English for Beginners: APOSTROPHES for missing letters & contractions

93,929 views ใƒป 2018-11-29

ENGLISH with James


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hmm.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
00:01
A license to print money.
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ใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅฐๅˆทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ปใƒณใ‚นใ€‚
00:03
[Laughs] I wish.
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰ ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:04
Hey, E. How ya doin'?
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€E.่ชฟๅญใฏใฉใ†๏ผŸ
00:05
Hi. James from engVid.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ engVid ใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€‚
00:06
I was reading an interesting book on making money, but I noticed E's up to something.
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ใŠ้‡‘ๅ„ฒใ‘ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹้ข็™ฝใ„ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€EใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:15
He's praying...
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ๅฝผใฏ็ฅˆใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™...
00:16
He's playing detective, as you can see - Sherlock E. And I want to know: What's he up to?
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ใ”่ฆงใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใฏๆŽขๅตใ‚’ๆผ”ใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏ E.
00:22
And he says: "How you doin'?"
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ใใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใ†๏ผšใ€ŒใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
00:23
And I noticed that he's looking at this strange thing, it's called an "apostrophe".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใŒใ“ใฎๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:27
Why don't we find out what he's doing, and what is the case of the missing letters?
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ๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใฏใฉใ†ใชใฃใŸใฎใ‹่ชฟในใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
00:32
And before I even go there, I would like to say: Thank you to Francisco from Paraguay-yay!-for
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ“ใซ่กŒใๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใ‚ขใ‚คใฎใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใ€ใ“ใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†๏ผ
00:40
this brilliant shirt.
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00:41
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:42
And Paraguay, thank you for watching.
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ใใ—ใฆใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ฐใ‚ขใ‚คใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
00:44
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:45
Anyway, let's go to the case for the missing letters.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
00:47
We're going to talk about apostrophes.
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ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:50
Now, apostrophes are part of our...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใฏ...
00:53
Well, we have...
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00:56
Sorry.
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00:57
Periods, question marks, exclamation marks - these are all markings we put in our language
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ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒใƒงใƒณ ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚จใ‚ฏใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒกใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏ - ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ
01:02
to tell us that something is interesting about that sentence or something is missing in the
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ใ€ใใฎๆ–‡ใซไฝ•ใ‹่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏๆ–‡ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ็งใŸใกใฎ่จ€่ชžใงไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏ
01:07
sentence.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:08
In this particular case, we're talking about the apostrophe.
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ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:11
There are a couple of other things it's used for, but right now I wanted to talk about
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ไป–ใซใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็”จ้€”ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ไปŠใฏ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
01:14
missing letters.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:15
You know?
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ใปใ‚‰๏ผŸ
01:16
Like: "Has anybody seen my letter?
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ไพ‹: ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹็งใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
01:18
My letter 'g' - it's missing since this morning at 9am."
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็งใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ 'g' - ไปŠๆœ ใฎๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
01:21
You go: "What are you talking about?"
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:23
Well, let's start here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:25
Missing letters.
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่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ
01:26
Sometimes at the end of a present continuous verb...
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็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™...
01:29
And, you know, verbs are: "run", "do", "go", "stop".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ€ใ€ ใ€Œๅœๆญขใ€ใ€‚
01:34
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:35
And the continuous form would be: "running", "doing", "going", "stopping".
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็ถ™็ถšๅฝขใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆญขใพใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:39
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:40
The letter "g" is dropped.
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ใ€Œgใ€ใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒๆŠœใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:43
Now, this isn't necessarily in writing; it's in spoken English, so I want to make sure
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๆ›ธ้ขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใฏๅฃ่ชž่‹ฑ่ชžใชใฎใงใ€
01:47
you understand that.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ„.
