Phrases and Clauses - What's the Difference?

323,360 views ใƒป 2009-05-26

ENGLISH with James


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Today I want to talk about something that's a little bit, you know, I might say upper
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ไปŠๆ—ฅ ใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:13
intermediate.
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ใ€‚
00:14
Don't be scared.
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ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:15
If you've been with me before, you'll love it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปฅๅ‰ใซ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฅฝใใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
00:17
I'm also going to speak a little bit faster today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ—ฉใ‚ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:19
That's right.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
00:20
Upper intermediate, you should be able to listen at a faster speed, okay?
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ไธญไธŠ็ดš่€… ใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€Ÿใ„ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใง่žใ‘ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:25
This isn't the speed at which I'll be speaking with my students at my school.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅญฆๆ กใง็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใกใจ่ฉฑใ™้€Ÿๅบฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
00:29
So let's do it.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:30
Today I want to talk about phrases and clauses and what the difference is between them, alright?
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅฅใจ็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:34
So we have a phrase and we have a clause, sort of like Superman and Batman.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใ‚„ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใจ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:46
Okay, why?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใชใœใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:48
Well Batman's pretty good, he's very useful, alright?
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ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅ„ช็ง€ใง ใ€้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:52
But he doesn't have superpowers.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใซใฏ่ถ…่ƒฝๅŠ›ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:54
Now you're going to say, "Which one is Superman and which one is Batman?"
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ใ€Œใฉใฃใก ใŒใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใงใฉใฃใกใŒใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณ?ใ€
00:58
Let's go to the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:59
So phrase, well one common phrase people know are phrasal verbs.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ไบบใ€…ใŒใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฎ 1 ใคใŒๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:09
These tend to be two to three word verbs, okay?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ 2 ๏ฝž 3 ๅ˜่ชžใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใญใ€‚
01:13
So you've got a two to three word verb and you might say, for instance, "Pick it up."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€2 ่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰ 3 ่ชžใฎๅ‹•่ฉž ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ŒPick it upใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:26
Or more commonly, "Move out, show off," okay?
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใฏ ใ€ใ€Œๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฆใ€่ฆ‹ใ›ใณใ‚‰ใ‹ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
01:37
Now when we usually do that, with the exception of, let's just get, let's pretend I didn't
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒ้€šๅธธใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใจใใฏใ€ไพ‹ๅค–ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:42
say that, I said, "Pick up."
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ใ€ใ€Œใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š
01:43
Let's just say I said, "Pick up" instead, okay?
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ใซใ€Œใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ— ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:46
You'll notice something.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:47
We have a preposition plus a verb, but there are no subjects.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจๅ‹•่ฉž ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:53
That is usually what a phrase is.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ้€šๅธธ ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚
01:55
A phrase usually is a sentence fragment with a verb or a noun, okay?
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏ้€šๅธธ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:21
So it's usually a sentence fragment with a verb or a noun, but nothing else.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้€šๅธธใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไป–ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:25
So you might say, "Pick up."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:28
"Up" is a preposition, "pick" is the verb, no noun.
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ใ€Œupใ€ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€ ใ€Œpickใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงๅ่ฉžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:33
Or "show off."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใ›ใณใ‚‰ใ‹ใ™ใ€ใ€‚
02:34
"Show" is the verb, preposition is "off."
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ใ€Œshowใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏใ€Œoffใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:38
And "make out."
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œไฝœใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
02:39
Yeah, "make out."
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ใˆใˆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
02:40
Anyway, so, I should put that on the board.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่ผ‰ใ›ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
02:49
At the end of the lesson, I'll show you "make out," especially if you're cute.
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ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ ็‰นใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒกใ‚คใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™.
02:54
Anyway, so, that's our phrasal verb, it is a sentence fragment with a verb or a noun,
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใฎๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใ™ใŒใ€
03:00
but not both.
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ไธกๆ–นใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:01
That's why it's Batman.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใฎใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใ€‚
03:03
It's really kind of cool, but it's nothing special.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใŒใ€ ็‰นๅˆฅใชใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:05
Now if we want to add more information, now we're going to go over here, ready?
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
03:10
Okay, let's go.
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ใงใฏ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:11
We're going to go to a clause.
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ๆก้ …ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:14
What is a clause?
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ๆก้ …ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:15
A clause is a sentence fragment with, with a, guess what?
