STOP ๐Ÿšซ - These Common English Mistakes are Absolutely WRONG!

431,618 views ใƒป 2023-07-20

English with Lucy


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
- Hello lovely students and welcome back to English with Lucy.
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- ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็ด ๆ•ตใช็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใ€‚ ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:03
And today, I've got a lesson that I think will give you a real confidence boost, or
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠๆ—ฅใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ†ๆ•™่จ“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€
00:08
at least I hope it does because we are going to take linguistic snobbery head-on and address
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ่จ€่ชž็š„ไฟ—็‰ฉใ‚’็œŸๆญฃ้ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ€
00:14
some common mistakes that you might be making that aren't actually mistakes.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Šฏใ™ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:18
Learning English is hard, I get it.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:21
I've been teaching for quite a while now.
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็งใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใชใ‚Š้•ทใ„้–“ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:23
I'm coming up to my decade of teaching and I've seen the struggle and unfortunately,
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็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซ็”ŸๆดปใŒ 10 ๅนดใซใชใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎ ่‹ฆๅŠดใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใซใ€
00:28
there are some people out there who seem to exist specifically to make the path to English
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่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆตๆšขใซ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ้“ใ‚’็‰นใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใŒไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใ„ใพใ™
00:33
fluency harder.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŸใกใฏ
00:35
You know who you are guys.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŸใกใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
I see it all the time.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:37
It happens to me quite a lot.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅ‹•็”ป
00:39
I get called out in the comment sections of my own videos for making mistakes.
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ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใง้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๆ‘˜ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:44
"You said this wrong."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้–“้•ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
00:45
"You wrote that incorrectly."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้–“้•ใฃใฆๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
00:47
"You can't say this, you should say that."
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่จ€ใฃใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใ ใ€‚ใ€
00:50
But what the English language police failed to consider is that English is quite a fluid
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่‹ฑ่ชž่ญฆๅฏŸใŒ่€ƒโ€‹โ€‹ๆ…ฎใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ้žๅธธใซๆตๅ‹•็š„ใช
00:55
language that doesn't always have hard and fast rules.
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่จ€่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅธธใซๅŽณๆ ผใช่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
00:58
Pronunciation, grammar, sentence structure, and other English conventions have a tendency
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็™บ้Ÿณใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ€ๆ–‡ๆง‹้€ ใ€ ใใฎไป–ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ…ฃไพ‹ใฏใ€
01:03
to change from country to country and even city to city within the same country.
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ๅ›ฝใ”ใจใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏ ๅŒใ˜ๅ›ฝๅ†…ใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ”ใจใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:08
So we're going to take a look at a few of these common mistakes, so that you can feel
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ใใ“ใงใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใ‚‚ใฃใจ่‡ชไฟกใŒ ๆŒใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:13
more confident about your own English.
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ใ€‚
01:16
But before we do that, it wouldn't be an English with Lucy video without a free PDF to accompany
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซ ไป˜ๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹็„กๆ–™ใฎ PDF ใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€ŒEnglish with Lucyใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
01:22
your lesson.
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ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸ
01:23
We have spent some time making a beautiful PDF that summarises the full lesson today.
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็พŽใ—ใ„ PDF ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’่ฒปใ‚„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
01:28
Gives you extra information and provides you with a quiz, so you can test your understanding.
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่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใจใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใŒๆไพ›ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใง ใ€็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
If you'd like to download that and get all of my future PDFs too, all you have to do
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ—ใฆใ€ไปŠๅพŒไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎ PDF ใ‚‚ๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€
01:39
is click on the link in the description box.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นๅ†…ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:40
Enter your name and your email address.
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ๅๅ‰ใจใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:43
You sign up to my mailing list, and the PDF will arrive directly in your inbox.
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็งใฎใƒกใƒผใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒณใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€PDF ใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ—ไฟก็ฎฑใซ็›ดๆŽฅๅฑŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:48
And after that, you've joined the PDF club, you'll automatically receive all of my future
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€PDF ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒ–ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ไปŠๅพŒใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ
01:52
PDFs and eBooks along with my news, course updates, and offers.