01:49
You may see it in, you know, like songs' lyrics or modern works of literature, you know, or
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ๆญŒใฎๆญŒ่ฉž ใ‚„็พไปฃใฎๆ–‡ๅญฆไฝœๅ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ
01:56
in conversation when they're writing, you know, paragraphs, like: "What are you doin',
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฎไผš่ฉฑใงใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒ‹ใƒผใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฎต่ฝใงใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
02:00
Johnny?"
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ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:02
But it's not supposed to be written in formal language.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃๅผใช่จ€่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:04
So, if you're doing an essay or a government document, please do not use these forms that
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚„ๆ”ฟๅบœๆ–‡ๆ›ธใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใง
02:09
I'm about to teach you.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:11
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:12
Understand them when you read them and when someone is speaking, and you can understand
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
02:17
why they're saying: "What are you doin'?"
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ใ€ใชใœๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:18
instead of "doing".
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€‚
02:19
That it's the same word, same meaning, but just a different pronunciation.
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ๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใŒ ใ€็™บ้ŸณใŒ้•ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:23
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:24
And this is what we said here, right?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใ“ใง่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:26
The "g" is dropped, causing a change in the pronunciation.
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ใ€Œgใ€ใŒๆŠœใ‘ใฆ ็™บ้ŸณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:30
The meaning of the verb, however, stays the same.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:33
I can say: "How are you doing?" and "How you doin'?"
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ใ€ŒใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ€ŒใŠ ๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
02:37
Same word, same meaning, different pronunciation.
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ๅŒใ˜ๅ˜่ชžใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹็™บ้Ÿณ.
02:40
Just...
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ใŸใ ...
02:41
We call it colloquial usage.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฃ่ชž็š„ใช็”จๆณ•ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:44
Here are some examples.
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ไธ‹่จ˜ใฏ็”จไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:45
"Are you goin' to the party?
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ
02:47
Are you going to the party?
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่กŒใใฎ๏ผŸใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใฎ๏ผŸใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใฎ
02:49
Are you goin' to the party?"
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๏ผŸใ€
02:50
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:51
There you go.
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ใปใ‚‰ใญใ€‚
02:52
The dropping the "g" is shown by the apostrophe.
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ใ€Œgใ€ใฎๅ‰Š้™คใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใง็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
And sometimes when you read a comic book, or a book, or a novel, you know, a romance
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ๆผซ็”ป ใ‚„ๆœฌใ€ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ‹ๆ„›
03:00
novel, and they're saying: "He's goin' to help us."
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ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ็งใŸใกใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:04
That's what this is.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
03:05
So you don't have to go: "What is this new word in English I've never seen before?"
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œ ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซ่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใฎใชใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅ˜่ชžใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:08
"What is she sayin'?
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
03:11
What is she sayin'?"
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
03:12
Instead of: "What is she saying?
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ
03:14
What is she saying?" where our tongue drops to the bottom of our mouth.
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ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ่ˆŒใŒ ๅฃใฎๅบ•ใซ่ฝใกใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใ€‚
03:17
"What is she saying?
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸ
03:19
Saying", tongue down here.
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ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ€่ˆŒใ‚’ไธ‹ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:21
"Sayin'", tongue goes to the top of the mouth.
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ใ€ŒSayin'ใ€ใ€่ˆŒใŒๅฃใฎไธŠ้ƒจใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:23
"n" sound is at the top; "ing" sound is at the bottom.
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ใ€Œnใ€ใฎ้ŸณใฏไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†้Ÿณใฏ ไธ€็•ชไธ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:28
"He is doin' it for you."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:31
Sorry.
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:32
"He is doin' it now for you.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซไปŠใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅฝผใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:33
He is doin' it".
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ใ€.
03:34
I have a hard time saying these things.
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:36
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:37
This is...
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏโ€ฆ
03:38
So, it's not in my language.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:39
It's not in my vernacular.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:40
Not in my vocabulary, so for me to say it, I actually have to think about it.
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็งใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใซใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใ†ใซใฏใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่€ƒใˆใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:46
So I really do when you understand when you have a problem with it.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€็งใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:49
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:50
So: "He is doin' it now for you."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€ŒๅฝผใฏไปŠใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:52
And to be honest, this is not even right.
