Academic Vocabulary for Essays & IELTS Writing: 15 cause and effect POWER VERBS

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2018-11-13 ใƒป English with Alex


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Academic Vocabulary for Essays & IELTS Writing: 15 cause and effect POWER VERBS

188,533 views ใƒป 2018-11-13

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hey, everyone.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:03
I'm Alex.
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็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
00:04
Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on cause and effect verbs.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅŽŸๅ› ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ็ตๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:09
So, this is an academic writing lesson.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:12
In this lesson, you will learn some advanced vocabulary, specifically verbs, that you can
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง
00:18
use in your high school or university essays; or if you are an English student who is taking
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ใฏใ€้ซ˜ๆ กใ‚„ๅคงๅญฆใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹้ซ˜ๅบฆใช่ชžๅฝ™ใ€็‰นใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
00:26
the IELTS or the TOEFL, you can use these verbs to really level up your writing in your
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ใ€IELTS ใพใŸใฏ TOEFL ใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฎใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ฟใ‚นใ‚ฏใง ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
00:34
writing tasks on those tests.
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ใ€‚
00:36
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:37
Now, if you are a writer of another sort; if you are an essayist, a fiction writer,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅˆฅใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎไฝœๅฎถใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผ
00:42
a non-fiction writer, or you want to be a writer in the future - it never hurts to have
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ใ€ใƒŽใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฐ†ๆฅไฝœๅฎถใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ -
00:50
more vocabulary, to have more power verbs in your arsenal.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๆŒใกใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ ๅŠ›ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆญฆๅ™จๅบซใซๆŒใคใ“ใจใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:55
So, what we're going to do today is improve your vocabulary for your writing and really
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ
01:01
make your writing that much stronger.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.
01:04
So, I'm going to put this down, and let's start looking at some verbs.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:10
Specifically, we are going to look at some effect verbs first.
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ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฏใ€ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅŠนๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:14
So, when you think of "effect", you think of the result of something.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ŒๅŠนๆžœใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๆตฎใ‹ในใพใ™ใ€‚
01:20
So, we have the verbs: "cause", "produce"; and we have verb phrases, like: "lead to",
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅ› ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ€ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฐŽใใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:28
"result in"; and we have: "create", "bring about", "give rise to", and "be responsible for".
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ‰ต้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ†ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
So, these are all formal verbs, and these will definitely formalize your writing; specifically
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๆญฃๅผใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ้–“้•ใ„ใชใใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๅฝขๅผๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‰นใซ
01:43
your essays.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ€‚
01:44
So, for example: "cause" - very direct.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅ› ใ€ - ้žๅธธใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:48
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
01:49
So: "The 2008 financial crisis caused several problems for multinational banks."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ2008 ๅนดใฎ้‡‘่žๅฑๆฉŸใฏ ใ€ๅคšๅ›ฝ็ฑ้Š€่กŒใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:57
So, this crisis caused these things to happen.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๅฑๆฉŸใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:01
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:02
Let's continue with: "produce". Okay?
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็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€Œใƒ—ใƒญใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:05
So, to produce, create, cause.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็”Ÿ็”ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ๅ‰ต้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€‚
02:09
"The medication did not produce the desired effect."
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ใ€Œ่–ฌใฏ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใŸๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
02:14
So, the medication was supposed to numb the pain, but it didn't do this.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่–ฌใฏ ็—›ใฟใ‚’้บป็—บใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.
02:20
It didn't produce the desired effect.
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ๆœ›ใพใ—ใ„ๅŠนๆžœใฏๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
02:24
So, again, "to produce", think of it in the same family of words as: "cause", "produce",
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใ€ ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅ› ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿ็”ฃใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝœๆˆใ€ใจๅŒใ˜่ชžๆ—ใง่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:30
and "create", which we'll see a little bit later on.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ ใ€ๅพŒใงๅฐ‘ใ—่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:34
Next we have: "lead to".
