BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'The natural world' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

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2024-02-04 ใƒป BBC Learning English


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BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'The natural world' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

217,615 views ใƒป 2024-02-04

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
6 Minute English
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from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:10
And I'm Neil. The 20th of July 1969 was a big day in history. Do you know why, Sam?
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ 1969 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ 20 ๆ—ฅใฏ ๆญดๅฒไธŠ้‡่ฆใชๆ—ฅใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใชใœใ ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ๏ผŸ
00:16
Wasn't that when Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon?
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ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ขใƒผใƒ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒณใ‚ฐใŒ ๅˆใ‚ใฆๆœˆใซ่ถณใ‚’่ธใฟๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏใใฎๆ™‚ใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:20
Right. But it's often forgotten that some of the most dramatic photographs taken
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ๅณใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใƒใƒญๅฎ‡ๅฎ™่จˆ็”ปใง ๆ’ฎๅฝฑใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠ‡็š„ใชๅ†™็œŸใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏ
00:25
on the Apollo space mission weren't of the Moon at all, they were of Earth.
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ๆœˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ๅœฐ็ƒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŒใกใงใ™ใ€‚
00:29
It wasn't until we went to the Moon that we really saw the size of Earth's oceans
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็งใŸใกใŒๆœˆใซ่กŒใฃใฆๅˆใ‚ใฆใ€ ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๆตทใฎๅคงใใ•ใ‚’ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใ€
00:34
and named ourselves the Blue Planet.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใŸใกใ‚’้’ใ„ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใจๅไป˜ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:37
Despite most of our planet being covered by water,
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็งใŸใกใฎๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏ ๆฐดใง่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
00:40
the ocean remains a place of unexplored mystery,
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ๆตทใฏไพ็„ถใจใ—ใฆ็™ฝ้ฏจใ‚„ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใชใฉใฎๆตทใฎๆ€ช็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿๆฏใ™ใ‚‹ๆœช่ธใฎ่ฌŽใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใ™
00:44
of sea monsters like Moby Dick, and the Kraken.
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ใ€‚
00:47
In this programme, we'll be diving into the deep seas,
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€ ๆทฑๆตทใซๆฝœใ‚Šใ€
00:51
seeing some of its strange sights,
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ใใฎๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใชๅ…‰ๆ™ฏใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ€
00:53
and, as usual, learning some related vocabulary too.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
00:57
But before that, I have a question for you, Sam.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:59
You were right when you said that most of the Earth is covered by water.
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ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ใฏๆฐดใง่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
01:04
But do you know exactly how much of the Earth's surface is ocean?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅœฐ็ƒใฎ่กจ้ขใฎใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒๆตทใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ ?
01:08
Is it a) 50%? b) 60%? Or c) 70%?
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a) 50%ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) 60%? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) 70%?
01:13
Well, it is called the Blue Planet, so I'll say c) 70%.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้’ใ„ๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€c) 70% ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:18
OK. I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใฏ็•ช็ต„ๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:22
The first thing to say about the deep ocean is that the rules of life down there
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ๆทฑๆตทใซใคใ„ใฆใพใš่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใใ“ใงใฎ ็”Ÿๆดปใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏ
01:26
are very different from the rules on land.
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้™ธไธŠใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆทฑๆตทใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
01:29
Sunlight cannot reach the very bottom of the ocean,
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01:32
a place between two and three kilometres down, known as the deep abyss,
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2๏ฝž3ใ‚ญใƒญใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซ ไธ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๆตทใฎๅบ•ใซใฏๅคช้™ฝๅ…‰ใŒๅฑŠใ‹ใšใ€
01:35
so it is totally dark and extremely cold
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็œŸใฃๆš—ใงๆฅตๅบฆใซๅฏ’ใ
01:39
and the weight of water creates massive amounts of pressure.
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ใ€ๆฐดใฎ้‡ใฟใง ๅทจๅคงใชๅœงๅŠ›ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚
01:43
This extreme environment is stranger than fiction,
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ใ“ใฎๆฅต็ซฏใช็’ฐๅขƒใฏ ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใงใ€ๆตทๅบ•ใ‚’็ชใ็ ดใ‚‹็ซๅฑฑๆ€งใฎๆธฉๆณ‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ็†ฑ
01:46
and home to things which seem to be from another planet,
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01:49
things like 'hydrothermal vents' โ€”
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ๆฐดๅ™ดๅ‡บๅญ”ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€ๅˆฅใฎๆƒ‘ๆ˜Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒ็”Ÿๆฏใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:52
volcanic hot springs which break through the ocean floor.
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ใ€‚
01:56
Oceanographer Alex Rogers joined an expedition
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ๆตทๆด‹ๅญฆ่€…ใฎใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒปใƒญใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚นใฏใ€ๅ—ๆฅต่ฟ‘ใใฎๆตทใง
01:59
which discovered a hydrothermal vent in the ocean near Antarctica.
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็†ฑๆฐดๅ™ดๅ‡บๅญ”ใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸ้ ๅพ้šŠใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
02:04
He told his story to BBC World Service programme Discovery.
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ๅฝผใฏBBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น็•ช็ต„ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚ซใƒใƒชใƒผใง่‡ช่บซใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่ชžใฃใŸ ใ€‚
02:09
Well, the first problem is actually finding them,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ•้กŒใฏ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:12
because they cover a very small area,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ็‹ญใ„ใ‚จใƒชใ‚ขใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
02:15
so it's literally like trying to find a needle in a haystack.
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ๆ–‡ๅญ—้€šใ‚Š ๅนฒใ—่‰ใฎๅฑฑใ‹ใ‚‰้‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:19
But when you do come across them, I mean, the deep ocean is food-limited,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซ้ญ้‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆทฑๆตทใซใฏ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใŒ้™ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
02:23
so life is quite thin on the ground,
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅœฐไธŠใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ้žๅธธใซ่–„ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
02:25
and then suddenly your camera just stumbles into this area
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ใŒใ€็ช็„ถใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใŒๆตทๅบ•ๅ…จไฝ“ใซ่ฑŠๅฏŒใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒใ„ใ‚‹ ใ“ใฎใ‚จใƒชใ‚ขใซๅถ็„ถ้ญ้‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:30
where there is just abundant life all over the sea floor and around these vents.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้€šๆฐ—ๅฃใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใ€‚
02:37
Alex says that finding these small thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean
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ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฏใ€ ๆตทใฎๅบ•ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฐใ•ใช็†ฑๅ™ดๅ‡บๅญ”ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
02:41
is like 'finding a needle in a haystack', an idiom meaning 'almost impossible to find
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ใ€Œๅนฒใ—่‰ใฎๅฑฑใ‹ใ‚‰้‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ
02:46
because the area you have to search is so large'.
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ๆŽขใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„้ ˜ๅŸŸใŒ ้žๅธธใซๅบƒใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใปใผไธๅฏ่ƒฝใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๆ…ฃ็”จๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆตทๅบ•ใงใฏ
02:50
Because there's no sunlight on the ocean floor,
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ๅคช้™ฝๅ…‰ใŒๅฝ“ใŸใ‚‰ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ ใ€
02:53
it's hard for plants and creatures to survive,
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ๆค็‰ฉใ‚„็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใใฎใŒ้›ฃใ—ใใ€ใใฎ
02:56
so forms of life are 'thin on the ground' โ€” there are only a few of them.
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ใŸใ‚็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใฏใ€ŒๅœฐไธŠใงใฏ ๆ•ฐใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€็Šถๆ…‹ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:02
Alex cannot find anything to film with his camera, until suddenly he nears the vent
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ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใฏใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใงๆ’ฎๅฝฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€็ช็„ถ้€šๆฐ—ๅฃใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใใจ
03:07
and sees plants and animals everywhere.
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ใ€ใ„ใŸใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
03:10
Here, there is more than enough, or abundant, life.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ€ๅๅˆ†ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ฑŠใ‹ใช็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:14
To picture a hydrothermal vent, imagine an underwater volcano.
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็†ฑๆฐดๅ™ดๅ‡บๅญ”ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ ๆตทๅบ•็ซๅฑฑใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:18
Billowing clouds of what looks like smoke
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็…™ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้›ฒใŒ็ซ‹ใก่พผใ‚ใ€
03:21
heat the seawater to a temperature of 386ยฐC.
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ๆตทๆฐดใฎๆธฉๅบฆใฏ 386ยฐC ใซ้”ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
This creates a warm environment of all kinds of weird and wonderful creatures,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€
03:30
including vent mussels, tube worms and blind 'yeti crabs',
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ใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆ่ฒใ€ใƒใƒฅใƒผใƒ–ใƒฏใƒผใƒ  ใ€
03:34
so called because of their hairy claws,
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ๆฏ›ใ‚€ใใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚‰ใฎ็ˆชใ‹ใ‚‰ใใ†ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹็›ฎใฎ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ„ใ€Œใ‚คใ‚จใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒ–ใ€ใชใฉใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กžใฎๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใง็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿๆฏใ™ใ‚‹ๆš–ใ‹ใ„็’ฐๅขƒใŒ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใใฎ
03:37
some of which get cooked because the water is so hot.