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ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:54
This is an incorrect sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใŸๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:56
Nobody who would say this would say "for you".
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ไบบใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:59
He would say: "He is doin' now for ya.
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ๅฝผใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚
04:02
He's doin' it now for ya, and that's how it's going to go."
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ใซไปŠใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซไปŠใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ† ใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€.
04:05
So, if you don't like it, I'm like: I'm sorry, but this is how you would normally speak with
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้€šๅธธใฎ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–น
04:09
that.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:10
This kind of contraction will lead to this kind of English, and "ya" means "you", and
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ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ ็จฎใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œyaใ€ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
that's why I have a hard time saying it, because this is proper English, and then we've got
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†
04:18
more of a slangy English, and our brains don't work that way.
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ใฎใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎ่„ณใฏ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:21
You either have to do the full thing, or none of it.
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใฃใŸใๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:25
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:26
So, we've addressed that.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:28
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:29
And any of you who watch Friends, now you understand Joey Tribbiani: "How you doin'?"
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒณใ‚บใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚คใƒปใƒˆใƒชใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ‹ใฎใ€ŒใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:33
Now you know what he's saying.
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:36
"How are you doing?"
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"ๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ"
04:37
Now, this is the first part.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‰็ทจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:39
The idea I wanted you to understand was that the apostrophe indicates there's something
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็งใŒ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
04:45
missing.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:46
There's some information that is not there, and it's saying: "We understand that, and
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่จ˜่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œใใฎใ“ใจใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
04:49
we're letting you know this is the case."
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:52
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:53
We go a little bit further from just, you know, grammar/slang kind of speech to a contraction
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•/ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
04:59
that is actually used in written English on a regular basis, but it's not just there are
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใงๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใพใงใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ— ใŒๆŠœใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:04
missing letters; there's another element to it.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใฏๅˆฅใฎ่ฆ็ด ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
So, let's take a look.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:09
Contractions.
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ๅŽ็ธฎใ€‚
05:10
In a contraction, there are two words joined together - and that's the missing element.
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใฏใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ฆ็ด ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:14
So it's not just letters are missing, as in this case, the "g" is missing; but they are
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œgใ€ใŒๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
05:19
actually taking two letters and putting it together, like a cake.
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2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:23
You have eggs, you have water, you have flour - when you contract them, you make a cake.
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ๅตใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆฐดใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฐ้บฆ็ฒ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅŽ็ธฎใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:28
They no longer exist as separate things; they are now a new thing.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚‚ใฏใ‚„ๅˆฅๅ€‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏไปŠใ‚„ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:32
In a contraction, there are two words joined together and the word is also missing some
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใฏใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒ็ตๅˆใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚‚ๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆ
05:37
letters.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:38
So there's...
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใง...
05:39
There are two things we're looking at.
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็งใŸใกใŒ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:40
Examples of this are: "Aren't you hot in that sweater?"
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฎไพ‹ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใใฎใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใฏๆš‘ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ‹?ใ€
05:45
The first thing you'll go is: "Hey, James, I noticed there's a missing letter."
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่กŒใใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œใญใˆใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€ ๆ‰‹็ด™ใŒใชใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:48
And I go: "Yeah, there is", but do you notice the two words are together?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
05:52
And this time it's not a "g" because it's not a present continuous verb.
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ไปŠๅ›ž ใฏ็พๅœจ้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ€Œgใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:56
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
05:57
It's the verb "to be" plus the negation.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใซๅฆๅฎšใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
05:59
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:01
"Negation" meaning negative or "not".
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ใ€Œๅฆๅฎšใ€ใฏใ€ๅฆๅฎšใ‚„ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:04
And we can see, here, it's: "Are not".
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:07
So I can say...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™...
06:08
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:09
You'd probably say it: "Are you not hot in that sweater?"