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PDF ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆ›ธ็ฑใ‚’ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใฎ ๆ›ดๆ–ฐๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€็‰นๅ…ธใจใจใ‚‚ใซ่‡ชๅ‹•็š„ใซๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:57
It's free, you can unsubscribe at any time.
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็„กๆ–™ใงใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚่ณผ่ชญใ‚’่งฃ้™คใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:59
Okay, let's get started with our first section of the day, pronunciation.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹็™บ้Ÿณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
02:03
Now I want to remind you that English is an official language in over 50 countries worldwide,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฏ ไธ–็•Œ 50 ใ‹ๅ›ฝไปฅไธŠใงๅ…ฌ็”จ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
02:09
so there's a wide variety of pronunciation differences between countries and regions.
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ๅ›ฝใ‚„ๅœฐๅŸŸใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใพใงใ‚‚ใ€ไฝ•ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
02:14
So I'm not going to dive too deep into that 'cause we could be here for hours if not days.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚ŠๆทฑใๆŽ˜ใ‚Šไธ‹ใ’ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:19
Also, I do already have some video lessons about the differences between American and
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใจใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ™ใงใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
02:24
British English pronunciation and I'll link those down below.
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ไปฅไธ‹ใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
As you may already know, I speak with a modern RP accent, so I'm going to focus on pronunciation
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ใ™ใงใซใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใฏ็พไปฃใฎ RP ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใง่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€
02:34
mistakes in my specific accent.
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็ง็‰นๆœ‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็™บ้Ÿณใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:36
Let's kick things off with our first word.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใง็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:39
This beauty.
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ใ“ใฎ็พŽใ—ใ•ใ€‚
02:40
Sometimes I stare too long at this word and it stops looking like a word.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‚ใ™ใŽใฆใ€ ๅ˜่ชžใจใ—ใฆ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:45
How should this word be pronounced?
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ใ“ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใใ†ใ™ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
02:46
Should it be the?
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๏ผŸ ใใ†ใ™ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
02:48
Should it be the?
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๏ผŸ
02:49
Let me explain.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:50
I have been told off for saying, that is the best sandwich ever, but I'm right to say that.
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ใ‚ใ‚Œใฏ ไปŠใพใงใงๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใ†่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:56
So here are the general rules.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:57
We typically pronounce it as the when it comes before a vowel sound.
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้€šๅธธใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ the ใจ็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:03
The enormous building.
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ๅทจๅคงใชๅปบ็‰ฉใ€‚
03:04
We say the when it comes before a consonant sound.
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ๅญ้Ÿณใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใจใใ€Œtheใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:10
The delicious cupcake.
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็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใชใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ€‚
03:11
Now here's where we get into our first mistake.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆœ€ๅˆใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
You would often hear English speakers use the first pronunciation, the, to add emphasis
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่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใŒใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใ
03:20
to what is being said regardless of the sound that follows it.
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้Ÿณใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ the ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่žใใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:23
For example, it's not going to be an ordinary rugby match.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ™ฎ้€šใฎ ใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒ“ใƒผใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใซใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:27
It is going to be the rugby match of the year.
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ไปŠๅนดใฎใƒฉใ‚ฐใƒ“ใƒผใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
03:31
So, if anyone tries to correct your pronunciation in these situations, remind them of this little
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’็Ÿฏๆญฃใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใŒใ„ใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
03:36
fact.
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ใ€‚
03:37
Sometimes, and I do this a lot, I won't have decided what I'm going to say next.
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ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๆฌกใซไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‹ๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
So I might extend the into the while I think.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซๅปถ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:45
For example, if I'm reading a menu, I'm going to have the salad, please.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:52
I just extended it because I was thinking, and that happens a lot.