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ไธ€้ƒจใฏ ๆฐดใŒ้žๅธธใซ็†ฑใ„ใŸใ‚่ชฟ็†ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
What's amazing is that while these vents may be as old as Earth itself,
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้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ™ดๅ‡บๅฃใฏ ๅœฐ็ƒใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใใ‚‰ใ„ๅคใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
03:45
they were only discovered in the 1970s.
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็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏ 1970 ๅนดไปฃใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:48
So, are there more mysteries hiding in the deep ocean?
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ใงใฏใ€ ๆทฑๆตทใซใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹่ฌŽใŒ้š ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:52
That's the question BBC World Service's Discovery
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎ ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚ซใƒใƒชใƒผใŒ
03:55
asked marine biologist Kerry Howell. Here's what she said.
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ๆตทๆด‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใฎใ‚ฑใƒชใƒผใƒปใƒใ‚ฆใ‚จใƒซใซๅฐ‹ใญใŸ่ณชๅ•ใ ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:00
I have absolutely no doubt that there is plenty more to discover down there.
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ใใ“ใซใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ในใใ‚‚ใฎใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ€็งใฏใพใฃใŸใ็–‘ใ„ใฎไฝ™ๅœฐใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:05
It's really vast, I mean, it's quite hard to get your head around
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅบƒๅคงใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
04:08
how vast the deep sea is, and it is most of our planet.
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ๆทฑๆตทใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉๅบƒๅคงใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŸใกใฎๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅ ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
So, and we've barely scratched the surface of exploration of this unique environment,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ใ“ใฎ็‹ฌ็‰นใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใฎๆŽขๆŸปใฎ่กจ้ขใ‚’ใ‹ใ‚ใ†ใ˜ใฆใชใžใฃใŸใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:16
and if you think that vents were only discovered in the '70s, you know,
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้€šๆฐ—ๅฃใŒ 70 ๅนดไปฃใซ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ ใ‘ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:20
there's great potential for a lot else to come, I think.
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ไป–ใซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒๅคงใ„ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:23
We've only been exploring this environment for the last 150 years.
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็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใ‚’ๆŽข็ดขใ—ใฆใใŸใฎใฏ ้ŽๅŽป 150 ๅนด้–“ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
I mean, before that we didn't think there was any life down there at all.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใพใงใฏใ€ใใ“ใซ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏใพใฃใŸใ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
04:31
So, it's a very young science, is deep sea biology.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ่‹ฅใ„็ง‘ๅญฆใ€ ๆทฑๆตท็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:34
And so, there's, yeah, there's a lot more to discover. I have no doubt.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ†ใ€ ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ในใใ“ใจใŒใพใ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ็–‘ใ„ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:38
In terms of ocean exploration,
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ๆตทๆด‹ๆŽขๆŸปใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€
04:40
Kerry thinks we've only 'scratched the surface' โ€”
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ใ‚ฑใƒชใƒผๆฐใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฏใพใ  ใ€Œ่กจ้ขใ‚’ใชใžใฃใŸใ€ใ ใ‘ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
04:42
found out a little bit about something, but not enough to fully understand it.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅๅˆ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
04:47
That's because the ocean is 'vast' โ€” extremely big.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๆตทใŒใ€Œๅบƒๅคงใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ้žๅธธใซๅคงใใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:51
So vast, in fact, that it's 'hard to get your head around it',
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚่†จๅคงใชใฎใงใ€ ใ€Œ้ ญใง็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใ€
04:55
or 'difficult to really understand'.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:58
But how vast exactly, Sam?
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๅบƒใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
04:59
In my question, I asked how much of the Earth's surface is covered by water.
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็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ ๅœฐ็ƒใฎ่กจ้ขใฎใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒๆฐดใง่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:03
Mm, and I said it was c) 70%.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€็งใฏ c) 70% ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:07
Which was the correct answer!
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ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผ
05:08
Well, 71% to be precise, but either way, it's hard to get your head around
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ๆญฃ็ขบใซ่จ€ใˆใฐ 71% ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ„ใšใ‚Œใซใ›ใ‚ˆใ€ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€
05:13
or, difficult to fully understand.
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ใพใŸใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅ›ฐ้›ฃใงใ™ใ€‚
05:15
OK, we'd better recap the other vocabulary too,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไป–ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใŠใ•ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใšใฏใ€
05:19
starting with the idiom, 'finding a needle in a haystack',
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ใ€Œๅนฒใ—่‰ใฎๅฑฑใฎไธญใ‹ใ‚‰้‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ…ฃ็”จๅฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้žๅธธใซๅบƒ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใซๆคœ็ดขใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใŸใ‚
05:22
meaning that something is almost impossible to find,
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ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใปใผไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
05:26
because you have to search so widely for it.
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ใ€‚
05:29
If something is 'thin on the ground', there's very little of it,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ€Œๅœฐ้ขใซ่–„ใ„ใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:32
but if it's 'abundant', there's plenty or more than enough.
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œ่ฑŠๅฏŒใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๅๅˆ†ใพใŸใฏๅๅˆ†ไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚
05:36
When you 'only scratch the surface',
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ใ€Œ่กจ้ขใ‚’ใชใžใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใ€ใงใฏใ€
05:38
you find out a little about something, but not enough to fully understand it.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‘ใ—ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅๅˆ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:43
And finally, 'vast' is another way of saying 'extremely large, huge or enormous'.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œvastใ€ใฏ ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซๅคงใใ„ใ€ๅทจๅคงใชใ€ๅทจๅคงใชใ€ใ‚’่กจใ™ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
05:48
Unlike the vast oceans, our time is limited to just six minutes and it's up.
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ๅบƒๅคงใชๆตทใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใฎๆ™‚้–“ใฏ ใ‚ใšใ‹ 6 ๅˆ†้–“ใซ้™ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:53
So, join us again soon for more amazing adventures
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅ†’้™บ
05:56
and, of course, useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English.
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ใจใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ๅฝน็ซ‹ใค่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ™ใใซใพใŸ 6 Minute English ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:00
โ€” Goodbye for now! โ€” Goodbye!
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โ€” ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
06:03
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
06:05
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
06:08
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:12
And I'm Neil.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆš‘ใ„ๅคใฎๆ—ฅใซ
06:13
Have you ever made a snowman or enjoyed a cold drink on a hot summer's day?
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้›ชใ ใ‚‹ใพใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ†ทใŸใ„้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ ?
06:19
Slippery in winter and cooling in summer,
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ๅ†ฌใฏๆป‘ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใใ€ๅคใฏๆถผใ—ใใ€
06:22
ice is made when water gets so cold it freezes.
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ๆฐดใŒๅ‡ใ‚‹ใปใฉๅ†ทใˆใ‚‹ใจๆฐทใŒไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:26
But there's much more to ice than skiing holidays and cold drinks.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆฐทใซใฏ ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚„ๅ†ทใŸใ„้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉไปฅไธŠใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:31
Yes, in an exciting discovery, the James Webb Space Telescope
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚จใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใช็™บ่ฆ‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บ ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒƒใƒ–ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ๆœ›้ ้กใฏ
06:35
recently detected the coldest ices ever in outer space,
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™็ฉบ้–“ใงใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ†ทใŸใ„ๆฐทใ‚’ๆคœๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:40
something NASA scientists think could explain the origins of life on Earth.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ NASA ใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŒ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎ่ตทๆบใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•
06:45
For years, scientists have debated how life started on our planet.
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ๅนดใ‚‚ใฎ้–“ใ€็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŸใกใฏ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใง็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅง‹ใพใฃใŸใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝ•
06:50
Billions of years ago, long before the dinosaurs, animals or even plants existed,
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ๅๅ„„ๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใ€ ๆ็ซœใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏๆค็‰ฉใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใšใฃใจๅ‰ใ€
06:56
the Earth had a watery environment of oxygen-free gases and chemicals
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ๅœฐ็ƒใซใฏ
07:02
known as the 'primordial soup'.
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ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅง‹ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใ€ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹็„ก้…ธ็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใจๅŒ–ๅญฆ็‰ฉ่ณชใฎๆฐด็’ฐๅขƒใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:05
It had the potential for life to develop, but something was missing.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒ็™บๅฑ•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’็ง˜ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:09
So how did we jump from the 'primordial soup'
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ใงใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆ ใ€ŒๅŽŸๅง‹ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰
07:12
to the first living plants, animals, and eventually humans?
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”ŸใใŸๆค็‰ฉใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€ ใใ—ใฆๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏไบบ้–“ใธใจใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒ—ใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
07:16
And how does ice fit into the story?
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ใใ—ใฆๆฐทใฏ็‰ฉ่ชžใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้–ขใ‚ใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:18
That's what we'll be finding out in this programme,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใง็งใŸใกใŒ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€
07:21
and, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆœ‰็”จใชๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
But first, I have a question for you, Neil.
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ใงใ‚‚ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:28
We know ice is frozen water, but do you know the chemical symbol for water?
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ๆฐทใŒๅ‡ใฃใŸๆฐดใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๆฐดใฎๅ…ƒ็ด ่จ˜ๅทใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹?
07:34
Is it a) H2O? b) HO2? Or c) H2O2?
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a) H2Oใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) HO2? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) H2O2?
