Assume or Presume?

182,782 views ใƒป 2012-12-30

ENGLISH with James


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
What's that? "Listening", "Letting go". I presume she knows what she's talking about,
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ใ‚ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ใ€Œ่žใใ€ใ€Œๆ‰‹ๆ”พใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:09
but...
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ใŒ...
00:10
Hi. James from engVid. This lesson goes out to Jen from Tennessee. She asked about the
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ engVid ใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ ใ€ใƒ†ใƒใ‚ทใƒผๅทžใฎใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ
00:16
difference between "presume" and "assume", and today, we're going to work on it. Thanks,
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ใ€ŒๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญ ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€
00:23
Jen, because as a -- actually, I like to think of myself as someone who likes to read a lot
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใ€‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€็ง ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ชญใ‚€ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ€ใ‹ใชใ‚ŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใชไบบใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„
00:28
and has a pretty good handle. "Handle" means, like, control of or knowledge of English.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใƒซใ€ใจใฏใ€ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅˆถๅพกใพใŸใฏ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใชใฉใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:35
I was just surprised when I was working with "assume" and "presume" how similar they are
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ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใจใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใ‚’ๆ‰ฑใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉไผผใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้ฉšใใพใ—ใŸ
00:40
and the differences. So let me help you today. All right, guys? Let's go to the board.
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใช๏ผŸ ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:45
"Presume" or "assume". Even a lot of native speakers make a mistake when using it. Actually,
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ใ€ŒๆŽจๆธฌใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใงใ•ใˆ ใ€ไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€
00:50
I'm kind of lying because they just generally use "assume" and don't bother with "presume".
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็งใฏๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
00:55
It's only usually used for formal occasions. But what does "assume" mean? Well, let's look
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้€šๅธธใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใชๅ ดใงใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:01
at the word. Mr. E, assume the position. As you can see, he has his arms and legs spread
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ใ€‚ Eใ•ใ‚“ใ€็€ไปปใ€‚ ใ”่ฆงใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใฏ่…•ใจ่„šใ‚’ๅบƒใ’
01:06
out. If you've ever done this before, boys and girls, you need to go home early and you
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็”ทใฎๅญ ใ‚‚ๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ๆ—ฉใๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃ
01:11
need a spanking. Your parents should raise you better. That means to bring you up better
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ใฆใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธก่ฆชใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ่‚ฒใฆใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ‚ชใ„ไบบใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ่‚ฒใฆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
01:15
because you're a bad person.
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ใ€‚
01:18
To "assume", to "take up". Really, we mean "to take", which means to go or to start.
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ใ€Œๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ใ€Œๅ–ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่กŒใใ€ใพใŸใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:25
If he assumed responsibility at the company, it means he started responsibility. He started
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ๅฝผใŒไผš็คพใง่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ† ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅฝผใŒ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚
01:30
to do something or she started, right? They assumed control. They took control at that
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ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏๆ”ฏ้…ๆจฉใ‚’ๆกใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใฎๆ™‚็‚น
01:35
time and started to be in control from then on.
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ใงๆ”ฏ้…ๆจฉใ‚’ๆกใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œไปฅ้™ๆ”ฏ้…ใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:39
Next, "position". That's a position. Now, sometimes people say, "Assume the position
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ซ‹ๅ ดใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ใ€Œ
01:46
in baseball. You're going to get down and get the bat ready. Assume the position." If
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้‡Ž็ƒใงใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚่…ฐใ‚’ไธ‹ใ‚ใ—ใฆใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:51
you're going to jail, assume the position. There's other positions you can assume, but
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ๅˆ‘ๅ‹™ๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎๅœฐไฝใซๅฐฑใ‘ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ไป–ใฎใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œ
01:57
that's for another time. Okay? So that's what we mean by "assume". And I should have explained
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ใฏใพใŸๅˆฅใฎๆฉŸไผšใซใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใ€ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
02:03
to start from "assume". "At" means away from evidence. Usually, when we assume something,
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ใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ในใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œatใ€ใฏ่จผๆ‹ ใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ้€šๅธธใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€
02:10
we don't have evidence. We think it's true. That's it. We just believe or think. We have
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่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใŸใ ไฟกใ˜ใŸใ‚Š่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:17
nothing to show us it's true. I assume the sun will come up tomorrow. I have no proof
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ ๅคช้™ฝใŒๆ˜‡ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใซใฏ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚‚่จผๆ‹ ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:22
or evidence. I just think so." Okay?
