How to use apostrophes in English

673,351 views ใƒป 2014-03-09

English Jade


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hello, I'm Jade. What we're talking about today is how to use apostrophes. So, I know
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚คใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใŠ่ฉฑใ— ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
00:08
there's going to be a few native speakers watching this video. It really is time to
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ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:12
learn how to use apostrophes correctly. It's not that hard. There are a few simple rules
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ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„ไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใถๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้›ฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
00:17
and we're going to talk about them today. We'll start with the easy stuff, and eventually
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„
00:21
we'll get to the more advanced rules, but you'll probably never need to use the more
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ใซใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ๅบฆใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใซๅˆฐ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ๅบฆใชใƒซใƒผใƒซ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:28
advanced rules. But anyway, we'll get there in the second part of the lesson.
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ใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใ ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:31
So what I want to start with is mentioning my school name. "Haberdashers Askes Hatcham
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŒๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ„ใฎใฏ็งใฎๅญฆๆ กๅใซ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใ€ŒHaberdashers Askes Hatcham
00:39
College". This is where I learnt how to use apostrophes. But at first, I cheated because
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Collegeใ€ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฏใ‚ซใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ
00:45
I've got a really... Had a really long school name and I always remember needing to write
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ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚้•ทใ„ๅญฆๆ กๅใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ€่ฉฆ้จ“็”จ็ด™ใซใ“ใ‚Œ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ใ„ใคใ‚‚่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:50
this on exam papers. But I think when I... When I started the school, I probably didn't
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€็งใŒๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใจใใ€็งใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ
00:55
know how to use apostrophes so I memorized where the apostrophes went. I didn't understand
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ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™.
01:02
why they went there, but I memorized them.
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ใชใœๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใฎใ‹็†่งฃใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:05
So the apostrophes were like this: "Haberdashers'" and "Aske's". I'm going to explain why.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใฏใ€ŒHaberdashers'ใ€ ใจใ€ŒAske'sใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
So what's "Haberdashers'"? A "haberdasher" is an old-fashioned word for somebody who
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒHaberdashersใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅฐ้–“็‰ฉๅฑ‹ใ€ ใจใฏใ€
01:20
makes garments, makes clothes, and all together, they were... They were together in what's
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่กฃๆœใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆœใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ๅค้ขจใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ... ใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹่ฒฟๆ˜“ใ‚ฎใƒซใƒ‰ใซไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
01:25
called a trade guild. And this is quite an old-fashioned thing now; maybe doesn't really
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. ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใงใฏ ใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ™‚ไปฃ้…ใ‚Œใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:30
exist so much, but they had some charitable objectives. And so they were a group of these
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ใŒใ€ๆ…ˆๅ–„็›ฎ็š„ใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ
01:37
haberdasher people and one of them was a man called "Robert Aske," so this is somebody's
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ๅฐ้–“็‰ฉใฎไบบใ€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ1ไบบ ใฏใ€Œใƒญใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒปใ‚ขใ‚นใ‚ฑใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใฎ
01:43
name; person. And "Hatcham" is a place in London, and "College" is quite a poshy name
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ๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒƒใƒใƒฃใƒ ใ€ใฏ ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ธใ€ใฏใ‹ใชใ‚ŠใŠใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚Œ
01:52
for a school. So you put all those words together and that's my school.
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ใชๅญฆๆ กใฎๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎ ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎๅญฆๆ กใงใ™.
01:57
But let's talk about: why these apostrophes? So, the apostrophe is outside the "s" here
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ใชใœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใชใฎใงใ™ใ‹? ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใ€Œsใ€ใฎๅค–ๅดใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
02:04
because we're talking about more than one haberdasher, that's the rule; more than one
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅฐ้–“็‰ฉใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่ฆๅ‰‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ
02:09
thing, and possession - the apostrophe goes on the outside. Why the apostrophe here? When
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ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉ - ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏๅค–ๅดใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใœใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:16
the possession belongs... One thing belongs to one person, we put the apostrophe before
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ๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉใŒๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ... 1 ใคใฎใ‚‚ใฎ ใŒ 1 ไบบใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
02:23
the "s". So the school belongs to Aske, Mr. Aske so that's why the apostrophe is there.