07:43
Well, I really hope I get this right. I think the answer is H2O.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใฏH2Oใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:47
OK. We'll find out or check if you're right later in the programme.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๅพŒๅŠใง็ขบ่ชใพใŸใฏ็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:52
Astronomer Professor Melissa McClure worked with the NASA scientists
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ๅคฉๆ–‡ๅญฆ่€…ใฎใƒกใƒชใƒƒใ‚ตใƒปใƒžใ‚ฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ขๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€ NASA ใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใ‚‰ใจๅ”ๅŠ›ใ—ใ€ๆœจๆ˜Ÿใฎ่ก›ๆ˜Ÿใฎ 1 ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹
07:57
who found ice on Europa, one of Jupiter's moons.
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ใ‚จใ‚ฆใƒญใƒ‘ใงๆฐทใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
08:01
Here she explains to BBC World Service programme Science in Action
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€ŒScience in Actionใ€ใงใ€
08:06
one theory linking ice to the beginnings of life on Earth.
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ๆฐทใ‚’ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใซ็ตใณใคใ‘ใ‚‹ 1 ใคใฎ็†่ซ–ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใง็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒ่ช•็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€
08:11
There's sort of these two alternatives
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ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚1
08:13
for how you could have had life arise on Earth,
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08:16
and one is that the very basic building blocks โ€”
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ใคใฏใ€ๆฐดใ€ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒณใ€CO2 ใชใฉใฎ ้žๅธธใซๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใ€
08:19
like water and methane and CO2 โ€”
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08:22
like, those molecules were definitely brought to Earth by ices in comets,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅˆ†ๅญใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ ๅฝ—ๆ˜Ÿใฎๆฐทใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅœฐ็ƒใซใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
08:27
and maybe once they were on Earth, then they reacted with either geothermal heat
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๅœฐ็ƒใซๅˆฐ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๅœฐ็†ฑใพใŸใฏใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ่ฝ้›ทใจๅๅฟœใ—ใฆใ€
08:31
or some kind of lightning strike to form more complex molecules.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ค‡้›‘ใชๅˆ†ๅญใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:37
Earth's primordial soup lacked the 'building blocks of life' โ€”
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ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅŽŸๅง‹็š„ใชใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใซใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใ€ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้…ธ็ด ใ‚„็‚ญ็ด ใชใฉใฎๅ…ƒ็ด ใ€็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช
08:41
a phrase describing the most basic biological and chemical units
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅŒ–ๅญฆ็š„ๅ˜ไฝใ‚’่กจใ™ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™
08:45
needed to support living things, elements like oxygen and carbon.
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ใ€‚
08:50
Professor McClure thinks these missing elements
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ใƒžใ‚ฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ขๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅคฑใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸๅ…ƒ็ด ใฏ
08:53
were brought to Earth in 'comets' โ€” large bright balls of dirt and ice
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ใ€Œๅฝ—ๆ˜Ÿใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅฎ‡ๅฎ™็ฉบ้–“ใงๅคช้™ฝใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅœŸใจๆฐทใฎๅคงใใชๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„็ƒใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅœฐ็ƒใซใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹
08:58
which travel around the Sun in outer space.
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ใ€‚ ๆ•ฐๅๅ„„ๅนดๅ‰ใซ
09:01
It's possible that when comets hit Earth billions of years ago,
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ๅฝ—ๆ˜ŸใŒๅœฐ็ƒใซ่ก็ชใ—ใŸใจใ ใ€
09:06
elements in the ice were scattered and struck by 'lightning' โ€”
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ๆฐทใฎไธญใฎๅ…ƒ็ด ใŒ ้ฃ›ๆ•ฃใ—ใ€ๅคงๆฐ—ไธญใ‚’ๅ‹•ใ้›ปๆฐ—ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„้–ƒๅ…‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ็จฒๅฆปใ€ใซๆ‰“ใŸใ‚ŒใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
09:09
a bright flash of light produced by electricity moving in the atmosphere.
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ใ€‚
09:14
This resulted in the complex molecules needed for life on Earth.
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใซๅฟ…่ฆใช่ค‡้›‘ใชๅˆ†ๅญใŒ่ช•็”Ÿใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:19
Exactly how this happened is not known,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใฏๆญฃ็ขบใซใฏไธๆ˜Žใงใ™
09:21
but it involves 'biomolecules', molecules like DNA which are found in living things.
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œ็”Ÿไฝ“ๅˆ†ๅญใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฎไธญใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹DNAใชใฉใฎๅˆ†ๅญใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:27
Ice is not a biomolecule, but when it mixes with carbon,
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ๆฐทใฏ็”Ÿไฝ“ๅˆ†ๅญใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€็‚ญ็ด ใจๆททๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
09:32
the atoms in ice molecules change to produce complex molecules
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ๆฐทๅˆ†ๅญๅ†…ใฎๅŽŸๅญใŒ ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆ่ค‡้›‘ใชๅˆ†ๅญใŒ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œ
09:37
and that's when interesting things start to happen.
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ใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ“ใจใŒ ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:40
Here's Professor McClure again,
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09:42
explaining more to BBC World Service's Science in Action.
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BBC World Service ใฎ Science in Action ใงใƒžใ‚ฏใƒซใƒผใ‚ขๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒๅ†ใณ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:47
If they have a carbon atom in them then they're complex organic molecules,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซ็‚ญ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆœ‰ๆฉŸๅˆ†ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹
09:50
so things like very simple alcohols, like methanol or ethanol,
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚„ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใชใฉใฎ้žๅธธใซๅ˜็ด”ใชใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ€
09:54
like what you would drink, are complex organic molecules
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆœ‰ๆฉŸๅˆ†ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
09:58
and these molecules could react and start a sort of a reaction chain
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅˆ†ๅญใฏๅๅฟœใ—ใฆ ไธ€็จฎใฎๅๅฟœใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:03
that would eventually lead to something like a biomolecule.
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏ ็”Ÿไฝ“ๅˆ†ๅญใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹้Ž–ใ€‚
10:08
Ice can react with other elements to create 'organic' molecules,
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ๆฐทใฏไป–ใฎๅ…ƒ็ด ใจๅๅฟœใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ‚„ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใชใฉใฎ ใ€Œๆœ‰ๆฉŸใ€ๅˆ†ๅญใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:12
for example the alcohol, methanol.
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ใ€‚
10:15
Here, the adjective 'organic' means 'related to living plants and animals'.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฌใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็”ŸใใŸๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:20
That's different from how we use the word to talk about โ€˜organic food',
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ€ŒไบบๅทฅๅŒ–ๅญฆ็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆ ฝๅŸนใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„้ฃŸๅ“ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฌใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ้ฃŸๅ“ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใ‚‹ใจใใซ็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™
10:25
meaning 'food that hasn't been grown using artificial chemicals'.
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ใ€‚ ็†่ซ–ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹
10:29
When these organic molecules met the primordial soup, so the theory goes,
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ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸๅˆ†ๅญใŒ ๅŽŸๅง‹ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใจๅ‡บไผšใ†ใจใ€
10:34
it produced a 'chain reaction' โ€”
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ใ€Œ้€ฃ้Ž–ๅๅฟœใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ‚ใ‚‹
10:37
a series of chemical reactions in which one change causes another.
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ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒๅˆฅใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ไธ€้€ฃใฎๅŒ–ๅญฆๅๅฟœใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ€‚
10:42
It was this chain reaction which created the first living cells
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ใ“ใฎ้€ฃ้Ž–ๅๅฟœใŒ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”ŸใใŸ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—
10:46
and eventually, humans.
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ใ€ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใฏไบบ้–“ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:49
Quite impressive for a little piece of frozen water!
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ๅฐใ•ใชๅ‡ใฃใŸๆฐดใจใ—ใฆใฏ้žๅธธใซๅฐ่ฑก็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:52
Speaking of water, Sam,
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ๆฐดใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ๆฐดใฎๅ…ƒ็ด ่จ˜ๅทใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ
10:53
what was the answer to your question about the chemical symbol for water?
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่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใŸใ‹ ?
10:57
I said it was H2O.
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H2Oใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:00
Which was the right answer, Neil!
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ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ—ใŸใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ
11:03
Each molecule of water, and ice, contains two atoms of H, that's hydrogen,
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ๆฐดใจๆฐทใฎๅ„ๅˆ†ๅญใซใฏใ€1 ใคใฎ ้…ธ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใจ็ตๅˆใ—ใŸ 2 ใคใฎ H (ๆฐด็ด ) ๅŽŸๅญใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
11:09
joined to one atom of oxygen.
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ใ€‚
11:11
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned from the programme,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ็•ช็ต„ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
11:15
starting with 'primordial soup' โ€” the environment on Earth
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ใพใšใ€ŒๅŽŸๅง‹ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆกไปถใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€
11:19
before there were any plants or animals, which created the conditions for life.
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ๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใฎๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใงใ™ ใ€‚
11:24
The phrase the 'building blocks of life'
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ใ€Œ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใฏใ€็”ŸใใŸๅ‹•ๆค็‰ฉใ‚’ๆ”ฏใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช
11:26
refers to the most basic biological and chemical units
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅŒ–ๅญฆ็š„ๅ˜ไฝใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™
11:30
needed to support living plants and animals.