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ใ€‚
02:26
So that leads us to this one, "believe" and "expect". We just believe it, so we expect
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ ใ€ŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใซใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใŸใ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—
02:31
something to happen. It doesn't mean there's a reason for it to happen. It's just my belief
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ็งใฎไฟกๅฟต
02:35
and expectations. Okay? So, I believe I will be here tomorrow because, well, I'm here today.
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ใจๆœŸๅพ…ใ ใ‘ใงใ™. ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ. ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
02:42
Well, I'm here today. No proof, but I hope it'll be true tomorrow. Okay?
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ไปŠๆ—ฅ็งใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™. ่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ, ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใใ†ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
02:49
Another one for "assume" is "pretend". "She assumed the dead woman's identity." All right?
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ใ€Œassumeใ€ใฎใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฏใ€Œpretendใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏๆญปใ‚“ใ ๅฅณๆ€งใฎ่บซๅ…ƒใ‚’ๅผ•ใ็ถ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
02:57
"She pretended to be the dead woman." It kind of comes with "start". You start something,
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆญปใ‚“ใ ๅฅณๆ€งใฎใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎ ใฎใ€Œ้–‹ๅง‹ใ€ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™
03:02
but with "pretend", you continue to do it. So when somebody assumes someone's identity,
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใง ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃ
03:07
they take it on. So Superman and Clark Kent, "He assumed the identity of Clark Kent." Because
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ใ‚’ๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผ•ใ็ถ™ใ. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใจใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ฑใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ฑใƒณใƒˆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚’ๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใŸ
03:13
he's Superman, really, and he pretends to be Clark Kent. Cool?
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. ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
03:17
Another one, "think". Sometimes, people will say, "Let's assume this is true." And they
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฏใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใงใ™ ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ ใ€Œใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไปฎๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:24
mean let's pretend so we can think about it. Let's assume we're all rich millionaires living
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่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใงใ™ ็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใ€็พๅœจใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹่ฃ•็ฆใชๅ„„ไธ‡้•ท่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไปฎๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:29
in Brazil right now, and we're having champagne. All right? We're not because we're watching
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
03:35
this video. But let's assume. Let's think or pretend. Okay? Because there's no evidence
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปฎๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:41
to say anything opposite, we can just assume anything. And that's why it's used in more
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ๅๅฏพใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†่จผๆ‹ ใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ไปฎๅฎšใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š
03:46
informal English and used more regularly by English speakers.
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ใ‚ซใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงไฝฟ็”จใ• ใ‚Œใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ไบบใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™.
03:50
"Presume", though. "Presume" has a different meaning. But just before we get there, let's
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ใ€ŒๆŽจใ—ใ€ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใซใฏๅˆฅใฎ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ“ใซใŸใฉใ‚Š็€ใๅ‰ใซ
03:57
look at "assume" as a verb. Right? "Assume", "assuming". As a noun, we want to say "assumption".
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ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œassumeใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ€ใ€ ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ€ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:03
That's an assumption you made. You said something. You didn't have evidence. You just said it
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ซ‹ใฆใŸไปฎๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ ใ‘
04:08
was true. Now, let's look at the adjective. We can have "assumed". When you assumed something,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไปฎๅฎšใ—ใŸใจใใ€
04:14
you took it for granted. You just said, "It's just true." Once again, there's no evidence.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ“ใจใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŸใ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:20
You just said, "It's true." But if you can assume something, like you assumed I loved
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŸใ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใŒ
04:24
you, you just took it that I loved you, you didn't have evidence, and you didn't even
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ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ€ ่จผๆ‹ ใฏใชใใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ‚‚ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
04:28
care. That's what we mean by "take for granted". "Taken for granted" means you don't care.
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. ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€ใ€Œๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ“ใจใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šๅ‰ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
04:34
You just say, "It's true, and I don't care about anything else. I'm not going to put
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใŸใ ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎใ“ใจใฏใฉใ†ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™
04:37
the time or effort to even try to prove it." Okay?
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ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จผๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚„ๅŠดๅŠ›ใ‚’่ฒปใ‚„ใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:42
Another adjective meaning is "assuming" and "unassuming". "Assuming", in this case, is
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ๅˆฅใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏใ€ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใฏ
04:48
quite funny. If you use it here, it means sort of, like, arrogant, overconfident, and
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Š้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงไฝฟใ†ใจ ใ€ๅ‚ฒๆ…ขใงใ€่‡ชไฟก้Žๅ‰ฐใงใ€ๆ€ใ„่พผใฟใฎ
04:53
an assuming smile, because it's like, "I know." But remember, it's without evidence, so you
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็ฌ‘้ก”ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€่จผๆ‹ ใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆ
04:59
shouldn't really be assuming in this way.