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ใ€Œใใฎใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใฏๆš‘ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
06:14
And because we don't want to speak like that because it takes much more brain power, we
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€่„ณใฎๅŠ›ใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
06:17
say: "Aren't you hot in that sweater?"
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:20
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:21
Next: "I'd like some coffee, please."
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ๆฌก: ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:25
Here we can see the "I" is there-that is a word-and "would" gets contracted all the way
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€ŒIใ€ใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™-ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™-ใใ—ใฆใ€Œwouldใ€ใฏ
06:30
down just to the letter "d", so it's telling us almost most of the word is not here; it's
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œdใ€ใพใงใšใฃใจ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ“ใ“ใซใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ
06:35
just the letter "d".
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ใŸใ ใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œdใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:36
"I'd like some coffee, please."
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"ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ไธ‹ใ•
06:39
Or you could say: "I would like some coffee, please."
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ใ„ใ€‚" ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:43
Formal.
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ไธๅฏงใ€‚
06:44
Next.
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ๆฌกใ€‚
06:45
Next contraction: "They've gone home now."
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ๆฌกใฎ้™ฃ็—›๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
06:48
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
06:49
"They've gone home now", which is really: "They have gone home now."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™๏ผš ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
06:54
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:55
So, we're using a present perfect form, but we've contracted it into one word, as opposed
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
06:59
to two words, and: "They've".
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใฏใชใ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใซ็Ÿญ็ธฎใ—ใ€"they've" ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:02
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
07:03
Even changed the way we said it.
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่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚‚ๅค‰ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:04
Instead of: "They have", it becomes: "They've".
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ใ€ŒThey haveใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œthey'veใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:08
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
07:09
And finally our final example for here is: "We'll be back later."
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ ใ€ŒๅพŒใงๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:15
Now: "We'll" is "We will".
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ไปŠ: "We will" ใฏ "We will" ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:20
And sometimes I know it's difficult for students to pronounce this, because they're like: "We'ill,
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ใใ—ใฆๆ™‚ใ€…็งใฏๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
07:25
we'ill", because they try to say both words.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:28
In all of these cases, do not try to say both words.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ ดๅˆใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ไธกๆ–นใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅฃใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
07:31
The new contraction takes on a life of its own, has its own sound, but keeps the same
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ ๆŒใกใ€็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™ใŒ
07:36
meaning as the two separate words.
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ใ€2 ใคใฎๅˆฅๅ€‹ใฎๅ˜่ชžใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ไฟๆŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:39
So, you might say: "James, okay, thanks for explaining all of this.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚นใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
07:42
But why do you people do this?"
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใชใœใ‚ใชใŸใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
07:44
Well, to be quite honest with you, we say these words all the time - 50, 100 times a
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ๆญฃ็›ดใชใจใ“ใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅธธใซๅฃใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - 1ๆ—ฅใซ50ๅ›žใ€100
07:50
day.
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ๅ›žใ€‚
07:51
And really: "I would like a cup of coffee, please.
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:55
We'll be sitting...
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็งใŸใกใฏๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™...
07:56
We will be sitting at the table over there."
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ใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใซๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:57
I...
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็งใฏ.
07:58
So, what's the next one?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๆฌกใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:59
"Are you not going to bring it over at this moment?"
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ใ€ŒไปŠใฎใ†ใกใซๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใ‹ ใชใ„ใฎ๏ผŸใ€
08:02
Takes way too long.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚
08:04
And just like in every language in the universe, once something is said very regularly, we
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎ่จ€่ชžใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้žๅธธใซๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใ‚’
08:09
find a shortcut or an easier way of saying it while maintaining the meaning, making it
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่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใƒˆใ‚ซใƒƒใƒˆใพใŸใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ€
08:15
easier to come out of our mouths and to be easily...
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ๅฃใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ™...
08:18
Much more easily understood by the person we're speaking to.