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ๆ€ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๅปถ้•ทใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
I don't if you're like me, but I have no idea about what I'm going to order at a restaurant
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็งใจๅŒใ˜ใชใ‚‰ใใ†ใฏๆ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€็งใฏ ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง
04:01
until the waiter appears and then I have to make a snap decision.
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ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใŒ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงไฝ•ใ‚’ๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅ…จใๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใฎๅพŒใ€ ๅณๅบงใซๆฑบๆ–ญใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:04
Now, in British English we also have loads of words that have multiple pronunciations,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ˜่ชžใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:09
and because of that, you might have your pronunciation corrected by someone who thinks they know
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ„็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’่จ‚ๆญฃใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:13
the correct way.
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ใ€‚
04:15
Let's look at a few of these words, so that you can hit them with a bit of truth because
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ๅฐ‘ใ—็œŸๅฎŸใ‚’
04:19
these are the words that you can pronounce incorrectly.
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ไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
04:22
Number one, this one, controversy, controversy.
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ไธ€็•ชใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ€่ซ–ไบ‰ใ€่ซ–ไบ‰ใ€‚
04:26
My preferred pronunciation is controversy, but controversy is also acceptable.
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็งใฎๅฅฝใฟใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฏ controversy ใงใ™ ใŒใ€controversy ใ‚‚่จฑๅฎนใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:32
I suspect that this pronunciation may have been influenced by the American controversy,
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ“ใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฏ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่ซ–ไบ‰ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:38
but feel free to use either one or either one.
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ใŒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
04:42
And that brings us to our next set of words.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆฌกใฎไธ€้€ฃใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:46
Either and neither, or either and neither.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ‚‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ‚‚ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚
04:49
People love to correct this one.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
04:51
They say it's pronounced either, not either, but guess what?
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใจใ‚‚็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:55
Either or either one is perfectly acceptable.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ ใ‘ใงใ‚‚ใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:00
Use whichever feels right.
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้ฉๅˆ‡ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:01
Neither or neither one is more correct than the other.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใŒไป–ๆ–นใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:05
And you will catch me using both pronunciations in the same sentence.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒๅŒใ˜ๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงไธกๆ–นใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:11
I use them both equally.
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็งใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:12
Here are a few more common ones.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:14
We have envelope and envelope.
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ๅฐ็ญ’ใจๅฐ็ญ’ใ‚’ใ”็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
We have this one with three, garage, garage and garage.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ‚ฌใƒฌใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ‚ฌใƒฌใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ‚ฌใƒฌใƒผใ‚ธใฎ 3 ใคใŒไป˜ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:23
I was brought up to say garage.
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็งใฏใ‚ฌใƒฌใƒผใ‚ธใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่‚ฒใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:24
And number five, my husband and I pronounce this differently and we grew up in the same
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ใใ—ใฆ5็•ช็›ฎใซใ€ๅคซใจ็งใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใฎ็™บ้ŸณใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฏ
05:28
county of England, Bedfordshire, privacy, privacy.
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ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใฎๅŒใ˜ใƒ™ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผๅทžใง่‚ฒใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใ‚ทใƒผใ€ ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใ‚ทใƒผใ€‚
05:32
I was taught to say privacy, he was taught to say privacy.
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็งใฏใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใ‚ทใƒผใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€ๅฝผใ‚‚ ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใ‚ทใƒผใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:35
Number six, we have finance, finance, and finance.
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6็•ช็›ฎใซใ€่ฒกๆ”ฟใ€้‡‘่žใ€้‡‘่žใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:39
I must say that finance is more common.
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้‡‘่žใฎๆ–นใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:43
Number seven, data or data.
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7 ็•ช็›ฎใฏใ€ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใพใŸใฏใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใงใ™ใ€‚
05:47
Number eight, zebra, more common in British English.
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8 ็•ช็›ฎใฏใ‚ทใƒžใ‚ฆใƒžใงใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ ใ€‚
05:49
Zebra, more common in American English.