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ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅญฆๆ กใฏ Askeใ€ Mr. Aske ใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:31
Maybe that's confusing. Let's break it down and look at the rules one-by-one using apostrophes.
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅˆ†่งฃใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ 1 ใคใšใค่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:37
So, number one: possession. Another meaning of possession is when... When you lose your
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒŠใƒณใƒใƒผใƒฏใƒณ๏ผšๆ‰€ๆŒใ€‚ ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใฎใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใฏ
02:44
mind, you're taken over by something. But the more... The meaning I'm talking about
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ใ€ๆฌกใฎๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจ ... ็งใŒ
02:48
here is when something belongs to you; when you own something.
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ใ“ใ“ใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€‚
02:52
So here's a man, here's his car. "The man's car is there."
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็”ทๆ€งใงใ€ๅฝผใฎ่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็”ทใฎ่ปŠใฏใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:57
This sentence means: the car belonging to the man. And to show possession, I put the
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€็”ทๆ€งใฎๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹่ปŠใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚
03:07
apostrophe before the "s". I'm talking about just one man, so the apostrophe goes before
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ใซใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฏไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ™
03:14
the "s". And same really in these other examples: "That's George's car."
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. ไป–ใฎไพ‹ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใฎ่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:21
Why..? Why one here? Well, here, we're not talking about apostrophes and possessions,
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ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆ..๏ผŸ ใชใœใ“ใ“ใซ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚„ๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
03:28
this is something else. That means: "That is". That means something else. This is an
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
03:38
apostrophe with possession. His name is George, it's a car belonging to George. "That's George's
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ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆจฉใ‚’ไผดใ†ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฎๅๅ‰ใฏ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใฎ่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใฎ
03:46
car." And to show something belongs to someone, when we've got a name, we put the apostrophe
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่ปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ ใซใ€ๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅๅ‰ใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃ
03:54
after their name and then we put the "s" there.
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ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ€ใใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:57
And we don't... We can also do it with places. So we've got:
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“... ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
04:01
"London's best fish and chips." The best fish and chips belonging to London,
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ใ€Œใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใงๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ ใƒใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚นใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‰ ใƒใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚น
04:06
and again, we do apostrophe, "s".
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:09
So when we're talking about possession, that's quite clear. It's okay, yeah? But now we have
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใ‚ผใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠ
04:15
an exception, and sometimes there's a lot of confusion about this and sometimes people
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ใฏไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎ ๆททไนฑใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:20
get quite annoyed. But what I am going to say is that there are two... There are two
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
ways to show possession when the name ends with an "s". So it's preference really; some
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ๅๅ‰ใŒใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆ‰€ๆŒใ‚’็คบใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅฅฝใฟใงใ™ใ€‚
04:36
people prefer this way, some people prefer this way. All you need to do is just pick
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ใ“ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใŸใ 
04:42
one and be standard, always... If you pick one, just use that way all the time. Don't...
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1ใคใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใงใ€ๅธธใซๆจ™ๆบ–ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™.1ใคใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„...
04:47
Definitely don't do it one way in an essay and then get a bit scared and do it a different
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ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใง1ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ€–ใŒใฃใฆๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใง่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏ็ตถๅฏพใซใ—
04:51
way because you'll be wrong then. You need to pick... You definitely need to pick a way.
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ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้ธใถๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™... ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ้“ใ‚’้ธใถๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
So, "Chris" is a name ending in "s". So we can... I don't like saying this, but we can
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใ€ใฏใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏใงใใ‚‹... ็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:03
say the girlfriend belonging to Chris by putting the apostrophe on the outside of the "s".
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใฎๅค–ๅดใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™.
05:11
"She's Chris' girlfriend." So it's... Although, in grammar, it means the same as
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใฎใ‚ฌใƒผใƒซใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงโ€ฆ ๆ–‡ๆณ•
05:14
these examples, here we're not putting the extra "s".
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็š„ใซใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:21
So that brings us to the second example. Here's a... Here's a common Welsh name: "Jones",
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ใ“ใ‚Œใง 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ... ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒซใ‚บใฎๅๅ‰ใงใ™: "Jones"
05:29
it ends in "s". So, you might choose to show possession when the name ends in "s" by putting
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ใ€"s" ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๅๅ‰ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๅๅ‰ใŒใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจ
05:38
apostrophe "s" on your name, you can do that as well. So there are two options here.
