Grammar: When is the past not the past? - BBC English Masterclass

118,332 views ใƒป 2016-08-22

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:12
Hi, Sian here for BBC Learning English. Today we're going to look at past forms - easy right?
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€BBC Learning English ใฎ Sian ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅ ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ - ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:19
We use past forms to talk about things that happened in the past?
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็งใŸใกใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ ใพใ™ใ‹?
00:23
Well, it's not that simple! We also use past forms when we're not talking about past.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉๅ˜็ด”ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใใ‚‚้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:30
Here are a few ways we do this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
Number 1: Listen to these two examples. Which one do you think my plan sounds less definite?
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1: ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็งใฎ่จˆ็”ปใŒไธๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹?
00:41
Number 1: I'm thinking of going to that party later. Or, number 2: I was thinking of going
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ใใฎ๏ผ‘๏ผšๅพŒใงใใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใใฎ 2:
00:48
to that party later. That's right. The second one is less definite.
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ๅพŒใงใใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 2็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:53
We use past here - I was thinking - to show that the plan isn't certain yet.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œ้ŽๅŽปใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ€็งใฏ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€่จˆ็”ปใŒใพใ ็ขบๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:59
I haven't made up my mind.
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็งใฏๆฑบๅฟƒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:09
Number 2: Listen to these two examples. Which one sounds more polite? 1. Is your report ready yet?
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็•ชๅท 2: ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธๅฏงใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ‹? 1. ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
01:19
Or 2, I was wondering if your report was ready yet.
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ใพใŸใฏ 2ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใพใ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ.
01:24
The second one, of course, is much more polite. We use past forms here - was wondering/was
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–นใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซไธๅฏงใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ/ใ ใฃใŸ
01:31
- to make the request less direct and more formal. You'll be surprised how often British
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- ใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆญฃๅผใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ—ใพใ™. ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใŒใ“ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้ฉšใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
01:37
people use this structure - we like being polite!
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ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:46
Number 3: Which of these two examples sound more urgent?
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3 ็•ช็›ฎ: ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใฎใ†ใกใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ็ทŠๆ€ฅๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹?
01:52
It's time to leave. Or It's time we left.
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ๅ‡บ็™บใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:57
That's right - the second one sounds more urgent. The first example just means 'we should
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ใใ†ใงใ™ - 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๆ–นใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š ็ทŠๆ€ฅใซ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€'we should
02:03
leave now': It's time to leave - the party starts in 20 minutes!
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leave now' ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™: ๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ - ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผ ใฏ 20 ๅˆ†ๅพŒใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™!
02:09
The second example, we use the past form. This conveys the idea that we should have
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒใ™ใงใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใ ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚’ไผใˆใฆ
02:15
already left! It's time we left - the party started hours ago.
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ใ„ใพใ™! ๅ‡บ็™บใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ - ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผ ใฏไฝ•ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅ‰ใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:26
Number 4: Which of these do you think sounds correct? I wish I have more time. Or, I wish I had
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็•ชๅท 4: ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ†ใกใ€ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใซใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€
02:34
more time. That's right. The first one is not possible.
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ™‚้–“ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
02:38
To make wishes about the present we use the past form - I wish I had more time. We're
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็พๅœจใซใคใ„ใฆ้ก˜ใ„ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใซใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:45
not talking about the past here, we're talking about an unreal present situation. You could
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ ใ€้ž็พๅฎŸ็š„ใช็พๅœจใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:50
also use if only. If only I had more time.
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if only ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€‚
03:00
Number 5: Which of these two examples sound less likely to happen?
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5. ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใฎใ†ใกใ€็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒไฝŽใ„ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏใฉใ‚Œใงใ™ใ‹?
03:05
Suppose you lose your job. Or,
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ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๅคฑใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€
03:09
Suppose you lost your job. That's right. The second one sounds less likely
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ๅคฑๆฅญใ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ 2 ใค็›ฎใฏ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒไฝŽใ„
03:15
to happen. We use the past after suppose or what if when we don't think something is likely
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฐ†ๆฅ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒไฝŽใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใจใใซใ€ไปฎๅฎšใพใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ไปฎๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใซ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
03:22
to happen in the future.
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ใพใ™.
03:30
That's it for this Masterclass. For more help with using past forms when you're not
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ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฏไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใใซ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•
03:36
talking about the past, go to our website bbclearningenglish.com.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ bbclearningenglish.com ใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:41
Goodbye!
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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