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ใ‚ผใƒ–ใƒฉใ€‚ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:52
Notice that we say A to Z, they say A to Z.
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็งใŸใกใฏ A ใ‹ใ‚‰ Z ใพใงใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚‚ A ใ‹ใ‚‰ Z ใพใงใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:54
I don't want to start conspiracy theory, but that could have something to do with it.
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็งใฏ้™ฐ่ฌ€่ซ–ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใจไฝ•ใ‹้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:00
Number nine, this one always surprises me.
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9็•ช็›ฎใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚้ฉšใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:02
I was taught to say, harassment, but other people say harassment . And number 10, often
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็งใฏใƒใƒฉใ‚นใƒกใƒณใƒˆใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ไป–ใฎ ไบบใฏใƒใƒฉใ‚นใƒกใƒณใƒˆใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ10็•ชใฏใ€้ ป็นใซใ€
06:10
or often.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ้ ป็นใซใ€‚
06:11
Do we say often like soften with no T, or often?
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T ใชใ—ใฎ Soft ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€้ ป็นใซใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ ้ ป็นใซใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
06:15
I was brought up to say often and then a teacher corrected me, so I switched to often, but
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็งใฏใ€Œ้ ป็นใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่‚ฒใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ใใฎๅพŒๆ•™ๅธซ ใซ่จ‚ๆญฃใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€Œ้ ป็นใซใ€ใซๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น
06:21
I hear both pronunciations used across the UK.
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ๅ…จๅœŸใงไธกๆ–นใฎ็™บ้ŸณใŒไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใง
06:25
Now please remember, if your pronunciation and accent aren't perfect when using these
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€็™บ้Ÿณใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใŒๅฎŒ็’งใงใชใใฆใ‚‚
06:30
or any words in English, don't worry.
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ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:32
Even attempting to pronounce some of these rather difficult words is a feat in and of
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‹ใชใ‚Š้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใŒ ๅ‰ๆฅญใงใ™
06:37
itself.
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ใ€‚
06:38
So let's shake it off and move on to a bit of grammar.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Šๅˆ‡ใฃใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ่ฉฑใซ็งปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
06:40
So, this is where things start to get fun because people on the internet love to show
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ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆไธŠใฎไบบใ€…ใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใ ใจ
06:44
off their English skills by calling out others on their poor use of grammar.
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ไป–ไบบใ‚’้ž้›ฃใ—ใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’่ช‡็คบใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŒ้ข็™ฝใใชใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:49
But lucky for you, I'm about to set the record straight on a few of the most common errors
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅนธ้‹ใชใ“ใจใซใ€็งใฎๆญฏ่ปŠใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ™ใ‚Šๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๆญฃ็œŸๆญฃ้Š˜ใฎ่จ˜้Œฒใ‚’ๆ‰“ใก็ซ‹ใฆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
06:53
that really grind my gears.
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ใ€‚
06:55
I'm good.
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็งใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏ
06:56
Raise your hand, in your tiny little screen, if this has happened to you.
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ใ€ๅฐใ•ใชๅฐใ•ใช็”ป้ขใงๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
07:01
You're talking to someone and they ask you, "How are you?"
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่ชฐใ‹ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ€Œ่ชฟๅญใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:05
And you respond with, "I'm good."
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:08
To which they respond, "Don't you mean I'm well?"
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ใใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œ็งใŒๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใ ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ ๏ผŸใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
07:11
Well, I think it's time to look at the facts.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸใŒๆฅใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:14
Good is an adjective that modifies a noun.
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Good ใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:16
So in the response I am good, good is simply describing that I, as the subject, am free
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฟœ็ญ”ใงใฏใ€็งใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€่‰ฏใ„ใฏใ€ ไธปไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใฎ็งใซใฏๅ•้กŒใŒใชใใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ้ †่ชฟใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ˜ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:21
of problems and everything is fine.