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ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:45
"He is Mr. Jones's business partner." The business partner belonging to Mr. Jones.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒณใ‚บใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒณใ‚บๆฐใฎใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใ€‚
05:51
When we come back, we've got more rules for using apostrophes and to show possession.
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ๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใฎไฝฟ็”จใจๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒๅข—ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:00
Are you ready for the advanced rules of apostrophes? Are you sure you're ready? You can do it.
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ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎ้ซ˜ๅบฆใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏๅ‡บๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:06
Okay, for collective nouns... What's a "collective noun"? A collective noun is one that we don't
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ใ•ใฆใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใƒปใƒปใƒป ใ€Œ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ€ใฃใฆไฝ•๏ผŸ ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฏ
06:13
put "s" with, they're... They have their own words already. So we don't say "womens" with
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ใ€"s" ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ... ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ™ใงใซ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
06:21
an "s" because "women" means more than one, that's what a collective noun is. "Men" means
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ใ€ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็”ทๆ€งใ€ใฏ
06:27
more than one man, and "children" means more than one child. So they're a little bit different
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทๆ€งใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅญไพ›ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’
06:31
to just a regular noun where you can just put "s" on the end.
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ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใฎ้€šๅธธใฎๅ่ฉžใจใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:35
So when we have a collective noun, we have a different apostrophe rule. So what we do
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃ่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š
06:39
is we put the collective noun down, and then we do apostrophe "s". It's not that hard.
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ใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไธ‹ใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใปใฉ้›ฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:46
"The women's group meet weekly." This means the group belonging to the women,
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ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฏๆฏŽ้€ฑไผšๅˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅฅณๆ€งใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
06:52
more than one woman.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:53
Next sentence: "The men's toilets are disgusting."
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡: ใ€Œ็”ทๅญ ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใฏๆฐ—ๆŒใกๆ‚ชใ„ใ€
06:57
You bet they are, not that I go in them. More than one man and toilets belonging to more
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็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทๆ€งใจ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทๆ€งใซๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌ
07:04
than one man. We put "men" and then apostrophe "s", as I said before.
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ใ€‚ ๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œmenใ€ใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:10
And last example: "The children's department is upstairs."
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹: ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใฎ ้ƒจ้–€ใฏ 2 ้šŽใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:15
The place where you can go and buy children's things, delightful children's clothing and
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ๅญไพ› ็”จๅ“ใ‚„ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ๅญไพ›ๆœใ€
07:20
toys and stuff. The department belonging to the children is upstairs so we put the collective
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ใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใชใฉใŒ่ฒทใˆใ‚‹ใŠๅบ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅญไพ›ใŒๆ‰€ๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹้ƒจ็ฝฒ ใฏ2้šŽใชใฎใงใ€้›†ๅˆ
07:26
noun and then apostrophe "s" to show that possession.
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ๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:31
Let's compare the collective nouns apostrophe rules to just normal nouns where we put an
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้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผ ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹้€šๅธธใฎๅ่ฉžใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:42
"s" to show more than one. So we have one boy and "boys" means more than one boy; it
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ใ€‚ ็”ทใฎๅญใฏ 1 ไบบใง ใ€ใ€Œ็”ทใฎๅญใ€ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:48
could be two boys, it could be, you know... It could be 100 boys. So how do we show possession
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2 ไบบใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—ใ€ 100 ไบบใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจ
07:56
for more than one boy? "The boys' school is excellent."
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ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ€Œ็”ทๅญๆ กใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:00
No full stop. This means the school belonging to more than one boy. There would be more
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ๅฎŒๅ…จๅœๆญขใชใ—ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ็”ทๅญใŒๆ‰€ๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:10
than three boys in the boys' school. Or maybe it... It could have two meanings, it could
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็”ทๅญๆ กใซใฏ3ไบบไปฅไธŠใฎ็”ทๅญใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ 2 ใคใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ
08:15
be the general school belonging to the boys or maybe if you were talking about two of
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ใ€็”ทใฎๅญใŒๆ‰€ๅฑžใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅญฆๆ กใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€2 ไบบใฎๅญไพ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ
08:22
your children and you had two boys, you could say it like this: "The boys' school is excellent."
