you can use in your
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00:27
everyday life also. Okay?
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ใ€‚ ๆ—ฅๅธธ็”Ÿๆดปใงใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:29
So, if you're taking the IELTS, this video is great for you; and if you're not taking
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฏๆœ€ ้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚ IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
00:33
the IELTS, this video is also very good for you.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใ‚‚้žๅธธใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
Okay, so first of all: What is a process?
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ใงใฏใพใš ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
00:40
Okay, well, so, if you are doing the IELTS, there are two different writing components:
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚IELTS ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚ฏ 1 ใจใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚ฏ 2 ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒใƒผใƒใƒณใƒˆใŒ
00:48
task 1 and task 2.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:51
Sometimes you will get some pictures and you have to write about them on the IELTS.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ†™็œŸ ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ€IELTS ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:58
So, these pictures show a process.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ†™็œŸ ใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:01
So, a process is pretty much showing different stages or steps on how something is made,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใจใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ
01:10
or how something works, or how it's created or produced.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ† ใซไฝœๆˆใพใŸใฏ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฎต้šŽใพใŸใฏใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:14
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:15
So, the key thing here is that you're looking at different stages on how something is made,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฎต้šŽใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
01:22
created, or produced.
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ใ€‚
01:24
Processes can be natural or they can be man-made.
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏ่‡ช็„ถใช ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไบบๅทฅ็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:29
So, for natural, if you can imagine in science you might learn about how photosynthesis works
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่‡ช็„ถใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€็ง‘ๅญฆใงๆƒณๅƒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใŒๆค็‰ฉใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:37
with plants. Okay?
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใฎใ“ใŒ
01:38
You might learn about how mushrooms grow. Okay?
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆˆ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:42
How animals mate.
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎไบคๅฐพๆ–นๆณ•ใ€‚
01:44
These are all processes.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
01:46
In terms of man-made, an example of a process would be how concrete is made, or even how
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ไบบๅทฅ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ ใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒˆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
01:53
chocolate is created and produced.
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ไฝœๆˆ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใ™.
01:57
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:58
So, on the IELTS, you might, because there are different versions of the test...
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€IELTS ใซใคใ„ใฆ ใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚...
02:03
You may have to look at some pictures and describe a process, and describe what is happening
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:08
in this picture.
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ใ€‚
02:09
So, I've drawn a very simple process-okay?-and this is the process of taking the IELTS.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ๆใใพใ—ใŸ-ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?- ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
02:16
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:17
So, in my picture, I have a student here, and they're at their computer studying different
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็งใฎๅ†™็œŸใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใฆใ€IELTS ใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใซๅฝน
02:24
videos and different things to help them prepare for the IELTS.
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็ซ‹ใคใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚„ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:27
So, this is my first stage or my first step.
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ธใพใŸใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:31
The second step in my process is actually taking the IELTS, and the final step is the
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็งใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š› ใซ IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฏใ€
02:37
student looking very happy, saying: "I got a great score."
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็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ ใ€Œ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฌ‰ใ—ใใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:41
Okay?
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02:41
Because they studied a lot and they practiced a lot.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๅ‹‰ๅผท ใ—ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:44
So, on the IELTS, you will not get something like this that's this simple.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ˜็ด”ใชใ“ใจใฏๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:48
It'd be great if you did, but usually the processes are more complicated.
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ใงใใ‚Œใฐ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€้€šๅธธ ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:54
They're more complex.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:56
You might have 10 pictures of something like how to make coffee.
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎๆทนใ‚Œๆ–นใชใฉใฎๅ†™็œŸใŒ 10 ๆžšใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:02
But the key here is you will see a bunch of pictures, and you need to figure out where
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ†™็œŸใฎ้–‹ๅง‹ไฝ็ฝฎใจ็ต‚ไบ†ไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’ๆŠŠๆกใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:07
the pictures start and where they finish.
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ใ€‚
03:11
What is the final product?