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใƒชใƒผใƒ‰ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:37
So, if something leads to something else, this means that it causes the next step to happen.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅŽŸๅ› ใจใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:47
So, the next step is the effect.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ๆฌกใฏใ‚จใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:49
So, for example: "Several international incidents led to World War II."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ›ฝ้š› ไบ‹ไปถใŒ็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกไธ–็•ŒๅคงๆˆฆใซใคใชใŒใฃใŸใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
02:58
So, we're talking about international events, international incidents that led to - gave
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅ›ฝ้š›็š„ใชๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Š
03:06
the cause for World War II.
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็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกไธ–็•ŒๅคงๆˆฆใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจใชใฃใŸๅ›ฝ้š›็š„ใชไบ‹ไปถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:08
So, if something leads to something else, you know, you do this thing which causes this
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™
03:16
thing, so the effect is here.
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ใฎใงใ€็ตๆžœใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:18
One thing leads to or causes another thing.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใŒๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:22
"Result in" - very straightforward, I think.
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ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ - ้žๅธธใซ ๅ˜็ด”ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
So, "result in": "The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€๏ผšใ€Œๅœฐ้œ‡ ใฏไฝ•ๅƒไบบใ‚‚ใฎๆญป่€…ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:34
The effect of the earthquake; the result of the earthquake.
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ๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟ; ๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎ็ตๆžœใ€‚
03:38
So: "The earthquake resulted in thousands of deaths."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅœฐ้œ‡ ใฏไฝ•ๅƒไบบใ‚‚ใฎๆญป่€…ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
03:44
Later we'll look at "a result of", so that will be for cause; but for effect, you can
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ๅพŒใงใ€Œใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅŠนๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€
03:52
say: "result in".
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ใ€Œresult inใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:54
What was the result?
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็ตๆžœใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ็ฉบ็™ฝ
03:55
It resulted in blank; in something.
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ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ— ใŸใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใงใ€‚
03:59
"Create".
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"ไฝœๆˆ"ใ€‚
04:00
I think everyone is familiar with the verb "create".
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ใ€Œไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:04
If you're not, here we go.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:06
"The increasing rate of crime is creating numerous issues", numerous problems.
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ใ€Œๅข—ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹็Šฏ็ฝช็Ž‡ใฏ ๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใ€‚
04:13
So, it's making problems, creating problems, causing problems.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ•้กŒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ€ๅ•้กŒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ€ ๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:19
So, the effect is that there are numerous problems now because of this.
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ ใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ็พๅœจๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:25
"Bring about".
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ใ€‚
04:27
So, if something brings about something else, it kind of brings it-right?-into effect.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
So: "The new regime"-the new political party, the new political regime-"brought about stricter
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟๆจฉใ€-ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟๅ…šใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟๆฒปไฝ“ๅˆถ-ใฏ ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŽณใ—ใ„
04:43
laws".
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ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใŸใ€.
04:44
So, imagine there was an election and there is a new political regime, and with them they
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้ธๆŒ™ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟๆฒปไฝ“ๅˆถใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:50
are bringing new laws, so they brought about new laws; they caused new laws to happen.
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ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:58
The effect of the political regime are these stricter laws.
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปไฝ“ๅˆถใฎๅŠนๆžœใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŽณใ—ใ„ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:03
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:04
Next: "give rise to".
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใ€ใ€‚
05:08
If something gives rise to something else, it means that the initial cause creates the
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใจใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใŒ
05:16
conditions necessary for the effect to happen.
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ใ€็ตๆžœใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฟ…่ฆใชๆกไปถใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:21
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:22
Got that?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:23
Okay, let's look at the example.
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ใงใฏใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:26
So: "The election result gave rise to public protests."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้ธๆŒ™็ตๆžœใฏ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ใฎๆŠ—่ญฐใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:33
So, we have the election result, and: Uh-oh, now the condition is instability in the public
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€้ธๆŒ™็ตๆžœใŒๅ‡บใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ€ใˆใˆใจใ€ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ใฏ้ธๆŒ™็ตๆžœใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝ ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็พๅœจใ€ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ใฎ็Šถๆณใฏไธๅฎ‰ๅฎš
05:40
because maybe the public is not happy with the results of the election.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:46
So, it creates the necessary conditions for the public protests.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅคง่ก†ใฎๆŠ—่ญฐใซๅฟ…่ฆใชๆกไปถใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:52
So, the election gave rise to; allowed the political protests to happen, the public protests
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้ธๆŒ™ใฏๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ๆŠ—่ญฐใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่จฑใ—ใ€ๅคง่ก†ใฎๆŠ—่ญฐ
06:01
to happen.