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ใ€‚
11:32
A 'comet' is a large object travelling in space
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ใ€Œๅฝ—ๆ˜Ÿใ€ใฏ
11:36
which orbits the sun and has a bright, burning tail.
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ๅคช้™ฝใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’ๅ›žใ‚Šใ€ ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ็‡ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฐพใ‚’ๆŒใคๅฎ‡ๅฎ™็ฉบ้–“ใ‚’็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ๅคงใใช็‰ฉไฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:40
'Lightning' is a flash of bright light
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ใ€Œ็จฒๅฆปใ€ใฏใ€
11:42
produced by electricity moving in the atmosphere.
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ๅคงๆฐ—ไธญใ‚’็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๆฐ—ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ๅ…‰ใฎ้–ƒๅ…‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:45
The adjective 'organic' means relating to living plants and animals.
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฌใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€ ็”ŸใใŸๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:50
And โ€˜organic food' means food which has been grown without using chemicals.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฌใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ้ฃŸๅ“ใ€ใจใฏ ๅŒ–ๅญฆ่–ฌๅ“ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใšใซๆ ฝๅŸนใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้ฃŸๅ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:54
And finally, a 'chain reaction' is a series of chemical reactions
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ้€ฃ้Ž–ๅๅฟœใ€ใจใฏใ€
11:58
in which one change causes another, which in turn, causes another.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒๅˆฅใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒๅˆฅใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ไธ€้€ฃใฎๅŒ–ๅญฆๅๅฟœใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
12:03
Once again, our six minutes are up.
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
12:05
โ€” Goodbye! โ€” Bye-bye!
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- ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚ค๏ผ
12:07
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
12:09
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
12:13
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:17
And I'm Roy.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒญใ‚คใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅตใ‚’็”ฃใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใซๅทใ‚’
12:19
Whether it's salmon swimming upriver to lay their eggs
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้กใ‚‹ใ‚ตใ‚ฑใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
12:23
or cheetahs running faster than a car,
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่ปŠใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚‹ใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚Œใ€
12:26
animals can do incredible things with their bodies.
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:30
Human bodies are no less incredible โ€” just think of Olympic swimmers and sprinters.
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ไบบ้–“ใฎไฝ“ใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใซไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎๆฐดๆณณ้ธๆ‰‹ใ‚„็Ÿญ่ท้›ข่ตฐ่€…ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:35
Our bodies work using just the energy provided by what we eat.
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็งใŸใกใฎไฝ“ใฏใ€้ฃŸในใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ ใ‘ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๅƒใใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:40
This means that the human body has to be incredibly efficient,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ไบบไฝ“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘
12:44
using as little energy as possible to do what it needs to.
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ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใปใฉๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:48
Yet even with our efficient bodies,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฎๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒ”ใ‚ชใƒณใงใ•ใˆใ‚‚
12:51
no-one can run as fast a cheetah, not even Olympic champions!
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ใ€ใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
12:57
In this programme, we'll be asking exactly how efficient is the human body?
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€ ไบบ้–“ใฎไฝ“ใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚
13:03
We'll be comparing human bodies' performance against each other,
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ไบบ้–“ใฎไฝ“ใฎ ใƒ‘ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒณใ‚นใ‚’็›ธไบ’ใซๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใ€
13:06
and against some animals too.
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ใพใŸไธ€้ƒจใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใจใ‚‚ๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:08
And, of course, we'll be learning some new and useful vocabulary as well.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ๆ–ฐใ—ใใฆๅฝน็ซ‹ใค่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
13:13
But before that, I have a question for you, Roy.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ ใƒญใ‚คใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:16
Efficiency involves an input and an output.
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ๅŠน็Ž‡ใซใฏ ใ‚คใƒณใƒ—ใƒƒใƒˆใจใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใƒ—ใƒƒใƒˆใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:19
Itโ€˜s about the relationship between the amount of energy coming in โ€”
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ้‡ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
13:24
in other words, the food we eat โ€” and the amount of the energy going out โ€”
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็งใŸใกใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‹้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใจใ€ ๅ‡บใฆใ„ใใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใฎ้‡ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๆ—ฅๅธธ็”Ÿๆดปใฎ
13:29
the usual movements and activities of day-to-day life.
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้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•ใใ‚„ๆดปๅ‹•ใจใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ ใ€‚
13:33
So, according to this definition, which animal is the most efficient?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฎš็พฉใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใฉใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
13:38
Is it a) an ant? b) a whale? Or c) a human?
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a๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒชใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) ใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฉ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:45
Humans are the most efficient animal.
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ไบบ้–“ใฏๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
13:47
OK, Roy. I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใƒญใ‚คใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใฏ็•ช็ต„ๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ไบบไฝ“ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใซใคใ„ใฆ
13:51
To find out more about how the human body works,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ฉณใ—ใ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใซใฏ ใ€
13:54
it's helpful to know how our species evolved.
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็งใŸใกใฎ็จฎใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‡ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฏๅคงๅญฆใฎ
13:58
Here's Herman Pontzer,
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13:59
Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at Duke University,
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้€ฒๅŒ–ไบบ้กžๅญฆๆ•™ๆŽˆใƒใƒผใƒžใƒณใƒปใƒใƒณใƒ„ใ‚กใƒผใŒ ใ€
14:03
speaking with BBC World Service programme CrowdScience.
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BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒ‰ใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใ€ใง่ฌ›ๆผ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
14:08
Humans are remarkably efficient. We walk on two very straight legs.
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ไบบ้–“ใฏ้ฉšใใปใฉๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏใพใฃใ™ใใชไบŒๆœฌ่ถณใงๆญฉใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:13
If a human stands next to a dog, for example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐไบบ้–“ใŒ็Šฌใฎ้šฃใซ็ซ‹ใคใจใ€
14:15
the dog has got that funny bent classic dogleg shape, right?
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ใใฎ็Šฌใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๅคๅ…ธ ็š„ใชใใฎๅญ—ใฎๅฝขใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
14:18
And that crouched posture is really typical of most animals.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใฎใ—ใ‚ƒใŒใ‚“ใ ๅงฟๅ‹ขใฏ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใซๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
14:22
Humans have a very straight leg,
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ไบบ้–“ใฎ่„šใฏ้žๅธธใซใพใฃใ™ใใงใ€
14:24
and so because of that, and because our legs are pretty long for our body size โ€”
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ใใฎใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€ใพใŸ ไฝ“ใฎๅคงใใ•ใซๆฏ”ในใฆ่„šใŒใ‹ใชใ‚Š้•ทใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€
14:28
humans are part of the ape family โ€” we're quite efficient.
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ไบบ้–“ใฏ้กžไบบ็Œฟใฎไธ€ๅ“กใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ้žๅธธใซๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:30
Humans are apes, and evolved from the same origin as gorillas and chimpanzees.
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ไบบ้–“ใฏ้กžไบบ็Œฟใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใ‚„ใƒใƒณใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ธใƒผใจๅŒใ˜่ตทๆบใ‹ใ‚‰้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
14:36
One big difference, however, is that humans walk upright on straight legs,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ไบบ้–“ใฏใพใฃใ™ใใช่ถณใง็›ด็ซ‹ใ—ใฆๆญฉใใฎใซๅฏพใ—ใ€
14:41
whereas most animals are 'crouched' โ€”
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏใ€Œใ—ใ‚ƒใŒใ‚“ใงใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
14:44
bent over at the knee and leaning forwards to the ground.
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่†ใ‚’ๆ›ฒใ’ใฆ ๅœฐ้ขใซๅ‰ใ‹ใŒใฟใซใชใฃใฆๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:48
This crouched posture is not an efficient way to move.
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ใ“ใฎไธญ่…ฐใฎๅงฟๅ‹ขใฏ ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชๅ‹•ใๆ–นใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:52
Other animals, like dogs, have flat backs
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็Šฌใชใฉใฎไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏใ€ๅนณใ‚‰ใช่ƒŒไธญใ‚’ๆŒใก
14:55
and move on four bent legs called 'doglegs' โ€”
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ใ€ ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฐใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€
14:59
something bent in the shape of a dog's leg.
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็Šฌใฎ่ถณใฎๅฝขใซๆ›ฒใŒใฃใŸ4ๆœฌใฎๆ›ฒใŒใฃใŸ่ถณใง็งปๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:03
The word 'dogleg' can also mean a sharp bend in a road or path.
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ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฐใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ ้“่ทฏใ‚„ๅฐ้“ใฎๆ€ฅใชๆ›ฒใŒใ‚Šใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:08
So, the design of the human body makes it efficient compared to some other animals โ€”
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไบบ้–“ใฎ่บซไฝ“ใฏ ไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใซๆฏ”ในใฆๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
15:14
but how do humans compare with each other?
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ใŒใ€ไบบ้–“ใฏไป–ใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใจใฉใ†้•ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ็งใŸใกใฎๅคšใใŒใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใฃใฆ่ตฐใ‚‹ใฎใซ่‹ฆๅŠดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไธญใ€
15:17
How do Kenyan athletes break long-distance running records,
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ใ‚ฑใƒ‹ใ‚ขใฎใ‚ขใ‚นใƒชใƒผใƒˆใŸใกใฏใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ ้•ท่ท้›ข่ตฐใฎ่จ˜้Œฒใ‚’็ ดใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
15:21
while many of us struggle to run for the bus?