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ใ€‚
07:23
We often use adjectives after the verb to be, they are called predictive adjectives.
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็งใŸใกใฏ be ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไบˆๆธฌๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:28
For example, I am hungry, not I am hungrily.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
Meredith is angry, not Meredith is angrily.
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ใƒกใƒฌใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใŒๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใƒกใƒฌใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใŒๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:35
So the response, I'm good, is perfectly acceptable, but often incorrectly considered a mistake.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฟœ็ญ”ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€้–“้•ใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ชคใฃใฆใฟใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
07:41
But why?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใชใœ๏ผŸ
07:42
And I consider this to be a mistake in the past and I'm pretty sure my dad still corrects
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ ็ˆถใฏไปŠใงใ‚‚ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆๆฏใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:46
my mum on this when she's not actually wrong.
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ใ€‚
07:48
But why is this?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
07:49
Well, I think that this unnecessary connection stems from the fact that some people assume
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ“ใฎไธๅฟ…่ฆใช็ตใณใคใใฏใ€ ไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใ€…ใŒ
07:54
that I'm well is a shortened form of I'm doing well.
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็งใŒๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€็งใฏใ†ใพใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ ใจๆ€ใ„่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‹ใ‚‰็”Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:58
In this case, well, is more grammatically correct because we are modifying the verb,
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉž do ใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใพใ‚ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใงใ™
08:03
doing.
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ใ€‚
08:04
The response, I'm doing good, would not be appropriate for grammar snobs because we don't
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็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ†ใพใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฟœ็ญ”ใฏใ€ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎไฟ—็‰ฉใซใฏ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
08:10
use an adjective to describe a verb.
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ใ€‚ ๆ…ˆๅ–„ๆดปๅ‹•ใธใฎๅฏ„ไป˜ใ‚„ใƒœใƒฉใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ขๆดปๅ‹•ใชใฉใ€
08:13
Unless you are actually doing something good, like, donating to charity or volunteering,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝ•ใ‹่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€
08:18
then you would be doing good.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
08:19
I'm doing good is still commonly used in some dialects of spoken English, so keep that in
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I'm doing Goodใ€ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–น่จ€ใงใฏไปŠใงใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
08:23
mind.
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ใ€‚
08:24
But as a response to how are you?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฟๅญใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ณชๅ•ใธใฎ่ฟ”็ญ”ใจใ—ใฆใ€‚
08:26
I'm good is totally fine, so use it with confidence.
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ๅ…จ็„ถๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใฎใงๅฎ‰ๅฟƒใ—ใฆใ”ไฝฟ็”จใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ 2
08:30
Number two, let's tackle less versus fewer.
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ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:32
And it took me ages to grasp this one myself and I may have incorrectly called people out
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็ง่‡ช่บซใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ—ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ชคใฃใฆไบบใ€…ใซๅ‘ผใณใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
08:38
on this in the past.
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ใ€‚
08:40
Whoops, I repent.
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ใŠใฃใจใ€ๆ‚”ใ„ๆ”นใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:41
Have you ever been at a shop and seen a sign that says, 10 items or less?
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ใŠๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใจใใซใ€10ๅ“็›ฎใพใงใจใ„ใ†็œ‹ๆฟใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ ?
08:46
And have you ever stopped to consider that less isn't actually the correct word to use?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็ซ‹ใกๆญขใพใฃใฆ่€ƒใˆใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
08:49
A snooty grammar critic would claim that the correct word is fewer.
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ๆฐ—ใฎๅˆฉใ„ใŸๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฉ•่ซ–ๅฎถใฏใ€ ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:54
Why?
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ใชใœ๏ผŸ
08:55
Well, according to traditional grammar rules, fewer should be used when referring to countable
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไผ็ตฑ็š„ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:00
nouns.
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ใ€‚
09:01
Things that can be physically counted like books, cups, stuffed animals and other items.