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่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็›ธๆ‰‹ใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:22
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:23
So, that's why the contractions.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅŽ็ธฎใฎ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
08:25
So, if you're going: "Why 'We will'?"
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่กŒใใชใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œใชใœใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:26
Because: "We will", just say it.
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็†็”ฑ๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€ใŸใ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:28
"We will.
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ใ€Œใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ†
08:29
We will."
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
08:30
Just: "We'll".
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ใŸใ ๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€‚
08:31
Much easier to say; meaning is maintained.
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่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏใšใฃใจ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒไฟใŸใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:33
Cool?
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ๆถผใ—ใ„๏ผŸ
08:34
All right.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:35
So, I've given you some examples, and Mr. E, have I helped you with the case of missing
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ใงใฏใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ E ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎๆฌ ่ฝใฎไปถใงใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ—
08:38
letters?
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ใŸใ‹?
08:39
"Yes, you have, James."
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€‚ใ€
08:40
He spoke.
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ๅฝผใฏ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:41
[Laughs] Yeah, I thought so.
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(็ฌ‘) ใˆใˆใ€ใใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:43
Yes, we do try.
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ใฏใ„ใ€่ฉฆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:45
So, you know what?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:46
Let's go to the board, because of course, we should actually see how well you understand
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ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใ‚’ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
08:50
the lesson.
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ใ€‚
08:51
Are you ready?
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
08:53
[Snaps]
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[ใ‚นใƒŠใƒƒใƒ—]
08:54
Okay, and we are back.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:55
Once again, Francisco, thank you very much; love my new threads.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ็งใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚นใƒฌใƒƒใƒ‰ใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
08:59
"Threads" means clothing in this case.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎใ€Œ็ณธใ€ใฏ่กฃๆœใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
So, I've got usually...
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏ
09:04
As usual, I have a little bit of extra stuff for you, like some, you know, masala, some
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™... ใ„ใคใ‚‚ ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใƒžใ‚ตใƒฉใ€
09:09
seasoning and flavours.
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่ชฟๅ‘ณๆ–™ใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใƒใƒผใชใฉใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:11
Then we'll have our homework and we'll have our little quiz before we go...
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆ ใ€่กŒใๅ‰ใซใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™...
09:15
Well, before I have to go.
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ใˆใˆใจใ€็งใŒ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ‰ใซใ€‚
09:16
So, I just want to mention with apostrophes, I'm just giving a simple lesson on the missing
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใŒๆฌ ่ฝใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
09:24
letters - when you see an apostrophe that sometimes indicates a missing letter, but
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
09:29
it also has another function, which is to talk about possession, and "possession" means
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ใใ‚ŒใซใฏๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ€
09:34
it belongs to someone.
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ใจใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
09:37
For example: "This marker belongs to me.
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ไพ‹: ใ€Œใ“ใฎใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏ็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
09:40
Its mine."
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ใ€‚ใ€
09:41
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:42
We have a lesson on engVid, I'd like you to go check it out, on possession and apostrophes.
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engVid ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๆŒใก็‰ฉใจใ‚ขใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใœใฒใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:47
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:48
But that's another time.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใŸๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใงใ™ใ€‚
09:49
But, here, here's something.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:51
For an example: "St. James's Park".
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ไพ‹: ใ€Œใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บ ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฏใ€ใ€‚
09:55
Not: "St. James Park", "St. James's Park".
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ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“: ใ€Œใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚น ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฏใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚น ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ฏใ€ใ€‚
09:59
For all you grammar nerds, check it out.
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚ชใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:01
And, yeah, there's going to be a link to why it says "James's" with two s'.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใˆใˆใ€ 2 ใคใฎ s' ใง "James's" ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใธใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:09
Go check that video out.
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ใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:10
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:11
Anyway, I want to go and do our little quiz, here, before I go on any further.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:16
Let's just check how much you've learned.
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ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ‹็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:18
We talked about contractions.