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๏ผŸ
15:24
The main reason, according to Loughborough University physiologist Rhona Pearce
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ใƒฉใƒ•ใƒใƒฉใƒผๅคงๅญฆใฎ็”Ÿ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใƒญใƒผใƒŠใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒผใ‚นๆฐใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ไธปใช็†็”ฑใฏ
15:29
is training.
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ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ€‚
15:30
But there may be other factors too,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
15:33
as she explained to BBC World Service's CrowdScience.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒ‰ใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไป–ใฎ่ฆๅ› ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:38
Age probably comes into it
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€
15:39
in that there's probably an optimal age for tendon elasticity.
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่…ฑใฎๅผพๅŠ›ๆ€งใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅนด้ฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใงใ€ๅนด้ฝขใ‚‚้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:43
That drops off as you get older,
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅนด้ฝขใŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚ŒใฆไฝŽไธ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
15:45
so probably there's a sweet spot in age for running economy.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ ๅนด้ฝขใซใฏใƒฉใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚จใ‚ณใƒŽใƒŸใƒผใซๆœ€้ฉใชใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
15:50
So, in terms of weight, it depends what you weight is made up of,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ“้‡ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไฝ“้‡ใŒไฝ•ใงๆง‹ๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆฑบใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:53
so if you've got more muscle mass, that's going to help you,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็ญ‹่‚‰้‡ใŒๅคšใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใŒใ€
15:57
whereas if it's more fat then you've got to carry it.
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่„‚่‚ชใŒๅคšใ‘ใ‚Œ ใฐใใ‚Œใ‚’่ƒŒ่ฒ ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
16:00
Efficient running depends on having flexible muscles and tendons,
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ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชใƒฉใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฏ ็ญ‹่‚‰ใจ่…ฑใฎๆŸ”่ปŸๆ€งใซไพๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™
16:05
and this flexibility 'drops off', or decreases, as we get older.
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๆŸ”่ปŸๆ€งใฏๅนด้ฝขใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ŒไฝŽไธ‹ใ€ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šๆธ›ๅฐ‘ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:12
This means that, in terms of running, the body has an 'optimal age' โ€”
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ ่บซไฝ“ใซใฏใ€Œๆœ€้ฉๅนด้ฝขใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
16:17
the best age, or the age at which you are most likely to succeed.
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ๆœ€้ฉใชๅนด้ฝขใ€ใพใŸใฏ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ๅนด้ฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:22
Body composition also plays a part.
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ไฝ“็ต„ๆˆใ‚‚้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:25
Efficient runners need high 'muscle mass' โ€”
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ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชใƒฉใƒณใƒŠใƒผใซใฏใ€ ้ซ˜ใ„ใ€Œ็ญ‹่‚‰้‡ใ€ใ€
16:28
the amount of muscle in your body, as opposed to fat or bone.
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ใคใพใ‚Š่„‚่‚ชใ‚„้ชจใงใฏใชใไฝ“ๅ†…ใฎ็ญ‹่‚‰ใฎ้‡ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
16:33
So, training, age, muscle mass and genetics
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ๅนด้ฝขใ€็ญ‹่‚‰้‡ ใ€้บไผใชใฉใฎ
16:38
and are all factors which, when they come together, produce a 'sweet spot' โ€”
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ฆๅ› ใŒ ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ•ใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใ‚คใƒผใƒˆใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
16:43
the best possible combination of factors and circumstances.
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่ฆๅ› ใจ็Šถๆณใฎๆœ€่‰ฏใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŒ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
16:48
And, from the evidence, it looks like my answer to your question was right, Sam.
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่จผๆ‹ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎ็ญ”ใˆใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚
16:54
Ah, yes, I asked which animal was the most efficient and you said it was c) a human.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใ ใ€ใฉใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใ‹ใจๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ c) ไบบ้–“ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:01
Well, I'm sorry to say, but that was the wrong answer!
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใŸ็ญ”ใˆใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:06
The funny thing is โ€” and scientists still don't understand why โ€”
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้ข็™ฝใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใŸใกใฏใใฎ ็†็”ฑใ‚’ใพใ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
17:11
but the bigger the animal, the less energy it uses, kilo for kilo.
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ใŒใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๅคงใใใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€1 ใ‚ญใƒญใ”ใจใซๆถˆ่ฒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใŒๅฐ‘ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:16
So, the most efficient animal...
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏ...
17:19
โ€” Is also the biggest โ€” a whale! โ€” Mm-hm.
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- ๆœ€ๅคงใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ - ใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฉใงใ™! โ€” ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€‚
17:22
OK, let's recap the vocabulary from the programme, starting with 'crouched' โ€”
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OKใ€็•ช็ต„ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€Œใ—ใ‚ƒใŒใ‚€ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
17:28
a position which is bent at the knee, leaning forward and closer to the ground.
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่†ใ‚’ๆ›ฒใ’ใ€ ๅ‰ๅ‚พใ—ใฆๅœฐ้ขใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใๅงฟๅ‹ขใงใ™ใ€‚
17:34
A 'dogleg' can describe something which has a bent shape,
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ใ€Œใใฎๅญ—ใ€ใฏใ€ ๆ›ฒใŒใฃใŸๅฝข็Šถใ€
17:37
especially a sharp bend in a road or path.
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็‰นใซ้“่ทฏใ‚„ๅฐ้“ใŒๆ€ฅใซๆ›ฒใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:41
The 'optimal age' to do something is the best age to do it.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅนด้ฝขใจใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅนด้ฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
17:46
If something 'drops off', it decreases in quality or quantity.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ€Œ่ฝใกใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€ ่ณชใพใŸใฏ้‡ใŒไฝŽไธ‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:51
A 'sweet spot' is the best possible combination of factors or circumstances.
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ใ€Œใ‚นใ‚คใƒผใƒˆ ใ‚นใƒใƒƒใƒˆใ€ใจใฏใ€ ่ฆๅ› ใพใŸใฏ็Šถๆณใฎๅฏ่ƒฝใช้™ใ‚Šๆœ€่‰ฏใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚
17:57
And, finally, 'muscle mass' is the amount of muscle in your body,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ็ญ‹่‚‰้‡ใ€ใจใฏใ€
18:01
as opposed to fat or bone.
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่„‚่‚ชใ‚„้ชจใจใฏๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใซใ€ไฝ“ใฎ็ญ‹่‚‰ใฎ้‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
18:04
Once again, our six minutes are up.
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
18:06
โ€” Bye for now! โ€” Bye!
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- ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
18:09
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
18:10
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
18:14
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Rob.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:18
And I'm Sam.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:19
Now, when we think about famous figures in the history of science,
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ใ•ใฆใ€็ง‘ๅญฆๅฒไธŠใฎๆœ‰ๅใชไบบ็‰ฉใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ ใ€
18:23
the name of Charles Darwin often comes up.
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ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใƒปใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฎๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ˆใๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:27
Darwin is most famous for his 'theory of evolution',
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฏใ€
18:31
the idea that animals change and adapt in response to their environment.
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ็’ฐๅขƒใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใ€้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ€ใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆœ‰ๅใงใ™ ใ€‚
18:36
In the 1830s, he visited the Galapagos, a string of islands in the Pacific Ocean
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1830 ๅนดไปฃใ€ๅฝผใฏ ๅคชๅนณๆด‹ใซ้€ฃใชใ‚‹ๅณถใ€…ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
18:42
famous because of the unique animals living there.
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ใƒฆใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚ฏใชๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ ็”Ÿๆฏใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๆœ‰ๅใชใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚น่ซธๅณถใ‚’่จชใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใฏ
18:46
It was while in the Galapagos, observing small birds called finches,
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ใ€ใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚นใง ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฐ้ณฅใ‚’่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใจใใงใ—ใŸ
18:51
that Darwin started forming his theory of evolution.
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ใ€‚
18:55
But today, the animals of the Galapagos
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็พๅœจใ€ไบบ็‚บ็š„ใชๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใฎๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใงใ€ใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚นใฎๅ‹•็‰ฉใŸใกใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใฎ
18:57
face the same pressures as animals across the world
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใจๅŒใ˜ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผใซใ•ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
19:01
because of the effects of man-made climate change.
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ใ€‚
19:05
Warming sea waters and more frequent extreme weather events
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ๆตทๆฐดๆธฉใฎไธŠๆ˜‡ ใจ็•ฐๅธธๆฐ—่ฑกใฎๅคš็™บใฏใ€
19:09
are affecting animals as much as humans, so, in this programme,
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ไบบ้–“ใ ใ‘ใงใชใๅ‹•็‰ฉใซใ‚‚ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€
19:14
we'll be asking can animals evolve to deal with climate change?
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏ ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ•ใ„ใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
19:19
But first, I have a question for you, Sam,
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ใพใšใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ
19:22
and it's about Charles Darwin's trip to the Galapagos.