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ๆœฌใ€ใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใฌใ„ใใ‚‹ใฟใชใฉใ€็‰ฉ็†็š„ใซๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
09:06
While less should be used for noncountable nouns, those that represent concepts, or substances
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ไธๅฏ็ฎ— ๅ่ฉžใ€ๆฐดใ€็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ€็พŽใ—ใ•ใชใฉใ€
09:13
that cannot be easily separated or counted, such as water, knowledge, and beauty to name
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅˆ†้›ขใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆ•ฐใˆใŸใ‚Šใงใใชใ„ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใ‚„็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’่กจใ™ๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
09:18
a few.
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ใ€‚
09:19
Now, I did mention in a previous video that using less instead of fewer is a common mistake,
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ไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ€ใ€Œ ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ฟฐในใพใ—ใŸ
09:23
but it's really important to know the rules before you break them.
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ใŒใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ ดใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚
09:27
You're allowed to break the rules.
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ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ ดใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่จฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:28
Just not in exams.
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ใŸใ ่ฉฆ้จ“ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:29
In everyday English, many people tend to disregard the rules and use less in situations where
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ๆ—ฅๅธธ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็„ก่ฆ–ใ—ใ€
09:35
fewer would be technically more appropriate.
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ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใงใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใปใ†ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:38
I think some of this disregard comes from the fact that it's not always obvious if a
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ใ“ใฎ่ปฝ่ฆ–ใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใŒๅฏ็ฎ—ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใŒๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
09:42
noun is countable or not.
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ใ€‚ ่ก—้ ญ
09:43
I think if you asked most English people on the street, what an accountable or uncountable
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ใงใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใซ ใ€่ฒฌไปปๅ่ฉžใพใŸใฏไธๅฏ็ฎ—
09:48
noun is, there'd be none the wiser.
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ๅ่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ใจๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใปใฉ่ณขๆ˜Žใชไบบใฏใ„ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:50
Plus, replacing fewer with less almost always creates a sentence that is perfectly understandable
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€reless ใ‚’less ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎใพใพใงใ‚‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใŒไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:56
as it is.
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ใ€‚
09:57
We had fewer customers today than yesterday.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
09:59
We had less customers today than yesterday.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
10:02
Both are understandable.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:04
This type of word switching is a common linguistic phenomenon where language evolves and adapts
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅˆ‡ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใฏใ€ ่จ€่ชžใŒ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใ€
10:09
to the usage patterns of its speakers.
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่ฉฑ่€…ใฎไฝฟ็”จใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใซ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่จ€่ชž็พ่ฑกใงใ™ใ€‚
10:11
As a result, the distinction between fewer and less has become blurred in colloquial
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ ๅฃ่ชž่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใฎๅŒบๅˆฅใŒใ‚ใ„ใพใ„ใซใชใ‚Šใ€
10:15
English and the sign hanging up in your supermarket is just an example of that.
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ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒผใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใซๆŽฒใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ็œ‹ๆฟใฏ ใใฎไธ€ไพ‹ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:21
Okay, on to number three, whom or who?
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ใ•ใฆใ€3 ็•ช็›ฎใซ้€ฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹?
10:25
That's the question for now, that is...
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ใใ‚ŒใŒไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š...whoใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใจใใซwhoใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใปใฉ
10:27
Nothing seems to get grammar purists more riled up than someone using who when they
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•็ด”็ฒ‹ไธป็พฉ่€…ใ‚’ๆฟ€ๆ€’ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
10:33
should have used whom.
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ใ€‚
10:34
Well, unfortunately for them, whom has been on a steady decline in use since the 1800s
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใจใฃใฆใฏๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใซใ€ 1800 ๅนดไปฃไปฅๆฅใใฎไฝฟ็”จใฏ็€ๅฎŸใซๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
10:39
and we may see it vanish before our very eyes.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใงๆถˆใˆใฆใ„ใใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅพ“ๆฅใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ๅ‰‡ใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹
10:43
Let's do a quick review, so you can see the traditional rule of thumb.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
10:46
Who is used as a subject pronoun.