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ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่จฑใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:02
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:03
And: "be responsible for".
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ใใ—ใฆ๏ผšใ€Œ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ†ใ€ใ€‚
06:07
I think this one is self-explanatory, so, here we go: "No one knows who was responsible
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€็›ฎ็žญ็„ถใ ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒ็ ดๅฃŠ่กŒ็‚บใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใฎใ‹่ชฐใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:14
for the vandalism."
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ใ€‚ใ€
06:15
So, no one knows who did the vandalism; the, basically graffiti, maybe around the bank
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€่ชฐใŒ็ ดๅฃŠ่กŒ็‚บใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ‹ใฏ่ชฐใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ่ฝๆ›ธใใงใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ้Š€่กŒ
06:25
or some kind of public place. Okay?
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ใ‚„ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:28
So: Who was responsible for?
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš่ชฐใŒ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
06:30
You can talk about, you know, these effects and these effect verbs in a variety of contexts.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŠนๆžœใจ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŠนๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–‡่„ˆใง่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:35
So, here you have stuff like World War II, the economic crisis, rising rates of crime,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆ ใ€็ตŒๆธˆๅฑๆฉŸใ€็Šฏ็ฝช็Ž‡ใฎไธŠๆ˜‡ใ€
06:44
vandalism, public protests, elections.
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็ ดๅฃŠ่กŒ็‚บใ€ๅธ‚ๆฐ‘ใฎ ๆŠ—่ญฐ่กŒๅ‹•ใ€้ธๆŒ™ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:47
So, these are probably the types of topics you will see if you are writing a high school
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎ
06:52
essay, or if you're writing a university essay.
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚„ๅคงๅญฆใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ™ .
06:55
Even if you're not, somewhere in your essay you're probably going to talk about something
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ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใงใ€
07:02
that caused something else, or you're going to talk about the effect of one action and
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๅˆฅใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใจใชใฃใŸไฝ•ใ‹ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใฎ็ตๆžœใจ
07:09
what the reaction of that was.
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ใใฎๅๅฟœใŒใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:11
So, these verbs will help you to talk about that reaction.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ€ ใใฎๅๅฟœใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
07:15
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:16
So, now, let's look at some other verbs that you can use to talk about the causes of things.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
07:23
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:24
So, I'm going to walk to the other board.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ–นใฎๆฟใซๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
Follow me.
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:28
Okay, so here we go with the cause verbs.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ ใงๅŽŸๅ› ๅ‹•่ฉžใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
Now, if you notice, some of these are similar to the effect verbs, but they are the effect
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ ใฏๅŠนๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
07:38
verbs in their passive forms.
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ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๅŠนๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:41
So, let's look at what I mean.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็งใฎ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:43
Here we have: "be caused by", "be produced by", "be brought about by".
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:50
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:51
So, we've seen these in the effect verbs board before this, and now we're going to use them
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใพใงๅŠนๆžœๅ‹•่ฉžใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใŸใฎใงใ€ไปŠๅบฆใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
07:58
to talk about cause.
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ใฆๅŽŸๅ› ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:00
So, "be caused by", for example: "The government collapse was caused by the implementation
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅ› ใจใชใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœใฎ ๅดฉๅฃŠใฏ
08:08
of unpopular policies."
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ใ€ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใชใ„ๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:09
So, you want to say that the unpopular policies caused the government collapse, or you can
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใชใ„ๆ”ฟ็ญ– ใŒๆ”ฟๅบœใฎๅดฉๅฃŠใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
08:19
say: "The government collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies."
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ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœใฎๅดฉๅฃŠใฏ ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใชใ„ๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:27
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:28
So, you can say this in two ways; you can say it in the effect way where you really
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ
08:33
emphasize the effect, so the government collapse is the effect, and the cause of the collapse
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ๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใช่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใฎๅดฉๅฃŠ ใฏๅŠนๆžœใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅดฉๅฃŠใฎๅŽŸๅ› 
08:40
is that they implemented unpopular policies.