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ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใƒปใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฎใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚นๆ—…่กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ ใ€‚
19:25
In 1831, Darwin set sail around the world, collecting samples of 'flora and fauna',
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1831ๅนดใ€ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใ‚’่ˆชๆตทใ—ใ€่จชใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎ ใ€Œๅ‹•ๆค็‰ฉใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅ‹•ๆค็‰ฉใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใ‚’ๅŽ้›†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
19:31
the plants and animals, of the places he visited.
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ใ€‚
19:34
But what was the name of the ship he sailed in?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใŒไน—ใฃใŸ่ˆนใฎๅๅ‰ใฏไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ?
19:38
a) HMS Beagle? b) HMS Victory? Or c) SS Great Britain?
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a) HMS ใƒ“ใƒผใ‚ฐใƒซ? b) HMS ใƒ“ใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒชใƒผ? ใพใŸใฏ c) SS ใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใƒ–ใƒชใƒ†ใƒณ?
19:45
Hmm, maybe it was b) HMS Victory?
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ b) HMS Victory ใงใ—ใŸใ‹?
19:48
โ€” Are you sure? โ€” No!
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- ๆœฌๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ - ใ„ใ„ใˆ๏ผ
19:50
OK! Well, I'll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ๏ผ ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใง็™บ่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:54
Now, it may have been the Galapagos finches
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ใ•ใฆใ€
19:57
that started Charles Darwin thinking about how animals adapt to their environment
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็’ฐๅขƒใซ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใƒปใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒ่€ƒใˆๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใฏใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใ ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใŒ
20:02
but, as naturalist Kiyoko Gotanda explained
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ใ€ๅš็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใฎไบ”ๅ็”ฐๆธ…ๅญใŒ
20:05
to BBC World Service programme The Climate Question,
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BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ ๆฐ—ๅ€™ใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใ€ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
20:08
Darwin's first impression of the small birds wasn't very good.
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฎๅฐ้ณฅใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ฌฌไธ€ๅฐ่ฑกใฏ ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
20:14
When Darwin got to the Galapagos Islands,
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚น่ซธๅณถใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใจใใ€
20:16
he actually wasn't that interested in the finches โ€”
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใซใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฏ
20:18
they were kind of a drab colour and they didn't have a very interesting song.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใใ™ใ‚“ใ ่‰ฒใงใ€ ใ‚ใพใ‚Š้ข็™ฝใ„้ณดใๅฃฐใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:22
He sampled, though, the finches from different islands,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฝผใฏ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅณถใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใ—ใŸ
20:26
and so when he got back to England and he was looking at all the variation
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใซๆˆปใฃใŸใจใใ€
20:29
in beak shape and size, and body size and shape,
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ใใกใฐใ—ใฎๅฝขใ‚„ๅคงใใ•ใ€ ไฝ“ใฎๅคงใใ•ใ‚„ๅฝขใฎใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใ€
20:32
and he was recalling how certain finches were found on certain islands
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็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใŒ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅณถใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็™บ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅณถ
20:36
but not on other islands.
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไป–ใฎๅณถใซใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใƒ‘ใ‚ดใ‚นใฎใ‚ชใ‚ฆใƒ ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
20:39
In contrast to more colourful birds like Galapagos parrots,
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ใ‚ซใƒฉใƒ•ใƒซใช้ณฅใจใฏๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใซ ใ€
20:43
the finches Darwin observed were 'drab',
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒ่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใŸใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฏใ€Œใใ™ใ‚“ใ ใ€ใ€
20:46
dull and boring-looking, with little colour.
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้ˆใใฆ้€€ๅฑˆใช่ฆ‹ใŸ็›ฎ ใงใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ่‰ฒใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:50
Instead, what Darwin noticed were variations in the finches' 'beak' โ€”
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ใใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฎใ€Œใใกใฐใ—ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š้ณฅ
20:55
the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth.
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ใฎๅฃใฎ็กฌใใฆๅฐ–ใฃใŸ้ƒจๅˆ†ใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ้ฃŸ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค
20:58
Finches born with a 'beak' that could help them get more food
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ใ€Œใใกใฐใ—ใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฏใ€
21:02
were more likely to survive and have babies.
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็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใฃใฆๅญไพ›ใ‚’็”ฃใ‚€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
21:05
Over time, as the birds passed on their successful genes,
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ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ็ตŒใคใซใคใ‚Œใ€้ณฅใŸใกใฏ ๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸ้บไผๅญใ‚’ๅผ•ใ็ถ™ใŽใ€็’ฐๅขƒใซ
21:09
they adapted to fit in with their environment โ€” what we know as 'evolution'.
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้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้ฉๅฟœใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็งใŸใกใŒใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:15
So, if animals can evolve to survive their environment,
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ็’ฐๅขƒใ‚’็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ ใ€ไบบ้–“ใŒๆฐ—ๅ€™ใซไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใซ
21:19
can they also evolve to cope with the impact humans are having on the climate?
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ๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚้€ฒๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ?
21:24
Well, there's already some evidence to show they can.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™่จผๆ‹ ใฏใ™ใงใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:28
Studies on birds in the Brazilian Amazon
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ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใฎใ‚ขใƒžใ‚พใƒณใฎ้ณฅ้กž
21:31
and red deer on the Isle of Rum, in Scotland,
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ใจใ‚นใ‚ณใƒƒใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใฎใƒฉใƒ ๅณถใฎใ‚ขใ‚ซใ‚ทใ‚ซใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็ ”็ฉถใงใฏ ใ€
21:34
show warmer temperatures have caused animals to evolve smaller bodies.
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ๆฐ—ๆธฉใฎไธŠๆ˜‡ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎไฝ“ใŒๅฐใ•ใใชใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅฐใ•ใ„ใ†ใกใฏ
21:39
It's easier to keep cool when you're small!
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ๆถผใ—ใ•ใ‚’ไฟใกใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ ๏ผ
21:42
American conservationist Thor Hanson
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ่‡ช็„ถไฟ่ญทๆดปๅ‹•ๅฎถใ‚ฝใƒผใƒปใƒใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒชใƒ–ๆตทใง
21:44
records and measures anole lizards in the Caribbean.
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ใ‚ขใƒŽใƒผใƒซใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใ‚’่จ˜้Œฒใ—ใ€ๆธฌๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
21:47
He wants to see how the effects of man-made climate change,
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ๅฝผใฏใ€ ไบบ็‚บ็š„ใชๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใ€
21:51
in this case hurricanes, is affecting the lizards.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใƒใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒณใฎๅฝฑ้ŸฟใŒใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
21:55
Listen to what Thor found out
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ใ‚ฝใƒผใŒ
21:57
as he speaks with presenters of BBC World Service's The Climate Question.
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BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎใ€ŒThe Climate Questionใ€ใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใจ่ฉฑใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹
22:02
What you can see is that large toe pads and strong front legs
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ใฆใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ๅคงใใชใคใพๅ…ˆใƒ‘ใƒƒใƒ‰ ใจๅผทๅŠ›ใชๅ‰่„šใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€
22:06
give some lizards a tighter grip.
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ไธ€้ƒจใฎใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใ‚’ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚ŠใจๆŽดใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
22:08
When they do start to let go
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆ”พใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ€
22:09
and their body starts flapping in the air like a flag,
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ไฝ“ใŒ ๆ——ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ฉบไธญใซใฏใŸใ‚ใๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใจใใ€
22:12
smaller back legs reduce the drag
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ๅฐใ•ใชๅพŒใ‚่ถณใŒๆŠ—ๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใ€
22:14
and allow them to cling on and survive the hurricane.
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ใ—ใŒใฟใคใ„ใฆ ใƒใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒณใ‚’็”Ÿใๅปถใณใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
22:17
So the survivors were those lizards with those characteristics,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๆŒใฃใŸใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
22:22
and they passed those traits along to their offspring.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’ ๅญๅญซใซๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใ„ใ ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
22:26
Thor's lizards developed stronger front legs and smaller back legs,
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ใƒˆใƒผใƒซใฎใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใฏใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅผทๅŠ›ใช ๅ‰่„šใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฐใ•ใชๅพŒ่„šใ‚’็™บ้”ใ•
22:31
allowing them to 'cling on', hold on to something tightly,
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ใ›ใ€ใƒใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒณใŒ้€š้Žใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€Œใ—ใŒใฟใคใใ€ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใจใคใ‹ใพใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
22:34
when hurricanes pass through.
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ใ€‚
22:37
It's this 'trait', a genetically-determined characteristic,
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œๅฝข่ณชใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ้บไผ็š„ใซๆฑบๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็‰นๅพดใ“ใใŒ
22:41
that allows the lizards to survive, and is passed on to their babies.
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ใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใฎ็”Ÿๅญ˜ใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ—ใ€ ใใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใซๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
22:45
Thor checked other areas of the Caribbean where hurricanes were frequent
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ใ‚ฝใƒผใฏใƒใƒชใ‚ฑใƒผใƒณใŒ้ ป็นใซ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸใ‚ซใƒชใƒ–ๆตทใฎไป–ใฎๅœฐๅŸŸใ‚’่ชฟๆŸปใ—
22:50
and found the same traits in lizards there: proof of evolution in action.