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Who ใฏไธป่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:48
It's used to refer to an unknown subject of a sentence performing the action or being
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10:53
described like in these examples.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใฎๆœช็Ÿฅใฎไธป่ชžใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:55
She is the one who won the award.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใฎ่ณžใ‚’ๅ—่ณžใ—ใŸไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
10:57
Who ate the last slice of cake?
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹?
11:00
Whom is used as an object pronoun.
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Whom ใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉž
11:02
It's used to refer to an unknown object of a verb or preposition.
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ใฎๆœช็Ÿฅใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใฎใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:06
It typically follows a preposition or a verb that takes a direct object.
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้€šๅธธใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใพใŸใฏ ็›ดๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:11
For example, to whom are you speaking?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่ชฐใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:14
Or whom did you invite to the company picnic?
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ไผš็คพใฎใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ่ชฐใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
11:18
These days it's often considered too formal to use whom in everyday conversation.
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใงใฏใ€ ๆ—ฅๅธธไผš่ฉฑใงwhomใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใฎใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:23
You're much more likely to hear, who you're speaking to?
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่ชฐใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€่žใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:27
Who did you invite to the company picnic?
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ไผš็คพใฎใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ่ชฐใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
11:29
We can survive perfectly without it.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใชใ—ใงใ‚‚ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใฎ่กฐ้€€
11:31
I don't see many causes for confusion with the decline of whom.
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ใจๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŽŸๅ› ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š่ฆ‹ๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
11:34
For this reason, whom is rapidly losing its popularity, so don't feel too down if you
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ใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€who ใฎไบบๆฐ—ใฏๆ€ฅ้€Ÿใซๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใคใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚who ใฎ
11:38
get corrected for using who instead of whom.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ who ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ“ใจใง่จ‚ๆญฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉ่ฝใก่พผใ‚€ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:41
You probably won't have to worry about it for too much longer.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้•ทใๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
11:43
Let's talk about prepositions in their proper places.
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้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
11:46
Now, you may have noticed another common error in one of my examples in our previous section.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‰ใฎใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎไพ‹ใฎ 1 ใคใซใ€ๅˆฅใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
11:53
Who are you talking to?
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ใ ใ‚Œใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
11:55
That's right, I put a preposition at the end of my sentence and I am not bloody sorry about
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€็งใฏๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ ๅฟƒใ‹ใ‚‰็”ณใ—่จณใชใๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:00
it.
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ใ€‚
12:01
I'm sorry, I'm not sorry.
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:02
I've already addressed this in another video, so I'm not going to spend too much time on
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใ™ใงใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸ ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:06
it.
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ใ€‚
12:07
But in spoken English and honestly, in most written communication, it's absolutely fine
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„ใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ ๆ›ธ้ขใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใ€
12:12
to end a sentence with a preposition.
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ๅ…จใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:14
For example, I've never been there before.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏใใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:17
What are you up to?
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ไผใ‚“ใงใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ๏ผŸ
12:18
We'll try to stop by.
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็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๆญฃๅผใชใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงใชใ„
12:20
Don't let anyone tell you otherwise unless it's some sort of formal test, then you might
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้™ใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใซใ‚‚ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใ›ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ๅฎŒ็’งไธป็พฉ่€…ใ‚’ใชใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
12:25
want to consider restructuring your sentences to appease the grammar perfectionists.