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ๆœ€็ต‚่ฃฝๅ“ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:12
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:13
So in this case, the beginning is watching this video, and the end is getting a high
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฏ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฏ
03:19
score on the IELTS.
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IELTS ใง้ซ˜ๅพ—็‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:20
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:22
In making coffee, maybe the first process is getting the beans.
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ๅทฅ็จ‹ใฏ่ฑ†ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:27
Maybe the last process is actually drinking a cup of coffee. Okay?
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ใŸใถใ‚“ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ไธ€ๆฏใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:31
So it's good when you see a diagram to figure out: Where's the beginning, and where's the end?
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ›ณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใฉใ“ใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใงใ€ใฉใ“ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใฎใ‹?
03:36
And also thinking about: Is it natural or a man-made process?
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ใพใŸใ€่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ใใ‚Œใฏ ่‡ช็„ถใชใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ไบบๅทฅ็š„ใชใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใ™ใ‹?
03:42
Okay, so if you are taking the IELTS and you get a bunch of pictures in the writing section,
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ใ•ใฆใ€IELTSใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ไฝœๆ–‡ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ“
03:49
a couple key things here.
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ใงใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจ
03:52
You will have to write 150 words where you describe the pictures.
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. ๅ†™็œŸใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ 150 ่ชžใงๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:58
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:59
And you have 20 minutes to do this.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใซ20ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:02
So, what you pretty much need to do is summarize what is happening in the picture.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใ€ๅ†™็œŸใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:08
So, you're just reporting the main features, you're summarizing what you see.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไธปใชๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ€ ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:13
You are not giving your opinion.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:16
Okay?
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04:16
You do not say what you think about the process.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ
ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
04:19
All you need to do on the IELTS is say what you see and describe it.
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IELTS ใงๅฟ…่ฆ ใชใ“ใจใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:24
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:25
You're also not adding information.
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ใพใŸ ใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:28
If you know about, for example, how to make a cup of coffee and you have to describe this
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎๆทนใ‚Œๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
04:34
process, maybe you have a lot of information you know about this.
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ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:39
But if you don't see it in the pictures, you don't write about it.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ๅ†™็œŸใง่ฆ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:43
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:44
So, in this video, I am going to teach you about sequencers, which can really help your
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใŠๆ•™ใˆใ—ใพใ™
04:48
mark; as well as grammar, the passive voice, which is something we use a lot when we are
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ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚น ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ†ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹
04:54
describing processes.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:56
So, let's look at those features now.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:59
Okay. So, in this video, I'm not going to tell you about how to write your introduction, but
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ ใ€็ดนไป‹ๆ–‡ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
05:06
I just wanted to be clear: It's very important that you have about maybe two sentences to
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ใŒใ€ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎ
05:12
introduce what the process is.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
05:14
In your introduction, you can talk about how many steps or stages there are, and you can
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ๅฐŽๅ…ฅ้ƒจใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใค ใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใพใŸใฏใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ธใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
also say what the image, or the diagram, or the illustration is showing.
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ใพใŸใ€็”ปๅƒใ€ๅ›ณใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚คใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใŒไฝ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:25
What is the process?
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:28
One really important thing that you should include when you're describing a process,
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IELTS ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซๅซใ‚ใ‚‹
05:33
whether you're writing the IELTS or just in general, is you should include sequencers.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:39
Sequencers help us understand the order of something.
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ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผ ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
05:43
So, it helps us understand what is first, second, third, fourth, and so on.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ 1 ็•ช็›ฎใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใ€3 ็•ช็›ฎใ€4 ็•ช็›ฎใชใฉใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
So, you know which...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:51
The different stages.
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... ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฎต้šŽใ€‚
05:53
So, we have here a bunch of sequencers.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:56
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:58
And I also have here...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™...
05:59
Can you guess what this is?
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
06:01
This is a sandwich.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใงใ™ใ€‚
06:02
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:03
I'm not the best artist, so I apologize, but here is my picture of a sandwich.