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ใ€ใใ“ใฎใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใซใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜็‰นๅพดใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใŒ้€ฒ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่จผๆ‹ ใงใ™ใ€‚
22:55
But whereas we often think of evolution happening over hundreds,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ้€ฒๅŒ–ใŒ ๆ•ฐ็™พๅนดใ€
22:59
even thousands of years,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏๆ•ฐๅƒๅนดใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
23:01
the changes in the Caribbean lizards happened in around 40 years,
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ใ‚ซใƒชใƒ–ๆตทใฎใƒˆใ‚ซใ‚ฒใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใฏ ็ด„40ๅนดใง่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใ€ใƒใƒฃใƒผใƒซใ‚บใƒปใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚‚
23:06
something that would have surprised Charles Darwin.
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้ฉšใ„ใŸใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
23:09
Which reminds me of your question, Rob.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€‚
23:11
Ah, yes, I asked you for the name of the ship Darwin sailed around the world in.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใใ†ใ€ ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใŒไธ–็•Œไธ€ๅ‘จใ—ใŸ่ˆนใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’่žใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚
23:17
Darwin's ship was called the HMS Beagle
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฎ่ˆนใฏใƒ“ใƒผใ‚ฐใƒซๅทใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
23:20
and, appropriately enough, it was named after an animal โ€”
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ใใ‚Œใซใตใ•ใ‚ใ—ใ„ๅๅ‰ใŒๅ‹•็‰ฉใซใกใชใ‚“ใงไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:23
a beagle is a type of dog.
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ใƒ“ใƒผใ‚ฐใƒซใฏ็Šฌใฎไธ€็จฎใงใ™ใ€‚
23:25
OK, let's recap the vocabulary from this programme about 'evolution',
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ€Œ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
23:30
the way living things adapt to their environment
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ ็’ฐๅขƒใซ้ฉๅฟœใ—ใ€
23:33
and pass these adaptations on to their children.
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ใใฎ้ฉๅฟœใ‚’ ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใซไผใˆใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:37
'Flora and fauna' is another way of saying the plants and animals of a place.
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ใ€Œๅ‹•ๆค็‰ฉใ€ใฏใ€ ใใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎๅ‹•ๆค็‰ฉใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚
23:43
'Drab' means dull and colourless in appearance.
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ใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒ–ใ€ใจใฏใ€่ฆ‹ใŸ็›ฎใŒ้ˆใใ€็„ก่‰ฒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
23:46
A bird's 'beak' is the hard, pointed part of its mouth.
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้ณฅใฎใ€Œใใกใฐใ—ใ€ใฏใ€ๅฃใฎ็กฌใๅฐ–ใฃใŸ้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ ใ€‚
23:51
'To cling on' means 'to hold on very tightly'.
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ใ€Œใ—ใŒใฟใคใใ€ใจใฏ ใ€Œใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ—ใŒใฟใคใใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
23:55
And finally, a 'trait' is a genetically-determined characteristic.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๅฝข่ณชใ€ใฏ ้บไผ็š„ใซๆฑบๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‰นๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
24:00
Once again, our six minutes are up!
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ 6 Minute English ใง
24:02
Join us again soon for more interesting topics and useful vocabulary
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚„ๅฝน็ซ‹ใค่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
24:07
here at 6 Minute English.
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ใ€‚
24:08
โ€” Goodbye for now! โ€” Bye!
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โ€” ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
24:11
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
24:13
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
24:16
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
24:20
And I'm Sam.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
24:21
Over the past 18 months, we've heard a lot about the human 'immune system' โ€”
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้ŽๅŽป 18 ใ‹ๆœˆ้–“ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ไบบ้–“ใฎใ€Œๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
24:26
the cells in our bodies that fight diseases, like coronavirus.
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ใ‚ณใƒญใƒŠใ‚ฆใ‚คใƒซใ‚นใชใฉใฎ็—…ๆฐ—ใจๆˆฆใ†ไฝ“ๅ†…ใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:30
We know that, in humans, the bloodstream carries immune cells around our body.
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ไบบ้–“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ก€ๆตใŒ ๅ…็–ซ็ดฐ่ƒžใ‚’ไฝ“ไธญใซ้‹ใถใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:35
But what about trees and plants?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœจใ‚„ๆค็‰ฉใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
24:37
They don't have blood, so how do they protect themselves?
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใฏ่ก€ใŒๆตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ ใฎใงใ€ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
24:41
That's a good question, Sam, and the answer involves memory.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่‰ฏใ„่ณชๅ•ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ ็ญ”ใˆใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
24:44
Us humans store memories in our brain, but our body also remembers things,
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็งใŸใกไบบ้–“ใฏ่„ณใซ่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ไฟๅญ˜ใ—ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ไฝ“ใ‚‚้ŽๅŽป
24:49
including stressful situations from the past, which it stores in our genes.
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ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„็Šถๆณใชใฉใ‚’่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใ€ ้บไผๅญใซไฟๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:54
The information gets passed on to our children genetically.
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ใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏ ้บไผ็š„ใซๅญไพ›ใŸใกใซๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŒใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
24:58
But surely trees don't have memories, Neil!
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ใงใ‚‚ใใฃใจๆœจใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ
25:00
I mean, do you think a tree can remember being young
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœจใฏ ่‹ฅใ„้ ƒใฎใ“ใจ
25:03
or what it was doing last year?
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ใ‚„ๅŽปๅนดไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
25:05
Well, not exactly, but trees grow rings โ€” a layer of wood for each year of growth.
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ๆญฃ็ขบใซใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆœจใฏๅนด่ผชใ‚’ๆˆ้•ทใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆˆ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใณใซๆœจใฎๅฑคใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:11
That could be a kind of memory.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎใฎๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
25:13
In this programme, we'll be asking whether trees can remember โ€”
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€ ๆœจใŒ่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€
25:16
and if so, does it make them stronger and better able to fight disease?
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ—่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆœจใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใใชใ‚Šใ€ ็—…ๆฐ—ใจๆˆฆใ†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚
25:21
But before that, I have a question for you, Sam.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:24
As I said, trees grow a new ring every year
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ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆœจใฏๆฏŽๅนดๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅนด่ผชใ‚’็”Ÿใฟ
25:28
and, by counting them, we can estimate their age.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ๆจน้ฝขใ‚’ๆŽจๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
25:31
One of Earth's longest living trees is the Great Bristlecone Pine,
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ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้•ท็”Ÿใใ™ใ‚‹ๆœจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€
25:35
found on the west coast of America.
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎ่ฅฟๆตทๅฒธใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ชใ‚ชใƒ–ใƒชใ‚นใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒณ ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
25:38
But how long can these trees live?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„็”Ÿใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
25:40
Is it a) over 1,000 years? b) over 3,000 years? Or c) over 5,000 years?
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a) 1000ๅนดไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) 3,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠ? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) 5,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠ?
25:48
Wow, it'd be a job to count the rings on those trees!
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ใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใฎๅนด่ผชใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅคงๅค‰ใชไป•ไบ‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใญ ๏ผ
25:51
I'll say b) over 3,000 years.
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b) 3,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:55
OK, Sam, we'll reveal the correct answer later.
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OKใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ ๆญฃ่งฃใฏๅพŒใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:58
Unlike us, trees don't have blood and bones
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็งใŸใกใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€ ๆœจใซใฏ
26:01
to protect them from outside attacks,
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ๅค–้ƒจใฎๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ‹ใ‚‰่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่ก€ใ‚„้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:03
so how exactly does a tree's immune system work?
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ใงใฏใ€ ๆœจใฎๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใฏๆญฃ็ขบใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
26:06
That's what BBC World Service programme CrowdScience
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น็•ช็ต„ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒ‰ใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚จใƒณใ‚นใŒ
26:09
asked bioscientist Jurriaan Ton.
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฎใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใƒปใƒˆใƒณๆฐใซๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ“ใจใ ใ€‚
26:12
Here's what he said.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
26:14
Plants in particular need to have a very efficient immune system
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็‰นใซๆค็‰ฉใฏ
26:18
for two important reasons.
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2 ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใช็†็”ฑใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้žๅธธใซๅŠน็Ž‡็š„ใชๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚’ๅ‚™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฌฌ
26:20
Firstly, they sit at the bottom of the food chain,
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ไธ€ใซใ€ๆค็‰ฉใฏ้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹ไฝใซไฝ็ฝฎใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
26:22
so there are a lot of opportunistic organisms out there,
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ใŸใ‚ใ€
26:25
including insect herbivores and microbial pathogens
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26:28
who want to tap into that biochemical energy that is stored in plants.
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ๆค็‰ฉใซ่“„ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็”ŸๅŒ–ๅญฆใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๆ˜†่™ซใฎ่‰้ฃŸๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚„ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็—…ๅŽŸไฝ“ใชใฉใ€ๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹็š„ใช็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:33
The other reason is plants are rooted to the ground โ€”
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็†็”ฑใฏใ€ๆค็‰ฉใฏ ๅœฐ้ขใซๆ นใ‚’ๅผตใ‚Šใ€
26:36
they cannot escape from the stressful conditions in their environment.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„็’ฐๅขƒใ‹ใ‚‰้€ƒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
26:41
It's hard for trees to protect themselves.
