Learn English Grammar: Zero Conditional

125,746 views ใƒป 2017-03-07

Benjaminโ€™s English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hello. We're doing the zero conditional today.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ‚ผใƒญๆกไปถใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:05
It's a useful grammatical structure in English.
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ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไพฟๅˆฉใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆง‹้€ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:10
Perhaps it's used for, particularly to those who are rules-based people, who like knowing
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
00:16
that A is going to result in B. My little nephew is like this.
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ใ€A ใŒ็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆ B ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€็‰นใซใƒซใƒผใƒซใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใฎไบบใ€…ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅฐใ•ใช็”ฅใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
Hi, Alex.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€‚
00:23
So, we're doing the zero conditional. And this is about something that is generally true, like a scientific fact.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ผใƒญๆกไปถใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ไบ‹ๅฎŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:31
If I press the toilet button, it flushes. Okay? "If", condition, result.
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ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใฎใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ๆŠผใ›ใฐๆตใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€ŒIfใ€ใ€ๆกไปถใ€็ตๆžœใ€‚
00:40
"If I do", "If I play, this happens."
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ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ€Œใ‚„ใ‚Œใฐ ใ“ใ†ใชใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
00:45
So this is in present simple, and the result also in the present simple.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚‚็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
00:50
"If you heat ice, it melts." So it's like a scientific fact, it's like something...
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"ๆฐทใ‚’ๆธฉใ‚ใ‚Œใฐๆบถใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚" ใใ‚Œ ใฏ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ไบ‹ๅฎŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™...
00:57
This always happens in this same way. The condition always has the same result.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅธธใซๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆกไปถใฏๅธธใซๅŒใ˜็ตๆžœใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:04
Now, the result, this bit here, it can also be in the imperative rather than the present simple.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็ตๆžœใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒƒใƒˆ ใฏใ€็พๅœจใฎๅ˜็ด”ใ•ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคๆณ•ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:13
So, I've put a little example here:
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ใใ“ใงใ€ ใ“ใ“ใซใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’
01:16
"If you do..." "If you visit Devon,"
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ใฆใฟใพใ™
01:18
-a place in the southwest of England-"go to Chagford."
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ใ€‚
01:23
Where I was born. Okay? It's a great place.
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็งใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:26
So, it's like "go to", it's an imperative. I'm telling you to do that.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ่กŒใใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:32
So this is a structure of command.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใฎๆง‹้€ ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:37
"If you arrive late to my class again, you", and then I'm going to need to...
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ใ€ŒใพใŸ็งใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซ้…ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏโ€ฆ
01:46
"You will have to go to the head master." Okay? It's the condition equals the result.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ ก้•ทใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆกไปถใŒ็ตๆžœใซ็ญ‰ใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:52
It's always the same. So if you're late, you have to go to the head master. Okay? Condition,
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰้…ๅˆปใ— ใŸใ‚‰ๆ ก้•ทใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆกไปถใ€
01:57
result, always the same relationship between the two.
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็ตๆžœใ€ ไธก่€…ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏๅธธใซๅŒใ˜ใ€‚
02:01
Now, we can have a couple of different, alternative options here. Instead of "if" we could also
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ไปฃๆ›ฟ ใ‚ชใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œifใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ
02:07
use "when" or "unless". I've written that unless... You know when... When's talking
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ใ€Œwhenใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œunlessใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ ... ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใค็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
02:15
about time, obviously. But "unless" means kind of if not, followed by the condition
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. ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œunlessใ€ใฏ ใ€ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ใใฎๅพŒใซๆกไปถ
02:21
and result. Condition always in the present.