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ๅŽ็ธฎใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:19
I gave you several examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:21
I don't want to do the ones with the missing "g" because I think I said it to you...
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ†ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œgใ€ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“...
10:26
You'll hear it in songs, you'll see it in, you know, like writing in books or comic books
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆญŒใง่žใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€ๆœฌใ‚„ๆผซ็”ปใงๆ›ธใใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
10:31
or something like that, but it's not something you should make a formal writing of or put
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10:36
down on paper, but you should understand when someone says: "I ain't saying it's true",
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ็งใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใจใฏ
10:40
it's different than: "I'm not saying it's true."
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้•ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€
10:44
In "sayin'", the tongue goes up to the roof of the mouth; and "saying", the tongue goes
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ใ€Œsayin'ใ€ใงใฏใ€่ˆŒใŒไธŠใ‚ใ”ใพใงไธŠใŒใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใจ่ˆŒใŒ
10:49
down.
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ไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹ใ€‚
10:50
I think that was enough on that.
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ใใฎไธŠใงๅๅˆ†ใ ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:51
But I do think you should recognize these contractions because informal English...
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
10:57
Informal written English, you will find that it is written down a lot.
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ใ€‚
11:02
And you should understand it or be able to recognize it.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€่ช่ญ˜ใงใใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ ใ€‚
11:05
So, I'll give you an example, here: "I will have fries with my burger."
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใƒ†ใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:11
Now: "I will have fries with my burger."
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ไปŠ๏ผšใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใƒ†ใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:15
What would be the contraction, here?
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๅŽ็ธฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:21
Good.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
11:24
"I'll".
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"็—…ๆฐ—"ใ€‚
11:27
"I'll have fries with my burger."
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ใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฌใƒผใจไธ€็ท’ใซใƒ•ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใƒ†ใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€ŒI'llใ€
11:33
If you want to get the proper pronunciation for "I'll", here's what you do: Think of the
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ใฎๆญฃใ—ใ„็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:37
word "eye" and then "ll".
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ใ€Œeyeใ€ใ€ๆฌกใซใ€Œllใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:39
So, you go...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใ...
11:40
Say the word "eye" in your mind: "I", put your tongue to the top of your mouth: "ll",
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ๅฟƒใฎไธญใงใ€Œ็›ฎใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšใ€Œ็งใ€ใ€ ่ˆŒใ‚’ๅฃใฎใฆใฃใบใ‚“ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œllใ€ใ€
11:45
you'll go: "I'll.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่กŒใใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใฏ
11:47
I'll".
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
11:48
And that pronunciation is, like, native speaker.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:50
"I'll go to the movies.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ˜ ็”ปใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:52
I'll do it."
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:53
Cool?
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ๆถผใ—ใ„๏ผŸ
11:54
All right.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
11:55
Let's look at number two.
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2็•ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:57
"Where have you been all day?
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ใ€Œไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญ
12:02
Where have you been all day?"
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ใฉใ“ใซใ„ใŸใฎ๏ผŸไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญใฉใ“ใซใ„ใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
12:05
What would be the contraction for this particular sentence?
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ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ ๆ–‡ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
12:10
Yes: "Where've, where've".
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ใฏใ„๏ผšใ€Œใฉใ“ใ ใ€ใฉใ“ใ ใ€ใ€‚
12:20
"Where've you been?
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใซใ„ใŸใฎ๏ผŸ
12:24
Where've you been?"
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ใฉใ“ใซใ„ใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
12:25
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
12:26
"Where've you been all day?"
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ใ€Œไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญใฉใ“ใซใ„ใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
12:27
Cool?
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ๆถผใ—ใ„๏ผŸ
12:28
All right, not bad.
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซใ€ๆ‚ชใใชใ„ใ€‚
12:30
The next one: "I told her if she walked she would be late.
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎ๏ผš ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซใ€ๆญฉใ„ใŸใ‚‰้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹
12:38
I told her if she walked she would be late."