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็งใฏๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใ‚ขใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚นใƒˆใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒ็งใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใฎๅ†™็œŸใงใ™ใ€‚
06:07
So, I'm going to describe how to make a sandwich using these sequencers.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:12
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:13
So: "First of all," is a great one to use at the beginning.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ใฏ ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
06:18
This is great on the IELTS, or also: "The first step" or "The first stage is..."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ IELTS ใซๆœ€้ฉ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต้šŽใฏ...ใ€
06:24
These are great to begin with-okay?-when you're describing a process.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซ้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
06:28
So, I could say: "First of all, we take a bun or a slice of bread."
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใพใš ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณใพใŸใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:34
Okay? So this is bread.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใƒ‘ใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:36
"First of all, we take a slice of bread.", "The first step is we take a slice of bread.",
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ใ€Œใพใšใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€
06:43
"The first stage is we take a slice of bread."
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ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆฎต้šŽใฏ ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚น
06:48
We can use the word "step" or "stage" when we're describing a process.
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ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆฎต้šŽใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:52
Okay: "Next", this is another sequencer.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผ: ใ€Œๆฌกใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
06:55
"Next, we put down the pickles on top of the bun", if you like pickles.
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ใ€Œๆฌก ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใฎไธŠใซใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒซใ‚นใ‚’ใฎใ›ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒซใ‚นใŒๅฅฝใใชๆ–นใ€‚
07:02
If you don't like pickles, you don't put them on.
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ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒซใ‚นใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใช ๆ–นใฏใคใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:05
But in this case, in this sandwich, we put the pickles on the bun.
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ใงใ‚‚ไปŠๅ›žใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใง ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใซใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒซใ‚นใ‚’ใฎใ›ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:10
"Then, we put the meat on top of the pickles.
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒซใ‚นใฎไธŠใซ่‚‰ใ‚’ใฎใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:16
After that, we put some lettuce on top of the meat."
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ใใฎๅพŒ ใ€่‚‰ใฎไธŠใซใƒฌใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚’ใฎใ›ใพใ™ใ€
07:22
We can also say: "In the next stage" or "In the next step", that's also possible.
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ใ€Œๆฌกใฎๆฎต้šŽใงใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œๆฌกใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:30
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:31
"Next, we add tomatoes.
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ใ€Œๆฌกใซใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:35
Finally, we add the top slice of bread, and then we have our sandwich."
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใƒ‘ใƒณใฎไธ€็•ชไธŠใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚น ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:42
Or I can say: "In the final step, we add a slice of bread.",
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ใพใŸใฏ ใ€ใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆฎต้šŽใงใ€ใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ—ใŸใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€
07:48
"In the final stage, we add a slice of bread." Okay?
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ใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆฎต้šŽใง ใ€ใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ—ใŸใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒ
07:54
Before we have finished making our sandwich, maybe we can put...
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ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“..
08:00
Oh, well, I guess that doesn't work.
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08:02
Maybe we can put something on top, like an olive.
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ใŸใถใ‚“ ใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใƒผใƒ–ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไธŠใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
08:04
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:05
"After we finish making our sandwich, we can eat in and enjoy it."
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š็ต‚ใ‚ใฃ ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้ฃŸในใฆๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:11
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:12
Or I could say: "Once we've finished making our sandwich", and notice the "ing", "making".
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ ใ€ใ€Œingใ€ใ€ใ€Œmakeใ€ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:18
"Once we finished making our sandwich, we can enjoy it."
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Š็ต‚ใˆใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:24
Okay? So, these are called sequencers, and they're very good to use when you're describing a process.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ้žๅธธใซ้ฉใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:30
So, if you're taking the IELTS, this will help you with your organization mark.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ต„็น” ใฎใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏไป˜ใ‘ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
08:34
Okay? So, very, very important that you use some of these.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:39
You don't have to use all of them, but you should be using some of them when you describe a process.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:44
Next, let's look at the grammar of describing a process.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่จ˜่ฟฐใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
08:50
Okay, so when you are describing a process it's very, very important to use the passive
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
08:56
voice.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:57
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:58
You can use other verb tenses, too, but the most common is going to be the passive voice.