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ใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ ไธไบบๆฐ—ใชๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:44
So, if you want to emphasize the government collapse, like here, put it first, use the
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ”ฟๅบœใฎๅดฉๅฃŠใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใใ€
08:49
passive form, use the cause: "was caused by"; if you want to emphasize the implementation
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:56
of unpopular policies caused the government collapse, you can put that first.
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ไธไบบๆฐ—ใชๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎๅฎŸๆ–ฝใŒๆ”ฟๅบœใฎ ๅดฉๅฃŠใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ€ๅˆใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
09:02
So, it really depends what you want to stress in your sentence.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๆ–‡็ซ ใงไฝ•ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:06
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:07
All right, next: "be produced by".
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ๆฌกใฏ ใ€Œใƒ—ใƒญใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
09:10
So: "The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใฎๅคงๆฐ—ๆฑšๆŸ“ใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ† ใฏใ€่‚ฅๆ–™ใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
09:19
waste."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:20
So, is caused by, is produced by fertilizers and animal waste.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ่‚ฅๆ–™ใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
09:25
So, again: "The fertilizers and animal waste produce the vast majority of air pollution
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ่‚ฅๆ–™ใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉใŒใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ ใฎๅคงๆฐ—ๆฑšๆŸ“ใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—
09:33
in Europe."
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:34
Here, we just flipped it to focus on the cause, so: "The vast majority of air pollution in
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฒใฃใใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใฎๅคงๆฐ—ๆฑšๆŸ“ใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†
09:40
Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste."
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ใฏใ€ ่‚ฅๆ–™ใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:44
This is the cause, and the effect is the air pollution, basically.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ตๆžœ ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅคงๆฐ—ๆฑšๆŸ“ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:50
Air pollution is the effect of fertilizers and animal waste.
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ๅคงๆฐ—ๆฑšๆŸ“ใฏใ€ ่‚ฅๆ–™ใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใงใ™ใ€‚
09:55
Next, we have: "be brought about by".
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:58
So, you saw "bring about"; now it's: "to be brought about by", the passive form.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไปŠใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:04
"Major economic benefits could be brought about by the adoption of solar roofs."
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ใ€Œใ‚ฝใƒผใƒฉใƒผใƒซใƒผใƒ•ใ‚’ๆŽก็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๅคงใใช็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๅˆฉ็›ŠใŒใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:12
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:13
So, the argument is if you have a solar roof, within a few years, you're going to be saving
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅคช้™ฝๅ…‰็™บ้›ปใฎๅฑ‹ๆ นใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ•ฐๅนดไปฅๅ†…ใซๆ•ฐๅƒใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’็ฏ€็ด„ใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
10:18
thousands of dollars.
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ใ€‚
10:20
So, here: "Major economic benefits could be brought about by".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใง๏ผšใ€Œไธป่ฆใช็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๅˆฉ็›Š ใฏใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€.
10:26
Basically, if we have solar roofs, the solar roofs will bring economic benefits.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒฉใƒผใƒซใƒผใƒ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒฉใƒผใƒซใƒผใƒ•ใฏ็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:33
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:34
They will bring about economic benefits with them.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:38
Next: "result from", not "result in".
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใงใฏ ใชใใ€Œ็ตๆžœใ€ใ€‚
10:44
So: "Many benefits quickly result from exercise."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๅคšใใฎๅˆฉ็‚นใฏ ใ€้‹ๅ‹•ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใใซๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:49
So, if you exercise, this is the cause; the effect is, well, many benefits, really - better
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้‹ๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ ๅŠนๆžœใฏใ€ใพใ‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅคšใใฎๅˆฉ็‚นใงใ™ - ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„
10:57
health, better energy, and longer life.
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ๅฅๅบทใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใ„ๅฏฟๅ‘ฝ. ไบ‹ๆ•…ใŒ
11:01
Ideally longer life, unless there's an accident, obviously.