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ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆญฉใ„ใŸใ‚‰้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
12:41
What would be the contraction on that one?
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ใใฎๅŽ็ธฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:44
Yeah, good, good, good, good, good.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€ใ„ใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„ใ€‚
12:51
It's: "she'd".
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ใใ‚Œใฏ๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:54
Now, in pronouncing this one, think of the "e" as a very long e: "sheeee'd.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ ใ€Œeใ€ใ‚’้žๅธธใซ้•ทใ„ e ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: ใ€Œsheeee'd.
13:00
She'd be late".
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She'd be late.ใ€
13:02
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:03
Cool.
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ๆถผใ—ใ„ใ€‚
13:04
Not bad.
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ๆ‚ชใใชใ„ใ€‚
13:05
That's "she would be late".
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:06
Number four: "Those are not my shoes.
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4 ็•ช็›ฎ: ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎ้ดใง
13:12
Those are not my shoes."
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ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚็งใฎ้ดใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
13:15
How do we say this one?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใชใ‚“ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:19
Correct.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
13:22
"aren't, aren't".
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ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
13:29
And the pronunciation for this one was: Think of the letter "r" and just say "r", "r-nt".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฎ็™บ้ŸณใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Š ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€Œrใ€ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ€ใ€Œrใ€ใ€ใ€Œr-ntใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
13:35
"aren't".
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ใ€Œใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
13:36
So, "r-nt" and that'll be the correct pronunciation.
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ใ€Œr-ntใ€ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„็™บ้Ÿณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:40
So, try not to say: "aren't"; just: "Those r-nt my shoes".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใใ†ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใŸใ ๏ผšใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ็งใฎ้ดใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€.
13:44
And then what's the last one?
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ใงใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฏไฝ•๏ผŸ
13:46
It's a difficult one; I've used two.
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้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ 2ๆœฌไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:49
Let's see what you can do.
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ไฝ•ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:52
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:53
"I do not know if I would help him."
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ใ€Œ็งใŒๅฝผใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
13:58
That's a tiger; if you get the question wrong, it'll eat you.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใƒˆใƒฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:04
"I do not know if I would help him.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹
14:11
I do not know if I would help him."
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ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๅฝผใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
14:14
So, we've got two contractions and I've already given you two examples.
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2 ใคใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ™ใงใซ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:19
Figure out what this sentence should be, while I figure out to put a period at the end of
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใŒใฉใ†ใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
14:24
my sentences.
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ใ€‚
14:30
Correct.
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
14:35
"I don't know if I'd help him."
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ใ€Œ็งใŒๅฝผใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
14:45
Now, when you say: "don't" it's not a "don't"...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“...
14:49
How do I say this?
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ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
14:51
People will say things, like: "dun't.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‚ใ ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
14:52
I dun't know".
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ใ€‚
14:54
You have to say this "o" as in the long "o".
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œoใ€ใฏใ€้•ทใ„ใ€Œoใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:57
"Do.
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ใ€Œใƒ‰ใ€‚
14:58
Do-ra-me-fa-so-do-do-do".
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ใƒ‰ใƒปใƒฉใƒปใƒกใƒปใƒ•ใ‚กใƒปใ‚ฝใƒปใƒ‰ใƒปใƒ‰ใƒปใƒ‰ใ€ใ€‚
14:59
"I don't know."
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"็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚"
15:02
That'll make it like a native speaker, instead of: "I dun't know".
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
15:03
We don't say: "I dun't".
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:05
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
15:06
So: "I don't know if I'd help him."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŒๅฝผใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„.ใ€
15:09
Well, guys, that's pretty good.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:12
I hope you enjoyed the quiz.
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
15:15
I do have homework.
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ๅฎฟ้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:17
I hear you groaning or making noises.
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ใ†ใ‚ใๅฃฐใ‚„้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
15:19
Homework's good for you; it's like building muscle.