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ไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใฎใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:03
So, what is the passive voice?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
09:05
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
09:07
So, I have here two...
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ 2 ใค
09:08
Sorry.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:09
I have here two sentences.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:11
One of them is called the passive voice, the other one is the active voice.
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ไธ€ใคใฏ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:16
My two sentences are: "I make a cup of tea." and "A cup of tea is made."
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็งใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใ€Œ ใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ€ŒใŠ่ŒถใŒไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
09:23
Now, I want you to look at these two sentences.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎไบŒใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใ€‚
09:26
What are some of the differences between them?
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:29
Well, one thing you might notice is this has "I" in it.
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ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ€ŒIใ€ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:35
"I make a cup of tea."
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ใ€ŒใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:37
Whereas this one, we don't actually know who made the cup of tea.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€ ่ชฐใŒใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚ŒใŸใฎใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:42
So, you'll notice that when...
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใค...ใกใชใฟใซใ€
09:44
This is active, by the way, and this is passive.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใง ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:48
In the active voice, the person is not important.
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏใ€ ไบบใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:52
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:53
The person doing the action isn't...
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ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบ ใฏโ€ฆ
09:55
Oh, sorry.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:56
The opposite, sorry.
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้€†ใงใ™ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:57
In the active voice, the person is important.
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่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏใ€ ไบบใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:01
"I make a cup of tea."
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ใ€ŒใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:04
Who made the cup of tea?
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ใŠ่Œถใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐ๏ผŸ
10:05
I made the cup of tea.
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็ด…่Œถใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:08
Now, this is very different from the passive voice, where we don't actually know who made
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Š
10:12
the cup of tea; or if we do know, it's not important who made the cup of tea.
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ใพใ™ ใพใŸใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ชฐ ใŒใŠ่Œถใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใ‹ใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
10:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:19
So that's one major difference.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
10:21
You'll also notice with the verb.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:23
The verb themself-...
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10:24
The verbs themselves are different, too.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใƒปใƒปใƒป ๅ‹•่ฉž่‡ชไฝ“ ใ‚‚้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:27
Here, we have the simple present: "I make", whereas if you look down here,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ˜็ด”ใช็พๅœจใ€ŒI makeใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹
10:38
we have: "is" and "made".
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ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€Œisใ€ใจใ€Œmadeใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:41
So, when we use the active voice, we're just using, you know, simple present, simple past.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใช็พๅœจใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:47
We can pretty much use any tense.
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็งใŸใกใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฉใ‚“ใชๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚‚ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:48
But you'll notice, there is no "be" verb.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:52
Whereas, here: "A cup of tea is", we have the "be" verb, and "made", we have a past participle.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ŒA cup of tea isใ€ใซใฏ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œmadeใ€ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:00
So, the construction of the two sentences is different.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹ๆˆใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:04
Okay?
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11:04
So, if you're wondering what the rule is: For the passive, we have an object.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใงใฏใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒไฝ•ใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใฎใŸใ‚ใซ : ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:10
In this case our object is "a cup of tea".
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ ใฏใ€ŒใŠ่Œถใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:13
We have the "be" verb, so in this case, "is" is the "be" verb.
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ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใŒใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
11:18
It can also be: "was" or "has been", or "will be".
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œwasใ€ใ€ ใ€Œhas Beenใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwill beใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:22
When I say: "'be' verb", it's a form of the verb "be"-okay?-depending on what tense you're
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็งใŒใ€Œ'be' ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œbeใ€ใฎๅฝขใงใ™ - ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ - ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
11:28
talking in.
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.
11:29
So, usually for processes...
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11:32
If you're, like, getting really nervous or confused by this grammar, key here is the
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ฅž็ตŒ่ณชใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆททไนฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€
11:37
word "is" if you're talking about now, or "was" if you're talking about in the past.