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็ฏ€ใจใฏใ€withใ€ with aใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:31
Well, if one has only one, Superman is everything, right?
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ใพใ‚ใ€ไธ€ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใชใ‚‰ ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใŒๅ…จใฆใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:36
He's super strong, super fast, and you know, like me, super, oh, nothing.
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ๅฝผใฏ้žๅธธใซๅผทใใ€้žๅธธใซ้€Ÿใใ€ ใใ—ใฆ็งใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่ถ…ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:44
But anyway, we've got work to do.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ ็งใŸใกใซใฏใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:47
So a fragment, so a sentence fragment with what?
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ–ญ็‰‡ ใ€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
03:49
With a verb and a noun, okay?
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใงใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:55
So it's a little bit more powerful because we can start making fuller sentences.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅผทๅŠ›ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:59
Why am I teaching you this?
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ใชใœ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:00
Well, because there's something called clauses, when we have clausal sentences, and what I
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็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’
04:05
mean by a clause sentence, there's different ones.
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:07
There's an adjective clause sentence, adverb clause sentence, or adverbial clause sentence,
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ๆ–‡ ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใ€
04:12
time clause sentences.
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ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
And these are important to learn because, well, I'll show you why.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
I'm going to give you a basic lesson on clauses, a clause, or a clause sentence, and you can
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็ฏ€ใ€็ฏ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏ็ฏ€ๆ–‡ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:23
start applying this to your time clauses, adverbial clauses, or your adjective clauses,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใ€ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซ้ฉ็”จใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:28
okay?
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ใญใ€‚
04:29
Let's go.
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ใ•ใ‚่กŒใ“ใ†ใ€‚
04:30
So, we've done this one, it's kind of boring, okay?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้€€ๅฑˆใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
04:32
I mean, one more final example we could do here is what?
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใงใใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ ไพ‹ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
04:36
Just to make sure you're clear on it, you could say, "A black cat."
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ใ€ใ€Œ้ป’็Œซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:42
See, yeah, I know, boring, but Batman's not boring, don't mess with the bat.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใ†ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ€้€€ๅฑˆใ ใ‘ใฉใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณ ใฏ้€€ๅฑˆใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ€‚
04:48
Okay, so, I'll get rid of this, and we're going to talk and specialize right now on,
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ“ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆๅฐ‚้–€ๅŒ–ใ—ใ€
04:52
we're going to go to clauses.
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ๆก้ …ใซ็งปใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
04:55
So, you ready?
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ใงใฏใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:00
We just done Batman, and we're going to do Superman.
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็งใŸใกใฏใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ€ ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™.
05:02
Superman was a clause, and remember what we said about clauses, we said a clause is a
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ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใฏ็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฟฐในใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ— ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็ฏ€ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใฎๆ–ญ็‰‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
05:09
sentence fragment, alright, that has a verb and a noun.
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ใ€‚
05:17
This is important for a reason, because we use it for adverbial clauses, adjective clauses,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
05:25
and time clauses, alright?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:26
So, with a verb and a noun, or a subject, verb and a noun, verb and a subject, okay?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏไธป่ชžใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธป่ชžใงใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:35
So, why don't you put subjects, because, subject.
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ใงใฏใ€ไปถๅใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ไปถๅใงใ™ใ€‚
05:39
So, what are we going to do?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:41
What we want to do is look at the structure of clauses.
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็งใŸใกใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€็ฏ€ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:45
So, when we're doing this, you'll notice the first thing about a clause is it comes in
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ ใ€็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฐ—ใฅใใ“ใจใฏใ€็ฏ€ใŒ
05:51
two parts, it's a pair, alright?
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2 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใƒšใ‚ขใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
05:54
So it's a pair, and being a pair, which means two things, we have one part that's called
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒšใ‚ขใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒšใ‚ขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ 2 ใคใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใจ
06:03
the independent clause, and then the second part, which we call the dependent clause.
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ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ 2 ใค็›ฎใฎ ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:17
Now, what do they do?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:25
Let's take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:26
To be independent is to stand alone, alright?
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่‡ช็ซ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€็‹ฌใ‚Š็ซ‹ใกใ™ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:28
If you're an adult, you're independent, you have your own house, or sorry, you have your
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅคงไบบใงใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆ ใ„ใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅฎถใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ
06:31
own apartment, your own house, you have your own car, you have your own job, you live on
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ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅฎถใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใงไฝใ‚“
06:35
your own, you're independent, you don't need anybody or anything, alright?
