Formal English and informal English - BBC English Masterclass

495,622 views ใƒป 2016-11-07

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, Sian here for BBC Learning English. In this Masterclass we're going to look at some
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€BBC Learning English ใฎ Sian ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใฏ
00:05
differences between formal and informal English.
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ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใจใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้•ใ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:12
Hey, how's it going? Good afternoon, how are you?
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ใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใŠๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:18
Sometimes formal and informal can seem like two different languages. In the same
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใจใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใฏ ใ€2 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่จ€่ชžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:24
way you wouldn't normally wear shorts and a t-shirt to a job interview, if you use language
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ๅฐฑ่ทใฎ้ขๆŽฅใง็Ÿญใƒ‘ใƒณใซ T ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใ‚’็€ใชใ„ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
00:29
that's too formal or too informal, you can give a bad impression. Let's look at some
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใ™ใŽใŸใ‚Šใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใ™ใŽใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰้ฃใ„ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใ€ๆ‚ชใ„ๅฐ่ฑกใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
differences between formal and informal English. Now, I received an email this morning. Have
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใจใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆœใƒกใƒผใƒซใŒๅฑŠใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:42
a look at this email - do you think the language is formal or informal - and why?
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ใ“ใฎใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ - ่จ€่‘‰้ฃใ„ ใฏๅ…ฌๅผใพใŸใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎใฉใกใ‚‰ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใพใŸใใฎ็†็”ฑใฏ?
00:50
Dear Mrs Brown,
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่ฆชๆ„›ใชใ‚‹ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณๅคซไบบ
00:51
I'm writing to find out whether you have any jobs in your company this summer.
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ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไผš็คพใงใ“ใฎๅคใซไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใใฆๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:55
At the mo I'm studying Economics at uni.
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็พๅœจใ€็งใฏๅคงๅญฆใง็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:57
I have been working part-time in a shop and recently they promoted me to the role of manager.
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ใŠๅบ—ใงใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅบ—้•ทใซๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:02
I am enthusiastic. I work hard. I pay attention to detail.
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็งใฏ็†ฑ็‹‚็š„ใ ใ€‚ ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใใ€‚ ็ดฐ้ƒจใซใพใงๆฐ—ใ‚’้…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:06
Ok, so that email used informal language and it's too informal for this style of letter.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎใƒกใƒผใƒซใฏใใ ใ‘ใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใซใฏใใ ใ‘ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
01:13
We're going to look at four features that make this informal and we're going to change
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ใ‚’้žๅ…ฌๅผใซใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใ„ใใ€
01:18
it to make it more formal.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
Number one: choice of vocabulary. In informal English we use more common words and more
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ใใฎ1๏ผš่ชžๅฝ™ใฎ้ธๆŠžใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ˜่ชžใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
01:28
phrasal verbs. For example here we have a phrasal verb: find out. It would be better
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ ๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
to use a more formal equivalent like enquire. Same with jobs, this is quite informal, so
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enquire ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๆญฃๅผใชๅŒ็ญ‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไป•ไบ‹ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชใฎใงใ€
01:40
instead let's use vacancies here. Instead we have "I'm writing to enquire whether you
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ“ใ“ใงๆฌ ๅ“กใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ใ€Œ็ฉบๅธญใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:49
have any vacancies."
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ใ€‚
01:52
Number two. It's more common in informal language to use abbreviations, contractions, shortened
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ไบŒ็•ชใ€‚ ้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่จ€่ชž ใงใฏใ€็•ฅ่ชžใ€็Ÿญ็ธฎ
02:01
forms of verbs. Let's have a look. So, here we have at the mo, which is short for at the
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ๅฝขใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฟใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใ“ใ“ ใซ at the mo ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็พๆ™‚็‚นใงใฏ็œ็•ฅใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
02:08
moment. This is OK when you're speaking, but not when you're writing. Here, we could use
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
02:13
currently which is even more formal. Same here, uni is short for university, so don't
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช currently ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใŒใ€uni ใฏUniversity ใฎ็•ฅใชใฎใงใ€
02:20
use this short form in a letter. "Currently, I am studying Economics at university."
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ใ“ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’ๆ‰‹็ด™ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็พๅœจใ€ ็งใฏๅคงๅญฆใง็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:28
Quite often in formal language we choose passive structures over active. Let's have a look
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ๅฝขๅผ็š„ใช่จ€่ชžใงใฏใ€่ƒฝๅ‹•็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:35
here. The active sentences they promoted me is quite informal - it'd be much better to
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ็ง ใซๅ‹งใ‚ใŸ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใ™ -
02:40
use a passive form here to make it more formal: I was promoted. So, "Recently I was promoted
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใซ่กจ็พใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ็งใฏๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใพใ—ใŸ. ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ€Œๆœ€่ฟ‘
02:50
to the role of manager." This doesn't mean don't use active structures in a formal letter,
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ใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใฎๅฝนโ€‹โ€‹ๅ‰ฒใซๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€ๆญฃๅผใชๆ‰‹็ด™ใงใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:57
but have a think about whether a passive one is more appropriate.
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ใŒใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–ใชๆง‹้€ ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ฉๅˆ‡ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„.
03:01
Finally, in informal English, short, simple sentences are much more common. Whereas in
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€้žๅ…ฌๅผใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€็Ÿญใใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใช ๆ–‡ใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใ€
03:09
formal English, we use more complex structures. Take a look at this one. Here
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ๆญฃๅผใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
03:15
we have three short, simple sentences and this is fine in informal English, but in formal
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ใซ 3 ใคใฎ็Ÿญใๅ˜็ด”ใชๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใช
03:21
English it's better to use a complex structure. We can do this by adding relative pronouns
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒ้ฉๅˆ‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใซใฏใ€้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉž
03:27
or linkers. For example, "I am an enthusiastic person who works hard and pays attention to detail.
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ใพใŸใฏใƒชใƒณใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใใ€็ดฐ้ƒจใซใพใงๆฐ—ใ‚’้…ใ‚‹็†ฑๅฟƒใชไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:45
So, would you kindly visit our website... ah, we're friends, that's too formal. Go to
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’่จชๅ•ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹... ใ‚ใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅ‹้”ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝขๅผ็š„ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€‚
03:52
our website bbclearningenglish.com for more information about this and to practise formal
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่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ bbclearningenglish.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ…ฌๅผ
03:58
and informal English. See you soon - goodbye!
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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