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็พๅœจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œisใ€ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œwasใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
11:43
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:44
So, on the IELTS, usually "is" and "was" is the main things to know.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใงใฏใ€้€šๅธธใ€ใ€Œisใ€ใจใ€Œwas ใ€ใŒไธปใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:48
So, you have the object, the "be" verb, and the past participle.
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:53
So, the past participle in this case is "made".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏใ€Œmadeใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:57
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:58
So, "made" is the past participle of "make".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œmadeใ€ใฏ ใ€Œmakeใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:02
So, let's think of another example.
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ใงใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
12:04
Imagine I...
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ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„...
12:05
Well, this is true.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:07
I had a bike, and I really loved my bike.
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็งใฏ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ใ€่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:10
Someone stole my bike.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚
12:14
Okay? Very sad, but someone stole my bike.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:18
So: "Someone stole my bike."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใ€
12:19
That's active.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:21
If I want to change this into the passive, we don't know who did it, and what's really
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Š
12:27
important to me is the fact that the bike was stolen.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็งใซใจใฃใฆๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใฏ ใ€่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใŒ็›—ใพใ‚ŒใŸใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
12:30
So, the passive would be: "My bike"-which is the object-"was stolen".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ€ใŒใ€Œ็›—ใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:39
"Stolen" is the past participle of "steal".
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ใ€ŒStolenใ€ใฏ ใ€Œstealใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:42
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:43
So, we're going to do a lot of practice with this.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใŸใใ•ใ‚“ ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
12:45
So, don't worry if, you know, you're really confused by the passive.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
12:50
We're going to do some more practice questions with this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ไฝฟใฃใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒใ‚’่งฃใ„ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
12:52
But the key point here is when you're describing a process, it's very, very good to use the
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ้‡่ฆใช็‚นใฏใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ่‰ฏใ„
12:58
passive voice, not the active voice, because you're usually...
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้€šๅธธ
13:02
What's usually important is what's happening, not who's doing it. Usually.
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ใ€่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใฏใชใใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
13:08
Okay, so I want you to imagine...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
13:11
So we're going to do some practice now.
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โ€ฆ ใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŠ่Œถใฎๆทนใ‚Œๆ–นใ‚’่ชฐใ‹
13:13
I want you to imagine you want to tell someone how to make a cup of tea.
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ใซๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
13:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:19
I love drinking tea, so I think this is a great example of a process.
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็งใฏใŠ่Œถใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™.
13:24
So, the kettle is what you put the water in, and you boil.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซใฏ ๆฐดใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆๆฒธ้จฐใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
13:29
Okay?
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13:29
So the kettle is where the water goes.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ ใฏๆฐดใŒ่กŒใๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:32
So, if we wanted to describe the process of making a cup of tea, we might start with the kettle.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:37
What do we do with the kettle?
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ใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
13:39
Well, we fill it with cold water.
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ใ•ใฆ ใ€ๅ†ทใŸใ„ๆฐดใงๆบ€ใŸใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:43
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:44
So, we put cold water into the kettle.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใซๅ†ทๆฐดใ‚’ ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
13:47
Now, how could we make this into the passive voice?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
13:49
What's a passive voice sentence we could use?
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ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๆ–‡ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
13:52
"The kettle __________ with cold water."
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ใ€Œใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซ __________ ใซๅ†ทๆฐดใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
13:55
Well, the first thing we know is we need to have our "be" verb somewhere.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใฏใ€"be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซ็ฝฎใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
13:59
And we're talking about the present, we're talking about a process that still happens today.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็พๅœจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใงใ‚‚่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
14:04
So, let's put: "The kettle is", so we have our "be" verb, and now we need a past participle.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒTheใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใฏใ€ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใงใใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:11
Let's say the kettle...
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ใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†... ใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซใซๆฐด
14:13
We fill a kettle, so what's the past participle of "fill"?
