Farther or Further?

233,594 views ใƒป 2013-01-18

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey, guys. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on "farther" and
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ใญใˆใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„
00:07
"further". So these are two words in the English language that are commonly used interchangeably.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:15
Some people say, "Well, both are correct. You can use both in any situation." Actually,
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ใ€Œใพใ‚ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใงใ‚‚ไธกๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›
00:20
there is a small distinction, and regardless of the fact that people use "both" interchangeably,
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ใซใฏใ€ๅฐใ•ใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ไบบใ€…ใŒใ€Œไธกๆ–นใ€ใ‚’ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹็ŠถๆณใพใŸใฏๅŒใ˜็Šถๆณใงใ€Œไธกๆ–นใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใซ้–ขไฟ‚
00:27
and they use "both" in different situations or the same situation, you're actually kind
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00:33
of wrong if -- grammatically, technically, you're wrong if you use "one" instead of "the
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ใชใใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใ‚‚ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ ใซใ‚‚ใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็Šถๆณใงใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:38
other" in a given situation. And I'll tell you which situation that is as we go through
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใก ใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—
00:42
this.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:43
So on the board, we have two sentences, and one of them, you should be using "farther".
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้ ใใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
One of them, you should be using "further". So the first one says, "You will get farther
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ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ
00:54
or further in your career if you study hard." The second one says, "Tokyo is farther or
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ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใฏใพใ™ใพใ™้€ฒๆญฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ 2 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ€Œๆฑไบฌใฏ
01:00
further from Toronto than Berlin." Okay. So first, I'm going to tell you which one of
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ใƒ™ใƒซใƒชใƒณใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ้ ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ
01:08
these is correct in each sentence, and then I will explain why. So first, we have, "You
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ใ€ๅ„ๆ–‡ใงใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ๆฌกใซใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€ใ€Œไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅ‹‰ๅผท
01:13
will get farther/further in your career if you study hard." In this situation, you're
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ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ ใใธ/้ ใใธ่กŒใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€
01:19
actually supposed to say, "further". Okay? Okay. Now, if you see that here, we use "further",
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
01:29
you have probably deduced that in the second sentence, we use "farther". So we say, "Tokyo
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–‡ใงใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œๆฑไบฌ
01:35
is farther from Toronto than Berlin."
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ใฏ ใƒ™ใƒซใƒชใƒณใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒˆใƒญใƒณใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:42
When you look at these two sentences, what is the difference between these two ideas?
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ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎ่€ƒใˆใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
01:47
Okay? First of all, in the second one, when we're using "farther", we are talking about
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใšใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ ใ€Œ้ ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ
01:59
a physical distance. Okay? So when you think of "farther", think of "physical distance".
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ใ€็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ใ€Œ้ ใใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ขใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:06
So here we go, "physical distance". Now, here, "You will get further in your career if you
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็‰ฉ็†็š„่ท้›ขใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง ใ€Œไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใฏ
02:18
study hard." You can't actually measure distance in career by meters, or by kilometers, or
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ไผธใณใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใฎ่ท้›ขใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€ใ‚ญใƒญใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซ
02:25
by miles. Right? What you're talking about is not a physical distance, but a figurative
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ใ€ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใงๆธฌๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ขใงใฏใชใใ€ๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใช
02:31
distance. All right? So, for "further", this is for figurative distance.
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่ท้›ขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใช่ท้›ขใงใ™ใ€‚
02:48
For example, if you are having an argument with your spouse or a friend, and if they're
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€้…ๅถ่€…ใ‚„ๅ‹ไบบใจๅฃ่ซ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ˆใ
02:55
complaining a lot, and if you say, "Whoa, whoa, whoa. If you complain any further, I'm
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ๆ–‡ๅฅใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€ŒใŠใฃใจใ€ ใŠใฃใจใ€ใŠใฃใจใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠๆ–‡ๅฅใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ€’ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:01
going to be extremely angry." Right? So if they complain further, not a physical distance,
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ๆ€’ใ‚Šใ€‚" ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช่ท้›ขใงใฏใชใใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซไธๆบ€ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ท้›ขใง
03:07
you can't measure complaining by distance. Right? Figuratively, you can. If you complain
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ไธๆบ€ใ‚’ๆธฌๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ๆฏ”ๅ–ฉ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
03:13
more, that's what you mean. Then here, you should be using "further".
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ–‡ๅฅใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:17
Now, in informal situations, again, most native speakers use these two words interchangeably.
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้žๅ…ฌๅผใช็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:25
And because they're used interchangeably, because it's in common practice, they're really...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ…ฃ่กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ...
03:30
It's not necessarily incorrect to use them both in the way that we're using them. So
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็งใŸใกใŒไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงไธกๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
03:38
this distinction, actually, it's a funny story. Before 1906, "further" was actually the older
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ใ“ใฎๅŒบๅˆฅใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„่ฉฑใงใ™ใ€‚ 1906 ๅนดไปฅๅ‰ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅคใ„
03:45
word, and has been around for a lot longer time than "farther". And it was only in 1906
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่จ€่‘‰ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ ใใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใšใฃใจ้•ทใ„้–“ไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
03:51
that Merriam-Webster, in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, decided to make the distinction
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ใ€ใƒกใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใƒกใƒชใ‚ขใƒ ใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผ ่พžๆ›ธใง
03:56
between "farther" and "further". So the reason that even native speakers might have issues
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ใ€Œ้ ใใ€ใจใ€Œ้ ใใ€ใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€1906ๅนดใฎใ“ใจใงใ—ใŸ. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ•ใˆ
04:02
with knowing the difference between "farther" and "further" is because we've only been distinguishing
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ใ€Œ้ ใใ€ใจใ€Œ้ ใใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใฏใ€100 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆฅใ—ใฆใใŸใ ใ‘ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
04:08
between them for just over 100 years. Right?
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ
04:12
Okay, guys. If you want to test your understanding of "farther" and "further", you can check out
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใจใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
04:17
the quiz on www.engvid.com. Good luck.
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ใ€www.engvid.com ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅนธ้‹ใ‚’ใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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