That & Which

472,815 views ใƒป 2011-06-07

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey, guys.
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ใญใˆใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚
00:05
This is Alex.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
00:06
Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on "that" and "which."
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:11
Now, "that" and "which" we use often in relative clauses.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใจใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏ ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใงใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:16
So if you look at earlier on the website, we have a lesson on relative clauses that
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎๅ‰ใฎๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ
00:21
gives a general overview.
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ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆฆ‚่ฆใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:24
This lesson will give you a little bit more detail on how to use "that" and "which" when
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใใซใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
00:29
you're writing relative clauses.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:31
So just as a bit of a review, on the board I have four sentences, and we're going to
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใŠใ•ใ‚‰ใ„ใจใ—ใฆใ€ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ ใซใฏ 4 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:37
give you a little bit more detail in this lesson about when to use "that" and when to
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ใ“ใฎ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ใ„ใคใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ„ใคใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
00:41
use "which."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:43
And is there a difference between the two?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธก่€…ใฎ้–“ใซ้•ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:45
So for example, the first sentence that I have here is, "The movie that we saw last
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซ่ฆ‹ใŸๆ˜ ็”ป
00:52
weekend was really good."
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ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:54
Now the relative clause here is, "that we saw last weekend."
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅ…ˆ้€ฑ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:04
Again, a relative clause is an adjective clause, so what it does is it gives more information
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ ใชใฎใงใ€ไธป่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—
01:11
about a subject.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:13
So the subject in this sentence is "the movie."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชž ใฏใ€Œๆ˜ ็”ปใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:22
So with the movie being the subject, we're giving more information, okay, which movie,
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใŒไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€ๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซใซ่ฆ‹ใŸๆ˜ ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›
01:26
the movie that we saw last weekend, and we're saying that it was really good.
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
So this is an identifying clause.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชž
01:46
We call this an identifying clause because it specifically identifies the subject.
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ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:53
So we cannot just say, "The movie was really good."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€Œใ“ใฎๆ˜ ็”ปใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:57
Which movie?
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ใฉใฎๆ˜ ็”ป๏ผŸ ๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซ่ฟฝๅŠ 
01:58
If you need extra information or essential information that will add to the meaning of
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ใ™ใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใพใŸใฏ้‡่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆ
02:04
the sentence, this is called an identifying clause because we are identifying which movie
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใฉใฎๆ˜ ็”ป
02:10
we're talking about, okay?
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
So "The movie that we saw last weekend was really good."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซใซ่ฆ‹ใŸๆ˜ ็”ป ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸ.ใ€
02:16
Same thing with the second sentence.
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ไบŒๆ–‡็›ฎใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:18
So the second sentence, "The table which I bought from Ikea was cheap."
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2็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€Œ ใ‚คใ‚ฑใ‚ขใง่ฒทใฃใŸใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใŒๅฎ‰ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:23
First of all, identify the subject.
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ใพใš ใ€ไธป่ชžใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:25
What is the subject in this sentence?
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
02:27
All right, "the table."
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ€ใ€‚
02:34
Now what is the relative clause here?
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ใงใฏใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใจใฏไฝ• ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
02:37
What is the adjective clause?
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:39
Well, what about the table?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฏ๏ผŸ
02:40
Give me more information about the table here.
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ใ“ใ“ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:43
"The table which I bought from Ikea was cheap."
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ใ€Œใ‚คใ‚ฑใ‚ขใง่ฒทใฃใŸใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซ ใฏๅฎ‰ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
02:49
So maybe you bought multiple tables, and you want to specify that, "Well, the one that
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œใ‚คใ‚ฑใ‚ขใง่ฒทใฃใŸใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใŒๅฎ‰ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจๆ˜Ž่จ˜ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
02:54
I got from Ikea was cheap," okay?
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ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:57
So these are both examples of identifying clauses.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไธกๆ–นใจใ‚‚ ่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:01
Now, as you can see, we use "that" and "which" for both of them.
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ใ”่ฆงใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ "that" ใจ "which" ใ‚’ไธกๆ–นใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:06
So when you create a relative clause or an adjective clause, the same thing, different
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใพใŸใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎ
03:11
names, you can use "that" and "which" to give more information about things.
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ๅๅ‰ใงไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€"that" ใจ "which" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:17
So they can begin a clause which has, again, this is a subordinating conjunction plus a
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจ
03:24
subject-verb-object structure, and you will get an identifying clause because you're giving
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ไธป่ชž-ๅ‹•่ฉž-็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŒใคๅฅใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใฎ็†่งฃใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑ ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
03:32
more information that's essential to the understanding of the sentence.
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ใ€‚
03:36
In these next two sentences, what you'll notice, first of all, is that we're not using
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ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ ใงใพใšๆฐ—ไป˜ใใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจ
03:41
"that," okay?
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:43
So first, we have a comma here, and we have a comma here, and next sentence, we have a
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
03:51
comma here, and we have a comma here.