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ใงใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚Œ ใฐใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:38
That's the independent clause, it can stand alone.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜็‹ฌใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
What about the dependent clause, well it needs something, and what does it need?
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใฉใ† ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใซใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ€ไฝ•ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
06:54
It needs the independent clause, alright?
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:03
So what happens is we actually have a structure that's followed here, because you can actually,
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงๅพ“ใ†ๆง‹้€ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€
07:07
believe it or not, put them either way.
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ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:09
You can do a sentence with the independent clause first, or with the dependent clause
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ๆ–‡ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ…ˆใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’
07:13
first, but there is one rule that goes with this.
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ๅ…ˆใซใ— ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใซใฏใฒใจใคใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:18
Let's do an example sentence, and I'll let you try and figure out the independent clause
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ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใฟ ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
07:23
versus the dependent clause, and I'm going to do this with a time clause, and this specific
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ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็ฏ€
07:29
one will be with a past tense, alright?
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ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
07:37
So I'm going to ask you to spot which is the independent clause and which is the dependent
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ใใ“ใง ใ€ใฉใ‚ŒใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใฉใ‚ŒใŒๅพ“ๅฑž
07:43
clause.
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็ฏ€ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:57
Look carefully.
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ใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚
08:08
When I got home, I ate dinner, there's something peculiar about this sentence, and this is
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ๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใจใใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‹็‹ฌ็‰นใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
08:15
how I'm going to teach you independent versus dependent clause.
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎๆ•™ใˆๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
08:19
Did you guess?
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ๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
08:21
Well, first of all, you would notice there's two parts to the sentence, how do you know?
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ใพใšใ€ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏ 2 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:25
Well there's this little mark here, that tells you, there seems to be two things brought
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ“ใฎๅฐใ•ใชใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 2 ใคใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆ
08:31
together.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:32
In both cases, I here, I there, we have a subject and a verb, subject and a verb.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€I here, I there , ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:38
So we've got our clause, right?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงๆก้ …ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
08:41
But one of them is independent and one is dependent.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ 1 ใคใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆ ใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฏๅพ“ๅฑžใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:45
If I say to you, I ate dinner, you know what that means, right?
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€็งใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
08:48
I ate dinner, McDonald's, maybe some pizza, maybe I'm from Italy, I ate some pizza for
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็งใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€ใƒžใ‚ฏใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ใ€ๅคšๅˆ†ใƒ”ใ‚ถใ€ ๅคšๅˆ†็งใฏใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€็งใฏ
08:54
dinner.
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ๅค•้ฃŸใซใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:55
But I mean, maybe I ate dinner, but you know, you're clear about that.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅคšๅˆ†็งใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™.
08:58
If you said that's the independent clause, bravo, yes, that's the independent clause,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒœใƒผใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€
09:03
because it stands alone, remember the rule we talked about, you can say it, you don't
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œ
09:07
have to ask questions about it.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:09
Now here's the dependent clause.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:12
The dependent clause doesn't quite make sense without the independent clause.
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฏใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใชใ„ใจๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:17
When I got home, now I'm sure if you hear me say that sentence again, when I got home,
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็งใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใจใใ€็งใŒ ใใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใจใใ€
09:25
you're going, tell me, right?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ๏ผŸ
09:28
That's why it's the dependent clause, because it leads you somewhere, but it doesn't finish
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๅฐŽใใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“
09:32
it off.
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ใ€‚
09:33
It's the independent clause that gives you the meat, or it tells you, boom, this is what
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่‚‰ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ ใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใƒ–ใƒผใƒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
09:37
you need to know.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™.
09:38
That's why we call it, also, in other words, the main clause.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไธป็ฏ€ใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“
09:41
When we deal with different clauses, like the time clause, we call it the main clause,
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็ฏ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็ฏ€ใ‚’ๆ‰ฑใ†ใจใ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธป็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚
09:45
because it's where the meat is, where what the information we need is, okay?
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่‚‰ใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎ ใ‹ใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:48
So whether it be adjective, adverbial, or time, the independent clause is the main clause,
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ‚‚ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ‚‚ๆ™‚้–“ ใงใ‚‚็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒไธป็ฏ€
09:55
okay?
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ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:56
Now, the dependent clause, as we noticed, needs it here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฏใ€ ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
09:59
Here's the hint, though.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:00
If you have a sentence like this, and you see this comma, you always know that the dependent
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅธธใซใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:06
clause comes first.