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ใจ็ตๆžœใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅธธใซ็พๅœจใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใ€‚
02:23
So: "Unless if not he proposes", obviously that's quite weird, formal English.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใƒ—ใƒญใƒใƒผใ‚บใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใงใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:32
The translation would be something like... Or the simplification:
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็ฟป่จณใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™... ใพใŸใฏๅ˜็ด”ๅŒ–
02:36
"If he does not propose to marry you,"-to propose to marry you. Would you like to marry me?-
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใ‚ใชใŸใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€-ใ‚ใชใŸใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆ ใ™ใ‚‹. ็งใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹? -
02:44
"refuse to go on holiday with him again." Okay? So: "refuse to go", there you've got
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ใ€Œๅฝผใจๅ†ใณไผ‘ๆš‡ใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใใ“ใซ
02:51
your imperative. Okay?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:55
Now, we can change the order and put the result before the condition, and throw in a bit of
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€้ †ๅบใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆๆกไปถใฎๅ‰ใซ็ตๆžœใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ—ใ€
03:04
"if" and "when" and "unless" right there in the middle just to mix things up, mix the
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ใ€Œifใ€ใจใ€Œwhenใ€ใจใ€Œunlessใ€ ใ‚’็œŸใ‚“ไธญใซๅฐ‘ใ—ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใฆใ€
03:10
bowl up. So, the result here is at the beginning.
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ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒซใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎ็ตๆžœ ใฏๆœ€ๅˆใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
"The boss, my leader, the person who is in charge is angry"
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ใ€ŒไธŠๅธใ€็งใฎใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผ ใ€ๆ‹…ๅฝ“่€…ใฏๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ -
03:22
-again, notice present tense-"when I dance on my table."
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใซๆณจๆ„ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ - ใ€Œ็งใŒใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใง่ธŠใ‚‹ใจใใ€.
03:30
Obviously, "when" could
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€
03:33
also be replaced by "if" there. "...if I dance on my table". So, "when" would imply that
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ใ‚’ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ... ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใง่ธŠใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€. ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
03:40
I maybe dance on my table quite a lot. But "if", I'm so scared of my boss that I don't
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ใฏใ€ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใงใ‚ˆใ่ธŠใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใ€ไธŠๅธใŒๆ€–ใ
03:46
want to dance on my table. And "unless" would change it, so you'd have to have probably
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ใฆใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใง่ธŠใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ้™ใ‚Šใ€ใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅˆฅใฎๆกไปถใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:53
a different condition there.
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.
03:55
"The boss is angry unless I stay seated."
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ใ€Œ ๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจไธŠๅธใŒๆ€’ใ‚‹ใ€
04:01
Okay, so let's just have another quick recap. Something that's generally true, like a scientific fact, like:
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใซใพใจใ‚ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„ใชไบ‹ๅฎŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„
04:09
"If I cross the road without looking, I get knocked over."
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:15
Sorry, that's what the traffic's like in London. Pay attention.
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ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใฎไบค้€š็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซ็งปๅ‹•ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ๅ‰
04:18
Look to your left, look to your right before it's
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ใซใ€ๅทฆๅดใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ€ๅณๅดใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
04:20
safe to go. "If", condition, result. Present simple, present simple unless we're using
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€ŒIfใ€ใ€ๆกไปถใ€็ตๆžœใ€‚ ๅ‘ฝไปค ๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใซๆ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใซๆ็คบใ—ใพใ™
04:26
the imperative. "You will go to Chagford if you visit Devon."
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใƒ‡ใƒดใ‚ฉใƒณใซๆฅใŸใ‚‰ใƒใƒฃใ‚ฐใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ‰ใซ่กŒใใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ€
04:30
And then we can mix in a
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ใใ—ใฆใ€
04:32
bit of "when" and "unless",
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใจใ€Œใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททใœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
04:34
meaning changing the positive, negative affirmation, so:
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่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใช่‚ฏๅฎšใจๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่‚ฏๅฎšใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Š
04:39
"Unless he proposes to marry you," blah, blah, blah, this will be the result. This will always
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ใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใ‚ใชใŸใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ€ไฝ•ใจใ‹ใ€ไฝ•ใจใ‹ใ€ ไฝ•ใจใ‹ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็ตๆžœใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—
04:44
be the result unless you do this. And then you can also have the result here and the condition here.
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ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅธธใซ็ตๆžœใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ ใ€็ตๆžœใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ๆกไปถใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซ่กจ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:50
The boss is angry if you don't do the quiz right now
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ไปŠใ™ใใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บ
04:56
and subscribe to my YouTube channel,
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ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใ€
04:58
and check out Exquisite English.
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Exquisite English ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใชใ„ใจไธŠๅธใซๆ€’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
05:01
Good night. God bless.
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ใŠใ‚„ใ™ใฟใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็ฅžใฎใ”ๅŠ ่ญทใ‚’ใ€‚
05:02
See ya next time.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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