English Rewind - 6 Minute English: Does punctuation matter?

60,311 views ใƒป 2024-05-07

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hello, Catherine here from BBC Learning English.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ BBC Learning English ใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:03
Just so you know, this programme is from the BBC Learning English archive
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ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฏ BBC Learning English ใ‚ขใƒผใ‚ซใ‚คใƒ–ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใง
00:08
and was first broadcast in September 2016 on our website.
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ใ€ 2016 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆใซๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงๅˆใ‚ใฆๆ”พ้€ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:13
And now on with the show.
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ใใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
00:16
6 Minute English
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00:17
from BBC Learning English dot com.
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BBC Learning English ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
00:21
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚6 Minute English ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
00:24
And I'm Neil.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:25
So, Neil, you texted me earlier and didn't put a full stop at the end.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ…ˆใปใฉ็งใซใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’้€ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅฅ็‚นใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:30
You're right, I never use full stops in texts.
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ใŠใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ‚‹้€šใ‚Šใ€ ็งใฏๆ–‡็ซ ไธญใงใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆๅฅ็‚นใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:33
They're much too 'stuffy' โ€” or formal.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ใ€Œๆฏ่‹ฆใ—ใใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅฝขๅผ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:35
Texting is like conversation, you don't need lots of punctuation.
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ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใฏไผš่ฉฑใจไผผใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ ๅคšใใฎๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:38
Well, punctuation is the subject of today's show.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฎไธป้กŒใฏๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ“ใฎ็‚นใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ
00:42
And I know I'm a bit of a stickler about this,
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:44
but I think you're letting the standards of written English language slip.
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅŸบๆบ–ใ‚’้€ธ่„ฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:48
A 'stickler' is someone who insists on a certain way of doing a particular thing.
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ใ€Œๅ›บๅŸท่€…ใ€ใจใฏใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใŸใ„ใปใฉๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซ
00:52
Surely you aren't such a stickler for punctuation rules
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ใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
00:55
that you want to stop the evolution of English, Alice?
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๏ผŸ
00:58
No, of course not,
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:00
but I am a stickler when people don't follow the rules of punctuation,
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ใŒใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒ ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎใƒซโ€‹โ€‹ใƒผใƒซใซๅพ“ใ‚ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซ็งใฏใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:04
because this makes written text 'ambiguous' or difficult to understand.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใŒ ใ€Œๆ›–ๆ˜งใ€ใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€็†่งฃใ—ใซใใใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:08
'Ambiguous' means when something has two or more meanings.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใ„ใพใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎ
01:12
Can you give me some examples
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹
01:13
of punctuation making text easier to understand?
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?
01:16
All right then, here you are, "Let's eat Grandma."
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ใ•ใ‚ใ€ ใ€ŒใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
Urgh!
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“๏ผ
01:20
It brings to mind the children's story Little Red Riding Hood,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:23
about a girl, her grandmother and a hungry wolf.
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ๅฐ‘ๅฅณใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎ็ฅ–ๆฏใ€ ใใ—ใฆ่…นใ‚’็ฉบใ‹ใ›ใŸใ‚ชใ‚ชใ‚ซใƒŸใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็ซฅ่ฉฑใ€Œ่ตคใšใใ‚“ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ€ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:26
Is that the wolf talking to another wolf friend of his?
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ใ‚ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ชใ‚ชใ‚ซใƒŸใŒ ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ชใ‚ชใ‚ซใƒŸใฎๅ‹้”ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:29
No, it's the girl, Red Riding Hood, talking to her grandmother.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณใฎๅญใ€่ตคใšใใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:34
And with a well-placed comma, it becomes, "Let's eat, Grandma".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ฉๅˆ‡ใซ้…็ฝฎใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ใ€Œ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ€ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
Without proper punctuation, the sentence is ambiguous.
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้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใŒใชใ„ใจใ€ ๆ–‡็ซ ใŒๆ›–ๆ˜งใซใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:44
Now, before we look at more reasons why punctuation is important,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€
01:48
let's have today's quiz question.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:50
OK. What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’่กจใ™ใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰่จ˜ๅทใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ ?