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ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€็†ๆƒณ็š„ใซใฏ้•ทๅฏฟๅ‘ฝ ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:04
So, next we have: "stem from".
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฏใ€Œstem fromใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:08
And these two - if your teacher or your evaluator sees you using either of these two: "stem
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใค - ๆ•™ๅธซใ‚„่ฉ•ไพก่€… ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎใ†ใกใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๅ ดๅˆ: "stem from"ใ€"be trigger by" ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸ
11:15
from", "be triggered by", they will love you.
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ใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
11:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:19
So, memorize these two especially, because they are quite advanced and they're lovely.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็‰นใซใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ้ซ˜ๅบฆใง็พŽใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:26
They sound wonderful when they're in an essay format.
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คๅฝขๅผใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:29
So: "stem".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๅนนใ€ใ€‚
11:30
What is a "stem"?
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ใ€Œ่ŒŽใ€ใจใฏ๏ผŸ
11:32
Think of a flower, so you have the stem of the flower, and on the top you have the petals,
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่Šฑใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่Šฑใฎ่ŒŽใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใฎไธŠใซ่Šฑใณใ‚‰
11:39
you have the flower itself.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่Šฑใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:40
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
11:41
So, the stem leads to the flower.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ŒŽ ใฏ่ŠฑใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ€‚
11:44
So, if something stems from something, like, for example, here: "Most of our early beliefs
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฎๅˆๆœŸใฎไฟกๅฟตใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏไธก่ฆชใซ็”ฑๆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
11:53
stem from our parents"...
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11:56
So think of, like, your beliefs are the flower on the top-right?-and what causes that flower?
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...่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฟกๅฟตใฏ ๅณไธŠใฎ่Šฑใงใ™ใ‹?-ใใ—ใฆไฝ•ใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ™ใ‹? ใ‚ใฎ่Šฑ๏ผŸ
12:03
Before you have the flower, the stem has to grow.
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่ŠฑใŒๅ’ฒใๅ‰ใซใ€่ŒŽใŒๆˆ้•ทใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
12:06
So, your beliefs are here, and they stem from your parents; your parents are basically causing
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฟกๅฟตใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฟกๅฟตใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใ„
12:13
your beliefs when you're a child.
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ใพใ™ .
12:15
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
12:16
So, when you're a kid, who gives you your beliefs, who tells you what to believe?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€่ชฐใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซไฟกๅฟตใ‚’ไธŽใˆ ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ในใใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
12:21
Usually it's your parents guiding you in your belief system.
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้€šๅธธ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฟกๅฟตไฝ“็ณปใ‚’ๅฐŽใ„ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใงใ™ใ€‚
12:25
So, if something stems from something else, it is caused by something.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ ไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰็”Ÿใ˜ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
12:31
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:32
And, finally: "be trigged by".
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
12:35
So, if something triggers something else, it literally means it causes it to happen.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆฅใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:42
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:43
So: "World War I" - this could be any high school essay.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใ€ - ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
12:49
"World War I was triggered by", it's like...
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ใ€Œ็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•ŒๅคงๆˆฆใŒๅผ•ใ้‡‘ ใซใชใฃใŸใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใชโ€ฆ
12:52
This is, like, the root cause.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใฟใŸใ„ใชใ€ๆ นๆœฌๅŽŸๅ› ใ€‚
12:55
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:56
This was, like, the cause.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:57
"World War I was triggered by the assassination of the Arch Duke Ferdinand."
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ใ€Œ็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใฏใ€ใƒ•ใ‚งใƒซใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒŠใƒณใƒ‰ๅคงๅ…ฌใฎๆš—ๆฎบใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
13:03
Now, if you're a history major and you're thinking: "No!
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญดๅฒใ‚’ๅฐ‚ๆ”ป ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆ!
13:07
There were many more things, and this wasn't it.
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ.
13:09
This was just one little thing", it's an example.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ใฎๅฐใ•ใช ใ“ใจใงใ—ใŸ.