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ใ€‚
10:09
Now you know, right?
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:10
Dependent clause comes first if you see a comma.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
If there isn't a comma, this is bad grammar.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:17
What you have to do now is you actually have to erase the whole thing.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปŠใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆถˆๅŽปใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:26
The magic of film.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ้ญ”ๆณ•ใ€‚
10:27
See that?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:28
I erased the board.
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:29
It's clean.
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ใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:30
You have to erase the whole thing, and you have to say, "I ate dinner when I got home."
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆถˆๅŽป ใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:42
Correct grammar.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ€‚
10:43
Notice?
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็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›๏ผŸ
10:44
No comma.
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใ€‚
10:45
As soon as you see there's no comma, you'll go, "Hey, this must be the independent clause,
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ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ™ใ ใซใ€ใ€Œใญใˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„
10:51
and this is the dependent clause."
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ ใ€ใจๆ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:52
Cool.
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ใ„ใ„ใญใ€‚
10:53
Now, I told you this was a time clause for a reason.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๆ™‚ๅŠนๆก้ …ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซใฏ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:58
I'm going to give you another little hint, because as much as you may know this particular
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ
11:02
sentence, it won't help you in the future, but this will.
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝน็ซ‹ใก ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใซไป˜้š
11:05
There are four words that usually go with time clauses.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:07
I'm going to put them up quickly, so you'll remember this, so I'm just giving you, believe
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็งใฏใ™ใใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’
11:11
it or not, a lesson on clauses, phrases, and time clauses in less than 10 minutes.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™.
11:16
Let me wrap it up.
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ใพใจใ‚ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:17
Notice I'm talking faster.
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็งใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้€Ÿใ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:18
I told you, upper-intermediate.
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่จ€ใฃใŸใ ใ‚ใ€ไธญไธŠ็ดš่€…ใ€‚
11:19
Get used to it.
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ใใ‚Œใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
11:20
It's the way we speak around here.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใก ใŒใ“ใ“ใง่ฉฑใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:23
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใ‚’
11:24
What are the four words for the time clause?
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่กจใ™ 4 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹?
11:26
See, this is four words.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ4ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
11:29
These are four main words.
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ไธปใช่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ“ใฎ4ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
11:30
If I, well, when you come back for future time, I'll teach you the other two.
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็งใชใ‚‰ใ€ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฐ†ๆฅๆˆปใฃใฆใใŸ ใจใใซใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎ2ใคใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™.
11:34
But they go, "when," and these are for the past, specifically for the past, but they're
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใ€็‰นใซ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
11:40
also used in the future as well, so you go, "when."
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ใŒใ€ๆœชๆฅใงใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:47
You have, "after."
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ŒๅพŒใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:54
You have, "before."
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใซใ€ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:56
"After," "before."
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"ๅ‰ๅพŒใซใ€‚"
11:59
Uh-oh.
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ใˆใˆใจใ‚ใ‚ใ€‚
12:00
I forgot the third one.
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3ใค็›ฎใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:03
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
12:04
Back.
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ๆˆปใ‚‹ใ€‚
12:05
It's, "while."
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ใ€Œใใฎ้–“ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:06
I hope you were busy while I was doing that.
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็งใŒใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฟ™ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:09
Sorry about that.
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:10
"While."
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"ใใฎ้–“ใ€‚"
12:11
There you go.
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ใปใ‚‰ใญใ€‚
12:12
So those are the four time clause words that we use for the simple past, also used with
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎๆ™‚้–“็ฏ€ใฎๅ˜่ชž ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆœชๆฅใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
12:16
the future.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœชๆฅใฎใ‚ใ‚‹
12:17
There are a couple ones with the future.
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ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:18
Another lesson, we'll get back to that.
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ•™่จ“ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:19
I'm running out of time.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:20
So, I'm going to wrap up quickly and say, I've got to go.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏใ™ใใซใพใจใ‚ใฆใ€ ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:25
Go to engvid.com.
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engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:26
You know where that is.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:27
"Eng" is in English, "vid" is in video.
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ใ€ŒEngใ€ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€ ใ€Œvidใ€ใฏๅ‹•็”ปใงใ™ใ€‚
12:29
And I'll see you for the next lesson.
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ใพใŸ ใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
12:30
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
12:31
Clauses.
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ๆก้ …ใ€‚
12:32
Phrases.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€‚
12:33
So, time clause.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ™‚็ฏ€ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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