01:56
Is it a) pilcrow? b) bodkin? Or c) pica?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ) ๆž•่‰ใงใ™ใ‹? b) ใƒœใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ็•ฐ้ฃŸ็—‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:02
Hm, I'll say c) pica.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€็งใฏ c) pica ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:04
Well, we will find out later in the show if you got that right or wrong.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ€็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:08
Moving on now, punctuation was invented by the Ancient Greeks.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏ ๅคไปฃใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃไบบใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:13
They used a series of dots to indicate different lengths of pauses.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไผ‘ๆญขใฎ้•ทใ•ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไธ€้€ฃใฎ็‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:18
A short unit of text was a comma, a longer unit was a colon,
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ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใฎ็Ÿญใ„ๅ˜ไฝใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ€ ้•ทใ„ๅ˜ไฝใฏใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ€
02:22
and a complete sentence was a periodos.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใฏใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:25
We used these terms to name our punctuation marks โ€”
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็”จ่ชžใฏๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใซๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€
02:28
although they actually refer to the clauses, not to the dots themselves.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ๅฅ่ชญ็‚น่‡ชไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ๅฅใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:32
So early punctuation wasn't really about grammar, then?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅˆๆœŸใฎๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:35
No, it was about public speaking.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไบบๅ‰ใง่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:38
The different dots indicated different lengths of pauses โ€”
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็•ฐใชใ‚‹็‚นใฏใ€
02:41
short, medium, and long.
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็Ÿญใ„ใ€ไธญ็จ‹ๅบฆใ€้•ทใ„ใชใฉใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹้•ทใ•ใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:43
These pauses broke up the text,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใŒๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
02:45
so it was easier to read and therefore easier to understand.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใใชใ‚Š ใ€็†่งฃใŒๅฎนๆ˜“ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:49
OK, let's hear from the punctuation expert, Keith Houston,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใ€ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใƒปใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒณใซ่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:53
who is author of Shady Characters:
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ๅฝผใฏใ€ŽShady Character:
02:56
Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities.
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Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiositiesใ€ใฎ่‘—่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:01
Here he's talking on BBC Radio 4's Word of Mouth.
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฝผใฏ BBC Radio 4 ใฎ Word of Mouth ใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:07
Punctuation started off being all about rhetoric, about speech,
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ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฏ ไฟฎ่พžใ‚„ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€8 ไธ–็ด€ใใ‚‰ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจ
03:11
but we started to assign rules, I think around about the 8th century or so.
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ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๅ‰ฒใ‚Šๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
03:15
We started to associate the marks, not just with pauses,
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€่จ˜ๅทใ‚’ ใƒใƒผใ‚บใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
03:19
but with the actual grammatical units they were used to punctuate.
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ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๅ˜ไฝใจ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:22
So, a comma wasn't just a dot that meant pause for this length of time.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎ้•ทใ•ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:27
It now actually marked out a clause, you know,
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆก้ …ใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€
03:30
it marked out a sort of consistent, logical bit of writing.
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ไธ€่ฒซใ—ใŸ่ซ–็†็š„ใชๆ–‡็ซ ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:35
So 'rhetoric' โ€” or the art of persuasive speaking โ€”
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใฎๆŠ€่ก“ใฏใ€
03:39
was very important to the Greeks and to the Romans.
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ใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ใƒญใƒผใƒžไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ‚‚้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
03:42
And to be persuasive, you need to be understood.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:45
And these little punctuation marks
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฐใ•ใชๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฏใ€
03:47
helped the speaker to deliver their text more effectively.
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่ฉฑ่€…ใŒใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
03:50
Later on, these marks were given grammatical functions.
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ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ˜ๅทใซใฏ ๆ–‡ๆณ•ไธŠใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:53
The comma marks out a 'clause' โ€”
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ€ใ€Œ็ฏ€ใ€ใ€
03:55
or grammatical unit containing a subject and a verb โ€”
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ใคใพใ‚Š ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ๅ˜ไฝใ‚’ใƒžใƒผใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹
03:58
as well as telling the reader to pause briefly.
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ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€่ชญ่€…ใซๅฐ‘ใ—็ซ‹ใกๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒ‡็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒ
04:01
Are you beginning to see why being 'sloppy' โ€” or careless โ€”
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ใ€Œใšใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใคใพใ‚Šไธๆณจๆ„
04:05
with punctuation isn't a good thing, Neil?
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ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใชใœ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
04:07
Yes, I am.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:08
Though recent research into texting and punctuation
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใจๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:11
suggests that people consider messages ending in full stops
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ไบบใ€…ใฏ ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใฏใ€ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ชใƒ‰
04:15
to be less sincere than ones without.
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ใฎใชใ„ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใซๆฏ”ในใฆ่ช ๅฎŸใ•ใŒไฝŽใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:17
Really?
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸ
04:18
Well, now might be a good time to hear about
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠใŒ
04:21
how it can be hard to make writing unambiguous.