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ .
05:02
The other opposite that's funny is "unassuming", which means "common" or "normal". "He had
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ้ข็™ฝใ„ๅๅฏพ่ชžใฏใ€Œunassumingใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€Œไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ้€šๅธธใฎใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๅฝผใฏๆŽงใˆใ‚ใช็ฌ‘้ก”ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—
05:07
an unassuming smile, like it's average and common. Nothing special. Nothing threatening."
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ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅนณๅ‡็š„ใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใตใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใ€‚็‰นๅˆฅใชใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚่„…่ฟซ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
05:12
"Threatening" means make you feel afraid. Right? "The house had an unassuming appeal
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ใ€Œๅจๅš‡ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€ŒใใฎๅฎถใซใฏๆŽงใˆใ‚ใช้ญ…ๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
05:17
to it." A common or normal appeal, so you might like it. One thing we use in English
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใพใŸใฏ้€šๅธธใฎใ‚ขใƒ”ใƒผใƒซใชใฎใงใ€ ๅฅฝใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใง
05:24
to actually explain "assume" is because it comes away, there is no connection with evidence,
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ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ้ ใ–ใ‹ใ‚Šใ€่จผๆ‹ ใจใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:30
we usually say, "Don't assume", or you make an ass, which is a donkey, an animal, or you
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้€šๅธธใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ ใ€ใƒญใƒใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒญใƒใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
05:36
make yourself stupid. You make an ass out of you -- that's you, the EngVid viewer -- and
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ๆ„šใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ EngVid ่ฆ–่ด่€…ใฎใ‚ใชใŸใจ
05:42
me. So don't assume.
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็งใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปฎๅฎšใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:44
So if you're not too sure of this lesson, make sure you go back over it again, and don't
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚Š็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ
05:47
assume you understand it until you've mustered it.
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ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ฟ’ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใ€็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„่พผใพใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:51
Now let's look at "presume". It looks very similar to "assume". In fact, they both share
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ใงใฏใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใจ้žๅธธใซใ‚ˆใไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ไธก่€…
05:58
in something -- truth. Right? Somebody believes something is true. In this case, you assume
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ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ็œŸๅฎŸใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€
06:04
without evidence, so you think it's true, but you haven't got any evidence to say it's
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่จผๆ‹ ใชใ—ใงไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:08
true. In this case, it's interesting. You think it's true because of something -- evidence
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ -
06:14
you had from before. Okay? When I said, "Here, the sun will come up", I assumed it would.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปฅๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸ่จผๆ‹ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใปใ‚‰ ใ€ๅคช้™ฝใŒๆ˜‡ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใใ€็งใฏใใ†ใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:20
I had no evidence. I didn't care. On this one, I say to you, "I presumed it would come
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่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸ
06:26
up because it came up -- it came up. It came up yesterday. It came up the day before, and
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ใซ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
the day before that, and the last hundred years it came up. Therefore, I presume based
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
06:38
on previous evidence."
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ไปฅๅ‰ใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:39
Now, remember, evidence from yesterday or proof doesn't mean it's going to happen tomorrow,
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใ‚„่จผๆ‹  ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
06:46
but it gives you an idea it might, and that's why we use "presume". In fact, in law, in
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซ ไธŽใˆใพใ™. ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใงใฏใ€
06:52
Canada and the United States and Great Britain, we say, "You are presumed innocent." That
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ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใ€็ฑณๅ›ฝใ€่‹ฑๅ›ฝ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็„ก็ฝชใจๆŽจๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
06:58
means until proven guilty. We believe you are innocent based on evidence from prior
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ๆœ‰็ฝชใŒ่จผๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ ใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฎไบ‹ไปถใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็„ก็ฝชใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
07:04
cases -- and that means before cases -- you are innocent until we have something opposite
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไบ‹ไปถใฎๅ‰ใซ
07:09
to prove you are guilty. Okay? "Presumed innocent". France is the exact opposite, by the way.
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎš็„ก็ฝชใ€ใ€‚ ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฏๆญฃๅๅฏพใงใ™ใ€‚
07:17
You're presumed guilty until proven innocent. So don't think it's everywhere in the world.