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็”ทใฎๅญใŒ 2 ไบบใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅญฆๆ กใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:28
Our next example: ladies. We have one lady and the plural of "lady" is "ladies". And
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹: ใƒฌใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚นใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใซใฏไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณๆ€งใŒใ„ ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใฎ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฏใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
08:36
these are some ladies doing yoga. "The ladies' yoga class has started."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใƒจใ‚ฌใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใฎๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒฌใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚นใƒจใ‚ฌใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:42
Again, because we already have an "s", we just put the apostrophe on the outside of
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ—ขใซ "s" ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€"s" ใฎๅค–ๅดใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™
08:47
the "s". And that's that really.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
08:49
Now, we're getting to the apostrophe rules you might not use, but let's have a look at
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:56
them. "Tom and Pete's friend Shaun."
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒˆใƒ ใจใƒ”ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ‹้”ใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใ€
09:00
What does that mean? Well, there's... There's one... There's one Shaun and he's equally
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใˆใˆใจใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹... ใ‚ใ‚‹... ใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใŒ 1 ไบบใ„ใฆใ€ๅฝผ
09:07
a friend of Tom and Pete. But we don't... We don't put apostrophe "s" there, we just
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ใฏใƒˆใƒ ใจใƒ”ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ‹้”ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ... ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผ "s" ใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œ
09:15
do it once. We just put it on the second name when we want to show that the possession is
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ไธ€ๅบฆใ ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉใŒไธกๆ–นใซ็ญ‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅๅ‰ใซไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘
09:22
equal to both of the... Both of the subjects. So one Shaun, equally a friend of Tom, equally
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ใงใ™... ไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒˆใƒ ใฎๅ‹ไบบใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒ”ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ‹ไบบใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒณใŒ 1 ไบบ
09:31
a friend of Pete - and that's how we show it with apostrophes.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:35
What's about this one then? "Lulu's and Angela's boyfriends."
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ“ใ„ใคใฏใฉใ†ใ ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒซใƒซใจใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฉใฎใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใ€‚ใ€
09:40
What does that mean? Well, this is a kind of example where you need to get it right
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
09:46
because it has quite different meanings. This sentence means that Lulu has a boyfriend.
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Š็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ไธ€็จฎใฎไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ๆ–‡ใฏใ€ใƒซใƒซใซใฏๅฝผๆฐใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
09:53
This is Lulu's boyfriend, he's saying: "Where's Lulu?" And this is Angela's boyfriend. They're
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒซใƒซใฎใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ€ใ€Œใƒซใƒซใฏใฉใ“๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒฉใฎใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
10:00
two separate guys, two separate girls. So if I do that... If I... If I take the apostrophe
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2 ไบบใฎๅˆฅใ€…ใฎ็”ทใ€2 ไบบใฎๅˆฅใ€…ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ— ใŸใ‚‰... ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒ...
10:10
"s" away there, then they share one boyfriend. I mean some people do that, but you want to
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ใใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ1ไบบใฎใƒœใƒผใ‚คใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใพใ™. ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบ
10:19
make sure you've got your grammar right there because you might be confused. So if possession
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ใ‚‚ ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใจ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰
10:25
is two separate things in your list, you have to do apostrophe "s" for each subject.
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ใŒใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๅ†…ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅˆฅๅ€‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไธป้กŒใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃ "s" ใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:33
Let's look now at... What are these called? Compound nouns. Compound nouns, when there's
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ไปŠ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ่ค‡ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ€‚
10:41
more than one word that go together to make a noun. So we have the example: "mother in
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ•ใฃใฆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹่ค‡ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ€‚ ใ€Œ็พฉ็†ใฎๆฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†ไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:49
law". And "mother in law" is singular here, so how do we show possession? There are three
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€Œ็พฉ็†ใฎๆฏใ€ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆ†‘ไพใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๅ˜่ชžใŒ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Š
10:55
words, where does the apostrophe go? "His mother in law's party."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹? ใ€Œๅฝผใฎ็พฉๆฏใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ€
11:00
One mother in law, one party. And so we put the apostrophe "s" there and that shows us
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ไธ€ไบบใฎ็พฉ็†ใฎๆฏใ€ไธ€ไบบใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ใใ“ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
11:08
that we're just talking about one mother in law. It's just one woman having a party, his
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1 ไบบใฎ็พฉ็†ใฎๆฏ่ฆชใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใŸใฃใŸไธ€ไบบใฎๅฅณๆ€งใ€ๅฝผใฎ
11:14
mother in law's party.