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ๆ˜Ž็ขบใชๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใฎใŒใ„ใ‹ใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใ่‰ฏใ„ๆฉŸไผšใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใจใ—ใฆๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€
04:24
We can misinterpret the written word, even with punctuation to guide us.
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ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ชค่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฏ
04:28
Here's Keith Houston again,
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ใ‚ญใƒผใ‚นใƒปใƒ’ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒณใŒๅ†ใณใ€ใ€Œๅฃใ‚ณใƒŸใ€ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹
04:29
talking to Michael Rosen, presenter of Word Of Mouth.
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ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซใƒปใƒญใƒผใ‚ผใƒณใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚
04:33
Quite often I notice on Twitter and places like that people misunderstand irony.
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Twitter ใ‚„ ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒ็šฎ่‚‰ใ‚’่ชค่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:37
I mean, because we only have text in front of us, not intonation.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใซใฏใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใชใใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ ใ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:41
So, do we need an irony punctuation โ€”
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ใงใฏใ€็šฎ่‚‰ใฎๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
04:44
"Hello, I'm being ironic now" โ€” do we need that?
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ไปŠ็šฎ่‚‰ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใŒ ๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใซใฏ
04:47
You might say that emoticons are the best way to go about that โ€”
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒๆœ€้ฉใ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:50
a little winking emoticon โ€” you know, semicolon, dash, closing parenthesis.
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ๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€ ใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ€ใƒ€ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ€ๅณๆ‹ฌๅผงใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚
04:55
Oh, yes, yes, of course.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:56
They've invented all these using the punctuation that we have on the keyboard.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’็™บๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
05:01
'Irony' means using words
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚คใƒญใƒ‹ใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’
05:03
to mean something that is the opposite of its literal or most usual meaning.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚„ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใจใฏๅๅฏพใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:07
But when we're online using email or Twitter, you don't hear the words
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้›ปๅญใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚„ Twitter ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€่จ€่‘‰ใŒ่žใ“ใˆใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€
05:11
and that's why it can be hard to know what feelings the writer intended.
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ๆ›ธใๆ‰‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:15
Mm, that's right.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:16
When we use 'emoticons' โ€”
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ใ€Œ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€๏ผˆ
05:18
facial expressions made out of keyboard characters โ€”
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ใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ่กจๆƒ…๏ผ‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
05:21
we can signpost the feelings we intend.
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ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใŸๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
Now, Alice, remember I asked you what is another word for the keyboard sign
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒชใ‚นใ€ๆฎต่ฝใ‚’่กจใ™ใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰่จ˜ๅทใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ใจๅฐ‹ใญใŸใฎใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
05:28
that represents a paragraph? Is it a) pilcrow? b) bodkin? Or c) pica?
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? ใใ‚Œใฏ) ๆž•่‰ใงใ™ใ‹? b) ใƒœใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ็•ฐ้ฃŸ็—‡ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
05:35
Yes, I said pica.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ซใฃใฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:37
โ€” And you were wrong, I'm afraid. โ€” Oh.
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โ€•โ€•ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ - ใŠใŠใ€‚
05:41
The right answer is pilcrow, which comes from the Greek word 'paragraphos'.
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ๆญฃ่งฃใฏใ€Œpilcrowใ€ใงใ€ ใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃ่ชžใฎใ€Œparagraphosใ€ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
The earliest reference of the modern 'pilcrow' is from 1440
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็พไปฃใฎใ€Œใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฏโ€‹โ€‹ใƒญใ‚ฆใ€ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„่จ€ๅŠใฏใ€ 1440 ๅนดใซ
05:51
with the Middle English word 'pylcrafte'.
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ไธญ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ˜่ชžใ€Œpylcrafteใ€ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:54
Oh, oh, dear, sad face.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ€่ฆชๆ„›ใชใ‚‹ใ€ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„้ก”ใ€‚
05:57
I hate it when I get the quiz question wrong.
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใ‚‹ใจๅซŒใงใ™ใ€‚
06:00
Now, can we hear the words we learned today?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ็ฟ’ใฃใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹ ๏ผŸ
06:02
Yes, they are stuffy, stickler, rhetoric,
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆฏ่‹ฆใ—ใใ€ๅŸทๆ‹—ใงใ€ใƒฌใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€
06:07
clause, sloppy, irony,
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็ฏ€ใ€ใšใ•ใ‚“ใ€็šฎ่‚‰ใ€
06:11
literal, emoticons.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Šใ€้ก”ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:14
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ6ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใœใฒใพใŸใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผ
06:18
โ€” Goodbye. โ€” Bye.
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- ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
06:20
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
06:22
From the BBC.
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BBCใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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