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็„ก็ฝชใŒ่จผๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใพใงใ€ๆœ‰็ฝชใจๆŽจๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไธ–็•Œไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏๆ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:22
All right?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:23
Now, you'll notice how I explain that, and it comes here. So look. "Believe until contrary".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œ ใฏใ“ใ“ใซๆฅใพใ™. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚ ใ€Œๅๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
07:28
"Contrary" is this fancy word that just means -- whoops. "Contrary to belief", I can't spell
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ใ€Œๅๅฏพใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€ŒใŠใฃใจใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎๆดพๆ‰‹ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€ใ€็งใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใคใฅใ‚ŠใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
07:38
English. I forgot the C-O-N. Sorry. "Contrary". It's a new English word. Welcome to EngVid.
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ใ€‚ C-O-Nใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚ "้€†ใซ"ใ€‚ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่‹ฑๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ WordPress ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
07:44
"Contrary". To the contrary. Okay? Yeah. So what happens is, as I said with the law, you
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"้€†ใซ"ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใจใฏๅๅฏพใซใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใจใ€็งใŒๆณ•ๅพ‹ใง่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
07:50
are innocent until we see something opposite.
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็งใŸใก ใŒๅๅฏพใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใพใงใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็„กๅฎŸใงใ™.
07:55
The next one is, if this is true, and this is what happens -- do you remember I gave
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ๆฌกใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ—ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ - ็งใŒๅคช้™ฝใซใคใ„ใฆไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:59
the example about the sun? Yesterday, the day before, it kept coming up. So then because
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ใ‹? ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ ไธ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ
08:04
of that, I have strong evidence, so I believe what I say is right. This leads people to
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ใŸใ‚ใ€็งใซใฏ็ขบๅ›บใŸใ‚‹่จผๆ‹ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ็งใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ
08:09
become overconfident, and in some cases, arrogant. Because they have some knowledge from before,
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่‡ชไฟก้Žๅ‰ฐใซใชใ‚Šใ€ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏๅ‚ฒๆ…ขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
08:14
they think, "Now I know everything, so anything I say is right." And I can presume, which
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ใ“ใใ€ใ€ŒไปŠใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
08:19
is to believe based on experience from before, everything is true. Well, boys and girls,
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ใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ็ตŒ้จ“ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆŽจๆธฌใงใ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™. ็”ทใฎๅญใ‚‚ๅฅณใฎๅญใ‚‚ใ€
08:26
most of us know now that if you go past your country and go in the water, you don't fall
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็งใŸใกใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ ๅ›ฝใ‚’้€šใ‚Š้ŽใŽใฆๆฐดใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ‚‚
08:32
off the edge of the Earth. A lot of people presumed this before because ships weren't
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ใ€ๅœฐ็ƒใฎ็ซฏใ‹ใ‚‰่ฝใกใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ไปŠใงใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใฏ ใ€่ˆนใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ†ใพใ้€ ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚‰ใšใ€่ˆชๆตทใ—ใฆๆถˆใˆใฆใ—ใพใ†ใŸใ‚ใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใฆใ„
08:36
built very well, would go sailing and disappear. So they would say, "A giant monster at the
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ใพใ—ใŸ. ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅœฐ็ƒใฎๆžœใฆใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅทจๅคงใชๆ€ช็‰ฉ
08:42
end of the Earth would eat people because we know from evidence they never come back."
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ใŒไบบใ€…ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ† ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒไบŒๅบฆใจๆˆปใฃใฆใ“ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จผๆ‹ ใ‹ใ‚‰็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:47
They know better now, right? But they were overconfident and arrogant, so they didn't
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไปŠใ‚ˆใ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ่‡ชไฟก้Žๅ‰ฐใงๅ‚ฒๆ…ขใ ใฃใŸใฎใง
08:51
even try to check if the facts were right. So be careful of "presumption". "Presumption",
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ใ€ไบ‹ๅฎŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ‚‚ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€ŒๆŽจๆธฌใ€ใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€
08:56
there we go. "Presumption" is the noun form of "presume". "Presume" is the verb. And if
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ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฏใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฎๅ่ฉž ๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
09:02
we go down here, "presuming" or "presumptuous", we'll notice these two words, which are adjectives
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ŒๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใŠใ“ใŒใพใ—ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒใ€
09:07
to describe something, go right back up to "arrogant" and "confident". I'm sorry, "overconfident".
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ใ€Œๅ‚ฒๆ…ขใชใ€ ใจใ€Œ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸใ€ใซๆˆปใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่‡ชไฟก้Žๅ‰ฐใ€ใงใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:13
I don't want to presume too much here, but I'm going to assume -- I know I have no evidence
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใŸใใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
09:18
right now -- that this lesson was pretty good for you. We're going to do a quick recap because
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆใ‹ใชใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ ใ ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™.