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ๅฎฟ้กŒใฏใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ญ‹่‚‰ใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:21
You work out regularly, you get stronger and healthy.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ้‹ๅ‹•ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใ ๅฅๅบทใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:25
And if you do it, you know, on a consistent, on a regular basis, you will get stronger
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธ€่ฒซ ใ—ใฆๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š
15:29
faster.
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้€Ÿใๅผทใใชใ‚Šใพใ™.
15:30
It'll make you feel good.
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ๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒ่‰ฏใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:31
So, this homework is really fun because...
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใฎใง...
15:33
[Laughs] I want you to watch the video again.
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[็ฌ‘ใ„]ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใปใ—ใ„.
15:36
I know, sorry.
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็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:37
"James, you speak so fast and you want me to do this twice?"
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚นใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ—ฉๅฃใงใ€็ง ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ 2 ๅ›žใ‚„ใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
15:40
I'm like: Yeah.
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็งใฏๅฅฝใใงใ™๏ผšใˆใˆใ€‚
15:41
But this time it'll be easier because you've already gone through the pain of listening
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ใงใ‚‚ไปŠๅ›ž ใฏใ€็งใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใŸ็ตŒ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™
15:44
to me one time.
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ใ€‚
15:46
But go through the video, re-watch the video and count how many times I used the contracted
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ๅŽ็ธฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝ•ๅ›žไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใฆ
15:50
verbs.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„.
15:51
See if you can pick out when I said: "We've", "I'll", and from all the examples, count them.
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็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ‚’้ธใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ™ในใฆใฎไพ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใพใ™.
15:56
By doing that-in case you're wondering: Why am I asking you to do that-I'm asking you
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใชใœ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ ผใ‚€ใฎใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“. ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸ
16:01
to learn how to focus on the sounds that I'm giving you...
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ใซไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹้Ÿณใซ้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ใชใŸใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ— ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
16:03
Giving you the examples so you can start picking them out in other forms of English or other
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ไป–ใฎๅฝขๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไพ‹ใงใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใพใ™
16:07
examples of English.
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ใ€‚
16:08
See?
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
16:09
There's a method to my madness.
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็งใฎ็‹‚ๆฐ—ใธใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:11
Anyway, listen, I got to go, so I'd like you to subscribe.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€่žใ„ใฆใ€็งใฏ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใซ่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„.
16:14
There's a button somewhere around here.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใซใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:16
Do what you have to; swipe, press, push.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒฏใ‚คใƒ—ใ€ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚นใ€ใƒ—ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ€‚
16:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
16:19
When you see that "Subscribe" button, press it - there should be a bell, please hit the
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ใ€Œ่ณผ่ชญใ€ใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŠผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ๆŠผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
16:24
bell.
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ใ€‚
16:25
That's important for you because that means, if you like this video and what I do, you
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใจ็งใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€
16:29
hit that bell and anything I do that's new will come directly to you on your laptop,
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ใใฎใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’้ณดใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚็งใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒฉใƒƒใƒ—ใƒˆใƒƒใƒ—
16:33
your cellphone, your computer, what have you.
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ใ€ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใชใฉใซ็›ดๆŽฅๅฑŠใใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:35
You know?
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ใปใ‚‰๏ผŸ
16:37
Anyway, please do so.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:38
Don't forget to go to www eng...
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www engใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„...
16:40
Oh, sorry.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:41
Dot, eng as in English, vid as in video (www.engvid.com) and do the quiz, because this is just a junior
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ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ engใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช (www.engvid.com) ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ vidใ€ ใใ—ใฆใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บ
16:45
version of the monster that waits for you.
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ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:47
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
16:49
Anyway, have a great day and I'll see you soon.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไธ€ๆ—ฅใ‚’ใŠ้Žใ”ใ—ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ ใ†ใ€‚
16:51
And as always, thank you very much for sharing your time and sharing with friends.
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ใใ—ใฆใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใ€ๅ‹ไบบใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†.
16:55
Ciao.
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ใƒใƒฃใ‚ชใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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