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ๆจนๆœจใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚
26:43
Unlike animals, they can't run away,
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€้€ƒใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใšใ€
26:46
and they're at the bottom of the 'food chain' โ€”
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26:49
the plants and animals linked in a chain of eating weaker things
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ๆค็‰ฉใจๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒ ๅผฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’้ฃŸใน
26:52
and then being eaten by stronger ones.
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ใ€ๆฌกใซๅผทใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†้€ฃ้Ž–ใฎไธญใงใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€Œ้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใ€ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹ไฝใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:55
Rabbits eat grass and, in turn, are eaten by foxes.
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ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใฏ่‰ใ‚’้ฃŸใน ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ญใƒ„ใƒใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
26:59
Right. If you are at the bottom of the 'food chain', everything wants to eat you,
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ๅณใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใ€Œ้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใ€ใฎๆœ€ไธ‹ไฝใซใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
27:03
including 'opportunistic' animals.
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ใ€Œๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹็š„ใชใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚‚ๅซใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
27:06
If something is 'opportunistic',
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ€Œๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹็š„ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
27:07
it takes advantage of a situation to gain some benefit for itself.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆ ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
27:12
Tree leaves are opportunities for hungry insects and caterpillars to eat.
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ๆœจใฎ่‘‰ใฏใ€ใŠ่…นใ‚’ ็ฉบใ‹ใ›ใŸๆ˜†่™ซใ‚„ๆฏ›่™ซใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใจใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:16
So, trees need immunity because they're under attack,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆœจใฏ
27:19
either from disease or from living things wanting to eat them.
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็—…ๆฐ—ใ‚„ๆœจใ‚’ ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใฎๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ…็–ซใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
27:23
But what about memory, Sam?
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€่จ˜ๆ†ถใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
27:25
If trees can remember stress โ€” types of insects that eat it, for example โ€”
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ๆจนๆœจใŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น๏ผˆใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๆ˜†่™ซใฎ็จฎ้กž๏ผ‰ใ‚’่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
27:30
they might be better prepared in future.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅ็š„ใซใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ฉๅˆ‡ใซๅ‚™ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
27:32
For me, stress is a work deadline or moving house,
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็งใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใจใฏไป•ไบ‹ใฎ็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Š ใ‚„ๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
27:35
but for trees it's more basic, something like not getting enough water.
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ใŒใ€ๆœจใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ ๅๅˆ†ใชๆฐดใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
27:40
Dr Estrella Luna-Diez believes trees record stress in their rings.
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ใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒฉใƒปใƒซใƒŠใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚จใ‚นๅšๅฃซใฏใ€ๆจนๆœจใŒ ๅนด่ผชใซใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’่จ˜้Œฒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
27:44
A small ring, showing that the tree didn't grow much that year,
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ๅฐใ•ใชๅนด่ผชใฏใ€ ใใฎๅนดใซๆœจใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆˆ้•ทใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
27:48
indicates some outside stress.
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ๅค–้ƒจใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
27:50
She explained more to BBC World Service programme CrowdScience.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏBBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ CrowdScienceใงใ•ใ‚‰ใซ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
27:56
Our hypothesis would be that, depending on the level of that stress โ€”
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็งใŸใกใฎไปฎ่ชฌใฏใ€ ใใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€
28:00
so if it was a really long-lasting drought of a few years โ€”
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ•ฐๅนดใซใ‚ใŸใ‚‹้žๅธธใซ้•ทๆœŸใซใ‚ใŸใ‚‹ๅนฒใฐใคใงใ‚ใฃใŸ
28:05
then maybe the tree can remember it for a long time,
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœจใฏ
28:09
because it needs to adapt to that hostile environment.
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ใใฎ้Ž้…ทใช็’ฐๅขƒใซ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’้•ทๆœŸ้–“่จ˜ๆ†ถใงใใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€‚
28:12
Now, maybe the hypothesis would be the other way around,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปฎ่ชฌใฏ ้€†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใใฎๆ—ฅใŒ
28:16
like if it maybe was a very dry July, for instance,
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้žๅธธใซไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใŸ 7 ๆœˆใ ใฃใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
28:21
maybe the tree is not even that bothered and then it forgets within one year,
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ๆœจใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉๆฐ—ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎ่จ˜ๆ†ถใฏๆถˆใˆใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใง ใ€1 ๅนดไปฅๅ†…ใซๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:26
because that memory of the stress
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28:28
is gonna be holding it back on its growth, for instance.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆˆ้•ทใ‚’ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
28:33
Dr Luna-Diez has a 'hypothesis' โ€”
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ใƒซใƒŠใƒปใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚จใ‚นๅšๅฃซใซใฏใ€Œไปฎ่ชฌใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
28:35
an idea that explains how or why something happens
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใชใœ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใŒใ€
28:38
which has yet to be tested to see if it's correct.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใพใ ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:41
Her 'hypothesis' is that trees remember stressful outside events,
455
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎใ€Œไปฎ่ชฌใ€ใฏใ€ๆœจใฏ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„ๅฑ‹ๅค–ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
28:46
something like a 'drought' โ€” a long period of time with little or no rain.
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ใ€Œๅนฒใฐใคใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ้•ทๆœŸ้–“้›จใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใพใŸใฏๅ…จใ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ˜ๆ†ถใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
28:50
For a tree which has lived for hundreds of years,
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ไฝ•็™พๅนดใ‚‚็”ŸใใฆใใŸๆœจใซใจใฃใฆใ€
28:53
it might be useful to remember that 1947 was a very dry summer.
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1947 ๅนดใฎๅคใฏ้žๅธธใซไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใŸๅคใ ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใจๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:58
On the other hand, maybe that stressful year is best forgotten.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€ ใ‚ใฎใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฎๅคšใ„ๅนดใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒไธ€็•ชใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
29:01
Maybe the tree is 'not bothered' โ€”
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ๆœจใฏใ€Œๆฐ—ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๆœจใซใจใฃใฆ
29:03
not worried or concerned because it's not important to it.
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้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใŸใ‚Šๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
29:07
So, trees do have memories โ€” but they don't let it get them stressed!
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆœจใซใฏ่จ˜ๆ†ถใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ ใŒใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
29:11
Maybe that's the secret to a long life!
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ้•ท็”Ÿใใฎ็ง˜่จฃใ‹ใ‚‚๏ผ
29:14
But what's the answer to your question, Neil?
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
29:16
Ah, yes, I asked you how long Earth's oldest trees,
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใ ใ€ ๅœฐ็ƒๆœ€ๅคใฎๆœจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใƒป
29:19
Great Bristlecone Pines, can live.
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ใƒ–ใƒชใ‚นใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒณใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„็”Ÿใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:22
I said b) over 3,000 years. Was I right?
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็งใฏ b) 3,000 ๅนดใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็งใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
29:25
You were wrong, I'm afraid, Sam.
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚
29:27
They live even longer โ€” over 5,000 years, in fact โ€”
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้•ทใใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 5,000 ๅนดไปฅไธŠใ€
29:31
all the way back to the Bronze Age.
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้’้Š…ๅ™จๆ™‚ไปฃใซใพใง้กใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
29:33
What memories those trees must have โ€” if only they could speak!
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆœจใซใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ - ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰๏ผ
29:37
Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with 'immune system' โ€”
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ใใ†ใ ใ€ ใ€Œๅ…็–ซใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
29:42
the body's way of fighting infection and disease.
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ๆ„ŸๆŸ“็—‡ใ‚„็—…ๆฐ—ใจ้—˜ใ†ไฝ“ใฎไป•็ต„ใฟใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซๅญฆใ‚“ใ ็”จ่ชžใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:45
A 'food chain' describes how plants and animals get eaten and eat each other.
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ใ€Œ้ฃŸ็‰ฉ้€ฃ้Ž–ใ€ใฏใ€ๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆไบ’ใ„ใซ ้ฃŸในใŸใ‚Šใ€ใŠไบ’ใ„ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:50
'Opportunistic' people take advantage of a situation
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ใ€Œๆ—ฅๅ’Œ่ฆ‹ไธป็พฉใ€ใฎไบบใฏใ€
29:53
to get some benefit for themselves.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใซๅˆฉ็›Šใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ็Šถๆณใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:55
A 'hypothesis' is an idea to explain how or why something happens
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ใ€Œไปฎ่ชฌใ€ใจใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใชใœ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™
29:59
that hasn't been tested to see if it's correct.
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ใ€‚
30:02
A 'drought' is a long period of time with little or no rain.
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ใ€Œๅนฒใฐใคใ€ใจใฏใ€ ้›จใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใพใŸใฏใพใฃใŸใ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„็Šถๆ…‹ใŒ้•ทๆœŸ้–“็ถšใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
30:06
And, finally, if you're 'not bothered' about something,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€Œๆฐ—ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€
30:09
you're not worried, because it's not important to you.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
30:11
Our six minutes are over. Bye for now!
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
30:14
Bye!
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
30:15
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
30:17
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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