09:24
I don't want you making any assumptions on your own that might be incorrect. And our
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้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎไปฎๅฎšใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใฆใปใ—ใใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฎ
09:29
unassuming worm friend, he's relaxed, so he's going to give me a minute or two to do this
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ๆฐ—ๅ–ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใƒฏใƒผใƒ ใฎๅ‹้”ใ€ๅฝผใฏใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซ 1ใ€2 ๅˆ†ไธŽใˆใฆ
09:33
for you, all right? So what we want to remember is "a" for "assume" is away from "evidence".
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ใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใŸใ„ใฎ ใฏใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใฎใ€Œaใ€ใฏใ€Œ่จผๆ‹ ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:38
There's no evidence to help you to prove it's true. So when you assume something, you say,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จผๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
09:42
"I just assumed because nobody told me. I had no other evidence I had to assume." You
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงไปฎๅฎšใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใ ใ€‚ ไป–ใซไปฎๅฎšใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„่จผๆ‹ ใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
09:47
understand? "Presume" means "before". So if you presume, you should be able to show someone
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ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฏใ€Œๅ‰ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ๆŽจๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
09:52
some evidence that this is why you thought it would be true. "Presume" is formal, usually
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใŸ็†็”ฑใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใซ็คบใ™ใ“ใจ ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™. ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฏๅฝขๅผ็š„ใงใ€้€šๅธธ
09:58
used in law or medicine, right, where they have evidence and they can say, "Because of
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ใฏๆณ•ๅพ‹ใ‚„ๅŒป็™‚ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚่จผๆ‹ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ
10:03
this and this, I presume this would be true." "Assume" is commonly used. In fact, 95% of
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ใ“ใ‚Œใจใ“ใ‚Œใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆƒณๅฎšใ€ใฏใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸ้š›
10:09
the time, Canadians will say this, and they won't say that, even though "presume" is more
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ใ€ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ไบบใฏ 95% ใฎ็ขบ็Ž‡ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€ŒๆŽจๅฎšใ€ใฎๆ–นใŒๆญฃ็ขบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
10:13
accurate. You can test your knowledge. Where are you going to test it? Well, I want you
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ“ ใงใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€
10:18
to assume you're going to learn, right? And you're going to go to a special place called
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅญฆใถใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒengVidใ€ ใจใ„ใ†็‰นๅˆฅใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’
10:24
"engVid", and you can assume you'll learn something, expect and believe, right? And
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ๅญฆใณใ€ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใ€ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚ˆใญ?
10:30
then you'll start assuming the identity of an English speaker, yeah? I presume from there
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ๆƒณๅฎšใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰
10:36
-- well, I hope I'm wrong -- that you might start getting overconfident and arrogant.
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ใ€็งใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ่‡ชไฟก้Žๅ‰ฐใงๅ‚ฒๆ…ขใซใชใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
10:41
Don't do that, okay? Because if you do that and you presume too much, you might make a
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ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ—ใชใ„ใงใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆ ใ€ๆ€ใ„่พผใฟใ‚’ใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚’้ฆฌ้นฟใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
10:45
fool of yourself. See, that's going to believe up until something contrary happens, all right?
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ใ€‚ ใปใ‚‰ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ๅๅฏพใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใพใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:50
So that was a quick overview. And I need you to go to www. -- assuming you have a computer,
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ไปฅไธŠใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆฆ‚่ฆใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒwwwใซ่กŒใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. -- ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจไปฎๅฎšใ—ใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
10:57
right? www.engvid.com, where me, my fantastic worm, and -- I did it again, man. I did it.
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ใญ? www.engvid.comใ€็งใ€็งใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ ใƒฏใƒผใƒ ใ€ใใ—ใฆ - ็งใฏใพใŸใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€็”ท. ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ€‚
11:12
No "con", no "com". Oh, assuming I can teach English, you could probably presume I would
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ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใ€ใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒ ใ€ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ— ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
11:19
get these two right, right? Right. Anyway, you go to www.engvid.com, and then you can
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ๅณใ€‚ ใ„ใšใ‚Œ ใซใ›ใ‚ˆใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„่พผใ‚€ใฎใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ€ๆ€ใ„่พผใฟ
11:26
actually stop assuming and start presuming that you have mastered this language. Thanks,
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ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€
11:31
and I'm out. I'm going to work on ".com" and "contrary". And I assume I'll learn it by
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏๅ‡บใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ.comใ€ใจ ใ€Œ้€†ใ€ใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
11:36
the time I get back. ".com" and "contrary". ".com" and "contrary".
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ใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใพใงใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ.comใ€ใจ ใ€Œ้€†ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œ.comใ€ใจใ€Œ้€†ใ€ใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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