13:14
I'm really focusing on just the use of these verbs and verb phrases, so "was triggered
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ‹•่ฉžๅฅใฎไฝฟ็”จใ ใ‘ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œweds Trigger
13:21
by".
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byใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:22
So, think of a gun, and a gun has a trigger - when you pull the trigger, the bullet goes.
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้Šƒใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚้Šƒใซใฏๅผ•ใ้‡‘ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅผ•ใ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅผ•ใใจใ€ๅผพไธธใŒ็™บๅฐ„ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
13:28
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:29
So, what was the bullet that caused this thing?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸๅผพไธธใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใŸ ใ‹?
13:32
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:33
What caused the bullet to fly?
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ๅผพไธธใŒ้ฃ›ใ‚“ใ ๅŽŸๅ› ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:35
In this case, the bullet being...
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅผพไธธใฏโ€ฆ
13:39
The beginning of World War I is the bullet, the trigger is the assassination of Arch Duke
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็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใฏๅผพไธธ ใ€ๅผ•ใ้‡‘ใฏใƒ•ใ‚งใƒซใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒŠใƒณใƒ‰ๅคงๅ…ฌใฎๆš—ๆฎบใงใ™
13:44
Ferdinand.
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ใ€‚
13:45
That pulled the trigger that allowed the bullet to fly towards the beginning of World War I.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€ๅผพไธธ ใŒ็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆ
13:53
So, we have: "be caused by", "be produced by", "be brought about by", "result from",
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้ฃ›ใถใ“ใจ ใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซ
13:58
"stem from", "be triggered by", as well as the wealth of effect verbs on the previous board.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ๅผ•ใ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ„ใŸ. ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒˆใƒชใ‚ฌใƒผใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉ ใ€ๅ‰็›คใฎใ‚จใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚‚่ฑŠๅฏŒใ€‚
14:05
So, you guys have-I hope-a lot of new vocabulary that you have acquired here today.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใ“ใ“ใงๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:11
And if you want to test your understanding of this to make sure you get that high IELTS
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใฆใ€IELTS ใฎใ‚นใ‚ณ
14:16
score, that high TOEFL score, you get that 90% on your essay - you can check out the
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ใ‚ขใ‚„ TOEFL ใฎใ‚นใ‚ณใ‚ขใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ“ใจ ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใง 90% ใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใ
14:22
quiz on www.engvid.com.
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ใ 
14:25
And while you're there, why don't you check out some of my other videos?
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ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซใ€ ็งใฎไป–ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
14:29
I have a ton of videos on academic vocabulary or advanced vocabulary, I have some IELTS
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ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใช ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚„้ซ˜ๅบฆใช่ชžๅฝ™ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“
14:35
and some TOEFL lessons as well.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚IELTS ใ‚„ TOEFL ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:38
And if you want to try something more fun, I also have: Learning English with Star Wars,
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚ฉใƒผใ‚บ
14:43
with Harry Potter, with The Hunger Games - a wide variety of things, and grammar stuff, too.
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ใ€ใƒใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ใƒใƒณใ‚ฌใƒผใƒปใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใง่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใ‚‚ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:50
So, if this is your first video that you've ever, you know, watched from us - welcome,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใŸใกใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใŸๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€
14:55
and check out the rest of the stuff and let me know what you think.
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ใใ—ใฆๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
14:58
Speaking of letting me know what you think, leave a comment, see if you can create original
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ธใƒŠใƒซใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
15:04
sentences... Sentences.
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... ๆ–‡็ซ ใ€‚
15:06
I have a hard time with that word sometimes.
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็งใฏ ๆ™‚ใ€…ใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅญฆใ‚“
15:09
Sentences with the vocabulary you've learnt in this video. All right?
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ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๆ–‡็ซ  ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
15:15
And you can also check me out on YouTube, where you can subscribe to the channel; check
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ใพใŸใ€YouTube ใง็งใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚YouTube ใงใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’็™ป้Œฒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:19
me out on Facebook, I have a fan page there; check me out on Twitter.
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Facebook ใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ“ใซใฏใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณ ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ Twitterใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:25
And until next time, thanks for clicking.
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกๅ›žใพใง ใ€ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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