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ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€ใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
14:17
"Filled".
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ใ€Œๆบ€ใŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚
14:18
So, we can say: "The kettle is filled with cold water."
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ ใฏๅ†ทใŸใ„ๆฐดใงๆบ€ใŸใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
14:25
First step.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไธ€ๆญฉใ€‚
14:26
If I wanted to add a sequencer here, that would make the sentence even better.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ๆ–‡ใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่‰ฏใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:30
I could say: "The first step is where the kettle is filled with cold water."
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ใ€Œๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ— ใฏใ€ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใซๅ†ทๆฐดใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
14:36
Or: "First of all, the kettle is filled with cold water."
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œใพใšใ€ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ ใซๅ†ทใŸใ„ๆฐดใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
14:41
Okay, what's the second step?
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ใ•ใฆใ€็ฌฌไบŒๆฎต้šŽใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:43
Well...
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14:43
"The kettle __________ on the stove top."
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ใˆใˆใจ...
ใ€Œ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒญใฎไธŠใฎใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“__________ใ€ใ€‚
14:46
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:47
What do you think we do with a kettle?
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒซใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:50
We would put the kettle on the stove.
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ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚’ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใฎไธŠใซ็ฝฎใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:53
So, if we wanted to put that in the passive voice, again we need our "be" verb, so we'll put "is",
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅ†ใณใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œisใ€
15:03
and then we can put a verb here in the past participle.
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ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:06
"The kettle is put on the stove." or "The kettle is placed on the stove."
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ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใฎไธŠใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใฎไธŠใซ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
15:14
We can also say that.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
15:19
Okay.
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15:19
So these are both par-...
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใƒ‘ใƒผ...
15:20
Past participles.
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
15:22
Now, what about if, you know, we were using many kettles at the same time?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅŒๆ™‚ใซๅคšใใฎใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
15:28
And so, we had an "s" here, and we were talking about many kettles.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅคšใใฎใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
15:32
Would this still stay as "is"?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใพใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
15:35
No.
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15:35
When we're talking about plural, "kettles" has an "s" and it's plural, so this would
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€"kettles" ใซใฏ "s" ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
15:40
actually turn into "are": "The kettles are put on the stove top."
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ "are " ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:47
"The kettle"-because there's only one-"is filled with cold water."
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ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚“ใ€ใฏโ€•โ€•ไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰โ€•โ€• ใ€Œๅ†ทใŸใ„ๆฐดใงๆบ€ใŸใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
15:52
Okay, so what's another step in the making of tea?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใŠ่Œถไฝœใ‚Šใฎๆฌกใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
15:56
In this case: "A cup and teabag __________ from the cupboard."
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆ: ใ€Œๆˆธๆฃšใ‹ใ‚‰ __________ ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐ __________ใ€ใ€‚
16:01
So, I take a cup and a teabag from the cupboard.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ๆˆธๆฃšใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจ ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:05
So, how can I make this into the passive voice?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
16:08
Well, "A cup and teabag"...
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ใˆใฃใจใ€ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ€โ€ฆใงใ€
16:11
So how many things do we have here?
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ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ๅ€‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
16:13
We have a cup and a teabag, so that's two, so we would use the verb "are".
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ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ 2 ใคใชใฎใงๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:21
So, they are "taken from the cupboard".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œ ้ฃŸๅ™จๆฃšใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚
16:29
We take the cup and the teabag from the cupboard.
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้ฃŸๅ™จๆฃšใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:31
"The cup and teabag are taken from the cupboard."
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ใ€Œ้ฃŸๅ™จๆฃšใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใจใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใ‚’ ๅ–ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
16:34
So, again, we have our "be" verb and our past participle.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:38
In terms of past participles, these are things you just need to memorize.
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
16:43
Logically, sometimes, you know...
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่ซ–็†็š„ใซใฏใ€
16:47
Sometimes you'll see "ed", sometimes you'll see "en", so they have different endings.