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ใพใ™ ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:55
So if you watched the previous lesson, you will know that these two sentences, for example,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๆ–นใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ปใƒณใƒ†ใƒณใ‚นใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
04:01
"Harry Potter," which I finished last week, was an excellent book, and "Toronto," which
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็งใŒๅ…ˆ้€ฑๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใŸใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆœฌใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
04:07
is heavily populated, is a multicultural city, these are non-identifying clauses.
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ไบบๅฃใฎๅคšใ„ใ€Œใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ€ใฏๅคšๆ–‡ๅŒ– ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:14
So let's write that on the board.
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ใงใฏใ€้ป’ๆฟใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:25
And now let's underline the non-identifying clauses.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๆก้ …ใซไธ‹็ทšใ‚’ๅผ•ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:29
We're going to talk about why these are non-identifying clauses.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:38
Okay, so imagine this sentence here, "Harry Potter," which I finished last week, was an
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚็งใŒๅ…ˆ้€ฑ่ชญใฟ็ต‚ใˆใŸใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ใฏ
04:44
excellent book.
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ใ™ใฐใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆœฌใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆœฌใ ใฃใŸใ€
04:45
Do you lose any meaning if you keep the sentence, "Harry Potter was an excellent book"?
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ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใใฎใพใพใซใ—ใฆใŠใใจใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
04:53
Not really.
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ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ€‚
04:54
So what this does, what a non-identifying clause is, is something that gives you more
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ ็ฏ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ไธป้กŒใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ
05:00
information, extra information about a subject.
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ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:03
So your subject here is "Harry Potter."
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป้กŒ ใฏใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:09
Your subject here, "Toronto," which is heavily populated, is a multicultural city.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ไบบๅฃๅฏ†ๅบฆใฎ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€Œใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ€ใฏใ€ๅคšๆ–‡ๅŒ–้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:15
You have a subject.
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ใŠ้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:18
And you don't really lose any meaning if you take out the non-identifying clause.
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ใพใŸ ใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:22
So "Harry Potter was an excellent book."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผ ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆœฌใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:25
You still understand my meaning exactly.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ  ็งใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:28
"Toronto" is a multicultural city.
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ใ€Œใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ€ใฏ ๅคšๆ–‡ๅŒ–้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:31
You understand my meaning.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:32
What I'm doing here in the non-identifying clause is giving extra information, non-essential,
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ใ“ใ“ใง็งใŒ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ็ฏ€ใง่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใง
05:40
not necessary information, but it is information that can give you a little bit of a richer
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ใชใ„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใฎใชใ„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ใซใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฑŠใ‹ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ
05:46
meaning to a sentence, okay?
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ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
05:48
Now, the key thing when you're using "that" and "which" is, first of all, we use them
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"that" ใจ "which" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้š›ใฎ้‡่ฆใช็‚น ใฏใ€ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
05:54
to give more information about things, okay?
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ใฆ็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:58
So computers, movies, tables, desks, books, anything you can think of.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ€ๆœบใ€ ๆœฌใชใฉใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
06:04
Now, where they differ, you can use both, first of all, when you're doing an identifying
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใ€ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅ
06:10
clause, "that" and "which."
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็ฏ€ใ‚’่กŒใ†ใจใใซใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ€Œwhichใ€ใฎไธกๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:13
So for example, I could also say, "The movie which we saw last weekend was really good.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ ๅ…ˆ้€ฑๆœซใซ่ฆ‹ใŸๆ˜ ็”ปใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
06:18
I can also say, "The table that I bought from Ikea was cheap."
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ใ‚คใ‚ฑใ‚ขใง่ฒทใฃใŸใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฏๅฎ‰ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€
06:24
But here, if you're doing a non-identifying clause, if you're writing one, you can only
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ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
06:30
use "which" inside the non-identifying clause.
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ใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใฎไธญใงใฎใฟใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใ
06:33
You cannot say, "Harry Potter, that I finished last week, was an excellent book."
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ใพใ™.ใ€Œใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ€็ง ใŒๅ…ˆ้€ฑๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใŸๆœฌใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆœฌใงใ—ใŸใ€
06:39
You cannot say, "Toronto, that is heavily populated, is a multicultural city."
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ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“.ใ€Œใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ ไบบๅฃๅฏ†ๅบฆใŒ้ซ˜ใใ€ๅคšๆ–‡ๅŒ–้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ™
06:45
You must use "which."
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ใ€‚" ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ "which" ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:47
Okay, so if you'd like to test your understanding of "that," "which," identifying and non-identifying
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ใใ‚Œใง ใ€"that"ใ€"which"ใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใจ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅ
06:55
clauses and test out your writing skills, check out the quiz under this video on www.engvid.com.
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ๅฅใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใ€www.engvid.com ใฎใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎไธ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏ
07:00
Good luck, guys, and take care.
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ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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