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็พฉๆฏใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
11:15
Whereas if you have a plural compound noun, first what you need to do is write your compound
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ่ค‡ๅˆๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซ ่ค‡ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒ
11:25
noun down which would... Which in a singular would be: "brother in law" and to make it
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™...
11:32
a plural, you put the plural on the first word there. So here we have "brothers in law".
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ใใ“ใงๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œ็พฉ็†ใฎๅ…„ๅผŸใ€ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:40
If I wanted to make "mother in law" plural, I would say: "mothers in law." No... No...
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ใ€Œmother in lawใ€ใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝข ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œmothers in lawใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ„ใ„ใˆ...ใ„ใ„ใˆ...
11:48
No "s" here, don't need an "s" there. Just one "s" after the first word. Then we need
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซ
11:56
to put in our apostrophe. Where do we put it?
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ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๆŒฟๅ…ฅใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใ๏ผŸ
11:59
"The brothers in law's company." So we put the "s" there before, that doesn't
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ใ€Œ็พฉ็†ใฎๅ…„ๅผŸใฎไผš็คพใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ‰ใซใ€Œsใ€
12:05
mean we put the apostrophe there. We put the apostrophe on the last word; the same as the
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ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใ“ใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅ˜่ชžใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎ
12:13
example for the singular. "The brothers in law's company." There are... There are two
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ไพ‹ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ็พฉ็†ใฎๅ…„ๅผŸใฎไผš็คพใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹...
12:19
brothers in law, they've got different wives, and they have a company together. That's what
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็พฉ็†ใฎๅ…„ๅผŸใŒ 2 ไบบใ„ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒๅˆฅใฎๅฆปใŒ ใ„ใฆใ€ไธ€็ท’ใซไผš็คพใ‚’็ตŒๅ–ถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ
12:27
that sentence means.
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ใใฎๆ–‡ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
12:29
Now there's just one important thing that you need to know - especially you native speakers
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใŒ 1 ใคใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‰นใซใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™
12:35
out there. Important! These pronouns don't take apostrophes:
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ใ€‚ ้‡่ฆ๏ผ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ไปฃๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“:
12:44
"hers", "theirs", "yours", "whose", "ours". They don't take apostrophes at the end of
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"hers"ใ€"theirs"ใ€"yours"ใ€"whose"ใ€"ours"ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ˜่ชžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š
12:47
the word, they don't take apostrophes like that before the "s", they just don't. So you
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚"s" ใฎๅ‰ใซใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸ
12:54
need to be... You need to watch out for that. You could... You could make a terrible apostrophe
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ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซๆฐ—ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™... ใฒใฉใ„ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ
12:59
mistake and you don't want to do that.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:01
So yeah, we're done with apostrophes now. But especially with apostrophes, it's good
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ใˆใˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็‰นใซใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™
13:08
to practice. You've listened, you've got a general idea, but it's really good to practice
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่žใ„ใฆใ€ๅคงใพใ‹ใช่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใฎใงใ€่กŒใฃใฆ
13:14
this so I urge you to go and do the quiz for this one. Go to the engVid website. Do the
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™. engVid Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:21
quiz, 10 questions. Try to get 10 out of 10. If you don't get 10 out of 10, come back and
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10ๅ•ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ 10 ็‚นๆบ€็‚นไธญ 10 ็‚นใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚10 ็‚นๆบ€็‚นไธญ 10 ็‚น ใซใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
13:27
watch this video again in a couple of days, try again.
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ใฏใ€ๆ•ฐๆ—ฅๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฉฆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:30
And if you like my video and my teaching, well, why not subscribe? You can subscribe
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใจ็งใฎๆ•™ใˆใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
13:37
on my engVid channel and on my second channel; I've got two channels. And yeah, that would
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็งใฎ engVid ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใจ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใง่ณผ่ชญใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ2ใคใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใˆใˆใ€ใใ‚Œ
13:42
be great. So until next time, yeah. See... See you later. Okay, bye.
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ใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใฏๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ใˆใˆใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰โ€ฆ ใพใŸใญใ€‚ ไบ†่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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