Grammar: More 'mistakes' native English speakers make - BBC English Masterclass

37,359 views ใƒป 2016-09-26

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi guys. Dan here for BBC Learning English.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ใƒ€ใƒณใฏBBCใƒฉใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:03
In this Masterclass, we'll be taking a look at three grammar mistakes that native speakers commonly make.
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ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใฏ ใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒใ‚ˆใ็Šฏใ™ 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:11
Now, as everybody knows, native speakers of
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏ
00:14
English speak English exactly the way that it's written in grammar books. We never, ever
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ใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ›ธใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใŠใ‚Šใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ
00:19
make mistakes... and if you believe that, you'll believe anything. Native speakers make
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“...ใใ—ใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใฏ
00:24
mistakes. It's normal. Now, before we continue, it's important to
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้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃๅธธใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ
00:28
understand that that these 'mistakes' are only 'mistakes' according to the standard
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ€Œ้–“้•ใ„ใ€ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชž ใฎๆจ™ๆบ–็š„ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใซๅพ“ใฃใŸใ€Œ้–“้•ใ„ใ€ใซใ™ใŽใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆ
00:32
rules of English, which don't allow for regional variation, personal choice or differences
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ใงใ™ใ€‚่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใงใฏใ€ๅœฐๅŸŸใฎ ้•ใ„ใ€ๅ€‹ไบบใฎ้ธๆŠž
00:38
in formality. So take everything that we say with a pinch of salt. Are you ready? Here we go.
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ใ€ๅฝขๅผใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ่ชใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ™ในใฆ ใ€ใฒใจใคใพใฟใฎๅกฉใงๅ–ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
00:49
A: Did you see the UEFA final? B: Yeah! It was quite a good match, innit?
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A: UEFA ใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒŠใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹? B: ใ†ใ‚“๏ผ ใชใ‹ใชใ‹ใ„ใ„่ฉฆๅˆใ ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:52
Now it's quite common these days to hear native speakers use 'innit' as an auxilliary verb
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใงใฏใ€ใƒใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ– ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใŒ่ณชๅ•ใ‚ฟใ‚ฐใฎๆœซๅฐพใซ่ฃœๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œinnitใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่€ณใซใ—ใพใ™
00:57
at the end of a question tag. 'innit' is a corrupted form of 'isn't it' and shouldn't
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ใ€‚ 'innit' ใฏ 'isn't it' ใฎๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:01
be used this way. Question tags are formed from auxilliary verbs which are taken from
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ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚ฟใ‚ฐใฏใ€ไธป ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธปๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ่ฃœๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝขๆˆใ•ใ‚Œ
01:06
the main tense of the main verb. In this case, because the sentence is in the past
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆ–‡ใฏ
01:11
tense using 'be', your question tag should be 'was'. And because the sentence is affirmative,
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'be' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚ฟใ‚ฐ ใฏ 'was' ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๆ–‡ใฏ่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชใฎใง
01:17
the question tag should be negative. Not 'innit', but 'wasn't it'. No!
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ใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚ฟใ‚ฐใฏๅฆๅฎš็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ 'Innit' ใงใฏใชใใ€'Was n't it' ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใ„ใˆ๏ผ
01:36
A: Look over their! They're dog has just stolen
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A: ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„!
01:39
that woman's shopping. B: Ha! There going to be so angry when they
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ใ‚ใฎๅฅณๆ€งใฎ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ็Šฌใ ใ€‚ B: ใฏใฃ๏ผ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•ใพใˆใ‚‹ใจใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ€’ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:43
catch it. Now guys, even though this is a relatively
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ใ€‚ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„
01:46
simple problem, it's so common that people make mistakes. It's a written problem not
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ๅ˜็ด”ใชๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ไบบ ใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:51
a spoken one because these three words are pronounced exactly the same. But don't confuse
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 3 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฃ้ ญใงใฏใชใ็ญ†่จ˜ใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
01:55
them when you write them down, OK? 'There' (t-h-e-r-e) is an adverb which shows position
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ“ใซใ€ ๏ผˆt-h-e-r-e๏ผ‰ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใ‚’็คบใ™ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž
02:01
of something. 'Their' (t-h-e-i-r) is a possessive adjective that shows ownership. And 'they're'
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ 'Their' (t-h-e-i-r) ใฏใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ ๆจฉใ‚’็คบใ™ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€'they're'
02:09
(t-h-e-y'r-e) is a contracted form of 'they are'. Be careful.
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(t-h-e-y'r-e) ใฏใ€'they are' ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚
02:38
A: Do you have the item what I ordered yesterday?
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A: ๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใŸๅ•†ๅ“ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
02:40
B: I don't have what you ordered, but I have something which you'll love!
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B: ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅฅฝใใซใชใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™!
02:45
Now guys, 'what' is a very useful word and it can be used to make relative clauses. However,
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€'what' ใฏ้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใชๅ˜่ชžใงใ€ ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:51
it's unlike the other relative pronouns: who, which or that. These three join with a noun
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ไป–ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™: ่ชฐใ€ ใใ‚Œใ€ใพใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰3ใคใฏๅ่ฉžใง็ตๅˆใ—ใ€
02:57
and are followed by a relative clause. 'What' actually means 'the thing which'. It is the
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ใใฎๅพŒใซ้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒWhatใ€ใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€Œใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:02
relative pronoun and the noun combined. So, if your sentence already has a noun, you need
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้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใซใ™ใงใซๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
03:08
to use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. Have a look here.
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'who'ใ€'which'ใ€ใพใŸใฏ 'that' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:20
Now, remember guys, spoken communication is often more informal and more relaxed than
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่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏใ€ๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใฎใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้žๅ…ฌๅผใงใƒชใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•่ฆๅ‰‡
03:25
written communication and it's far more important to be understood than to stick rigidly to
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ใซๅ›บๅŸทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้‡่ฆ
03:30
the grammar rules. Remember that no one, but no one is perfect - except me! See you next time.
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ใงใ™. ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ— ่ชฐใ‚‚ๅฎŒ็’งใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ - ็งใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ! ใพใŸใญใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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