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ใ€Œedใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ€Œenใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€่ชžๅฐพใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:52
So the best thing to do is find a past participle list, and memorize it for the words that you use a lot.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใฎใŒๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:59
Like "take".
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ใ€Œใจใ‚‹ใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใซใ€‚
17:00
"Take" is a common word. "Taken", that's the past participle.
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ใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ "taken"ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
17:03
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
17:04
So, there are many more stages to making a cup of tea, but we're going to end in the
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใซใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎๆฎต้šŽใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใง ใฏใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹้€”ไธญใง็ต‚ไบ†ใ—ใพใ™
17:10
middle of making the tea.
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ใ€‚
17:11
So, this is our last stage we're going to talk about.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆฎต้šŽ ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:14
"Once the water boils, it is poured into a cup."
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ใ€ŒๆฐดใŒๆฒธ้จฐใ—ใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใซๆณจใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
17:21
So, we can use this in the past participle: "is boiled".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ : ใ€Œ็…ฎใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
17:28
"Once the water is boiled, it is poured into a cup."
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ใ€ŒๆฐดใŒๆฒธ้จฐใ— ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใซๆณจใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
17:38
Okay.
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17:38
So, this is not the final stage.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœ€็ต‚ๆฎต้šŽใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:41
In the final stage, we drink the tea.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆฎต้šŽใง ใŠ่Œถใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
17:44
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
17:46
So, again, very important to use this type of grammar when you're writing about processes,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใใจใใ€็‰นใซ IELTS ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™
17:52
especially on the IELTS because they want to see that you are...
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17:58
You know different types of grammar.
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ใ€‚
17:59
You have a range of grammar.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:01
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
18:02
And so this can help show the range of grammar, and that you know the appropriate grammar
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
18:06
to use when you are describing a process.
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.
18:09
So, let's look at one other tip on how to do processes.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎๅฎŸ่กŒๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
18:14
Okay, so, so far I have talked about sequencers and the grammar of writing about processes.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใพใงใ€ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใจใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่จ˜่ฟฐใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
18:21
Now, I want to talk a little bit about the IELTS, and something you really shouldn't
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€IELTS ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚็‰นใซใ€IELTS ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใจใใซ็ตถๅฏพใซใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:26
do when you write the IELTS, especially...
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18:29
Well, with processes or anything, but here is an example of a question on the IELTS that
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใชใฉ ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใŒใ€IELTS ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:36
has to do with processes.
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:38
Now, here in this question you don't actually see a diagram, but usually there would be
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใฏๅ›ณใฏ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€้€šๅธธใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฎ
18:43
images or a diagram of a process.
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็”ปๅƒใพใŸใฏๅ›ณใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:47
So, the question is: "The diagram below shows the process of making a cup of tea.
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ใใ“ใง่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œไธ‹ใฎๅ›ณ ใฏใ€ใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธปใช็‰นๅพดใ‚’
18:52
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features."
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้ธๆŠžใ—ใฆๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ€
18:57
So, this is the type of question you'll get.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅพ—ใ‚‹่ณชๅ•ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:59
Okay?
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18:59
It might be: "The diagram below shows photosynthesis" or "The diagram below shows how concrete is made."
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ€Œไธ‹ใฎๅ›ณใฏๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œไธ‹ใฎๅ›ณใฏใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒˆใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
19:07
Okay? So, it might be man-made, it might be natural.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไบบๅทฅ ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—ใ€่‡ช็„ถใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
19:11
Now, what a lot of students do is they see this, and they decide to write their introduction,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ่‡ชๅทฑ็ดนไป‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซๆฑบใ‚
19:17
and they copy the words from here into their introduction.
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ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่‡ชๅทฑ็ดนไป‹ใซๆ›ธใๅ†™ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
19:22
So they read this, and then they start their answer with:
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ€
19:26
"The diagram below shows the process of making a cup of tea."