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ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๅ†ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
12:30
Last one, and this one really grinds my gears.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไฝœๅ“ใจไปŠๅ›žใฎไฝœๅ“ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ฎใ‚ขใ‚’็ฃจใ„ใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
12:34
They and their are not only plural.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:38
People get pretty angry about they and their being used as singular pronouns.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ ๅ˜ๆ•ฐไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ€’ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:42
It is totally acceptable to use they and their as singular pronouns to refer to individuals
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12:47
whose gender is unknown, irrelevant, or, and this is the one that gets people upset, people
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ๆ€งๅˆฅใŒไธๆ˜Žใ€็„ก้–ขไฟ‚ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไบบใ€…ใ‚’ๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€
12:54
who prefer not to be identified by a specific gender.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ€งๅˆฅใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใพใชใ„ๅ€‹ไบบใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€they ใจ their ใ‚’ๅ˜ๆ•ฐไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
12:57
That one has featured more on the internet and in the media recently, but the previous
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ‚„ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใงๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ๅ‰ใฎ
13:02
case, as I mentioned, unknown gender, irrelevant gender, have always used they and their.
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ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ€ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚่ฟฐในใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅไธๆ˜Žใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใฎใชใ„ ใ€ๅธธใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:07
Traditionally, they has been used as a plural subject pronoun.
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ไผ็ตฑ็š„ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ ไธป่ชžไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:11
However, as English has evolved, the singular they has gained widespread acceptance and
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใŒ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใŒ ๅบƒใๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€
13:15
usage.
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ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:16
It helps to provide a gender neutral alternative when talking to a singular person without
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅใซใคใ„ใฆไปฎๅฎšใ›ใšใซใ€็‰น็•ฐใชไบบใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅใซไธญ็ซ‹็š„ใช้ธๆŠž่‚ขใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
13:21
making assumptions about gender.
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ใ€‚
13:22
The traditional use of his or her as an object pronoun placeholder is seen as slightly outdated.
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ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใ‚นใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใจใ—ใฆใฎๅพ“ๆฅใฎ his/her ใฎไฝฟ็”จใฏใ€ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚ไปฃ้…ใ‚Œใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:29
We now see their used more frequently.
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็พๅœจใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:32
For example, someone left their umbrella in the office, instead of saying, someone left
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ
13:37
his or her umbrella in the office.
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ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:39
It just makes sense to me to say their.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆใฏ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:41
Or, your new patient said they would call back.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ‚ฃ่€…ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆŠ˜ใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
13:43
I didn't assume their gender.
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็งใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆ€งๅˆฅใ‚’ๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:45
They will call you back.
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ๆŠ˜ใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—้›ป่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:46
I probably don't know their gender.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๆ€งๅˆฅใฏๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:48
They might have written an email.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
13:49
They will call you back.
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ๆŠ˜ใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—้›ป่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:50
If someone tries to correct you about they and their and how they should only be used
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸ ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆญฃใ
13:54
as plural pronouns, just kindly remind them that you prefer to adapt to changes in language
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ใ†ใจใ—ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
13:59
rather than remaining stuck in the old ways.
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ๅคใ„ใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใซๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่จ€่ชžใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆชๅˆ‡ใซๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:01
So, that's it for this lesson.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใ“ใ“ใพใงใงใ™ใ€‚
14:04
Don't forget to download the PDF.
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PDFใ‚’ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:06
The link is in the description box.
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:07
All you have to do is enter your name and your email address and it'll arrive straight
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ๅๅ‰ใจ ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใใซๅฑŠใใพใ™
14:11
to you.
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ใ€‚
14:12
Don't forget to check out all of my courses.
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็งใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:14
We have my B1, B2 and, C1 programme, the 12 week programmes.
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B1ใ€B2ใ€C1 ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใจใ„ใ† 12 ้€ฑ้–“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:19
And they are, if I do say so myself, absolutely spectacular.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็ง่‡ช่บซใŒ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
14:23
We have poured our heart and soul into these programmes and they're now ready for you to
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็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใซๅฟƒใจ้ญ‚ใ‚’ๆณจใŽ่พผใฟใ€ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ
14:27
take.
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ๅ—่ฌ›ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒๆ•ดใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:28
Again, the link for that is in the description box.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฏ่ชฌๆ˜Žใƒœใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
14:32
I will see you soon for another lesson.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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