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ใ€Œไธ‹ใฎๅ›ณ ใฏใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็–‘ๅ•่ฉžใ‚’
19:31
You should not copy the question words.
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ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
19:34
Okay? It's very important that you paraphrase, that you use your own words in your first sentence.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ใง่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
19:41
So, if this was the question I had, a couple things I might do is, instead of using the
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸ่ณชๅ•ใ ใฃ ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
19:47
word "diagram", I might use the word: "illustration", or "image", "images". Okay?
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ใ€Œใ‚คใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
19:56
And instead of using the word "shows", I'd use a different verb.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œshowsใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ ใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:00
So, instead of: "The diagram shows", I would say: "The illustration demonstrates"
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ›ณใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œๅ›ณใŒ็คบใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
20:07
or "The diagram illustrates". Okay?
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅ›ณใŒ็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
20:11
So, it's good to change the language, and this is one of the easier ways to do it, is
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใคใง
20:17
change the verb.
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ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
20:18
If they use "show", use "demonstrates" or "illustrates".
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ใ€Œshowใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œdemonstratesใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œillustratesใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:20
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
20:21
And if you can, instead of the word "diagram", use the word "illustration" or "images".
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ใพใŸใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€Œๅ›ณใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใ€Œใ‚คใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚คใƒกใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:26
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
20:28
Another thing a lot of students do is they would copy the rest of it:
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ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ่กŒใ†ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠ่Œถใ‚’ๆทนใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ€ ใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
20:32
"The process of making a cup of tea".
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ใ€‚
20:35
You can also change this around.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‰ๅพŒใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
20:36
So, in my example, I put: "The diagram illustrates how a cup of tea is made."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็งใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎ ๅ›ณใฏใ€ใŠ่ŒถใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
20:42
So, I've changed it from the active voice to the passive voice.
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ใชใฎใงใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซๅค‰ใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
20:45
You don't have to do that.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
20:46
My main point here is: Don't copy the instructions.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ็งใฎไธปใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏๆฌก ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:51
Use your own words in your introduction.
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่‡ชๅทฑ ็ดนไป‹ใงใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
20:54
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹้š›
20:55
Another tip that's very important when you're describing processes is:
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ใซ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใฏ
20:59
Take a couple of minutes to actually look at what's happening.
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ใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•ฐๅˆ†้–“่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
21:03
A lot of students, they start writing, but they don't actually understand the pictures
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ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใŒใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ็ตตใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
21:09
they're looking at.
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ใ€‚
21:10
So, take a moment to figure out: Where does the process start, what happens,
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚Š
21:16
and where does it end?
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ใ€ใฉใ“ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
21:19
What is the final product?
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ๆœ€็ต‚่ฃฝๅ“ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
21:21
How many stages are there?
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ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ธใฏไฝ•ๆฎตใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
21:23
How many steps?
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ไฝ•ๆฎต๏ผŸ
21:24
Okay?
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21:24
So it's important to ask yourself some questions before you start writing to make sure you
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็ตตใŒไฝ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚คใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใŒไฝ•ใ‚’็คบใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่‡ชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ
21:29
really understand what the pictures are showing you, and what the illustration is showing you.
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ใงใ™. ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช
21:35
So, I hope you've enjoyed this video.
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ใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ใ€‚
21:37
I know the IELTS, for a lot of students, is very stressful and scary thing.
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ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใจใฃใฆใ€IELTS ใฏ ๅธธใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใŸใพใ‚Šใ€ๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
21:42
So, I'd like to invite you to come
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ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€็ง
21:44
visit our website at www.engvid.com,
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ใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ– ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚น
21:47
and there you can
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ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸ
21:48
do a quiz to practice what we've talked about in this video, as well as there's other videos
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ๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€IELTS ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ใใฎไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚‚
21:54
on IELTS and on English in general.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžๅ…จ่ˆฌใ€‚
21:57
So, I highly recommend that you come visit our website and check those out.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็ง ใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผทใใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™.
22:01
Until next time, take care and good luck.
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ๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ ใŠๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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