BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Communication' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocab!

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2024-06-09 ใƒป BBC Learning English


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BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Communication' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocab!

172,469 views ใƒป 2024-06-09

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
00:09
And I'm Beth.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ™ใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏใ€Œ
00:10
There are many ways of saying sorry in English,
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€
00:13
and they all have a slightly different meaning.
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅฐ‘ใ—็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
00:16
If you tell me you're ill, and I say, "Oh, I'm sorry",
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็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใจ็งใซๅ‘Šใ’ใฆใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
00:19
that means 'I sympathise, and I hope you get better soon'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒๅŒๆƒ…ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ—ฉใ่‰ฏใใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
If you step on my toes by mistake, and say, "I'm so sorry",
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้–“้•ใฃใฆ็งใฎใคใพๅ…ˆใ‚’่ธใ‚“ใงใ—ใพใ„ใ€ใ€Œ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:26
you mean 'oops, that was my fault and I didn't mean to do it'.
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ใ€ŒใŠใฃใจใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใฎใ›ใ„ใง ใ€ใใ‚“ใชใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€
00:30
And if you don't really feel sorry, you might be sarcastic, "Oh, I'm sooo sorry!"
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็”ณใ—่จณใชใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„!ใ€ใจ็šฎ่‚‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:35
meaning exactly the opposite, that you're not sorry at all.
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ๅ…จใ้€†ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€ ๅ…จใๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:39
Saying sorry for something you've done in English can be quite confusing,
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซใ‚„ใ‚„ใ“ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ
00:44
and to make things worse, the British are world champions at apologising.
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ๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏ ่ฌ็ฝชใฎไธ–็•Œใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒ”ใ‚ชใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
00:49
In this programme, we'll discuss ways of saying sorry,
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ„ใ€
00:52
and as usual we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
00:56
Sorry, but I'm going to have to stop you there, Beth,
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใƒ™ใ‚นใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆญขใ‚ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:59
because first I have a question to ask.
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ใพใš่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:01
We know that the British love to say sorry.
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใŸใกใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:04
In fact, a recent survey found that some Brits apologise up to twenty times a day.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ ่‹ฑๅ›ฝไบบใฎไธญใซใฏ1ๆ—ฅใซๆœ€ๅคง20ๅ›žใ‚‚่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ€‚
01:10
So, according to the same survey,
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ใงใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€
01:12
how many times per day does the average Brit say sorry?
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ๅนณๅ‡็š„ใช่‹ฑๅ›ฝไบบใฏ 1 ๆ—ฅใซไฝ•ๅ›žใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
01:17
Is it a) four times a day? b) six times a day? Or c) eight times a day?
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a) 1ๆ—ฅ4ๅ›žใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) 1ๆ—ฅ6ๅ›ž ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏ c) 1 ๆ—ฅ 8 ๅ›ž?
01:24
Hmm, I'm going to guess it's six times a day.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ 1ๆ—ฅ6ๅ›žใใ‚‰ใ„ใ‹ใชใ€‚
01:27
OK, Beth, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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OKใ€ใƒ™ใ‚นใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:31
Since the British are famous for apologising,
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏ ่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงๆœ‰ๅใชใฎใงใ€
01:34
it's no surprise that Louise Mullany
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ใƒซใ‚คใƒผใ‚บใƒปใƒžใƒ‹ใƒผใŒใƒŽใƒƒใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฌใƒ ๅคงๅญฆใงใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹่ฌ็ฝชใฎ
01:36
started researching the language of apologising in Britain,
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่จ€่ชžใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใ‚‚ไธๆ€่ญฐใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:39
at the University of Nottingham.
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1960
ใ€‚
01:42
Now a professor of sociolinguistics,
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็พๅœจใฏ็คพไผš่จ€่ชžๅญฆใฎๆ•™ๆŽˆใงใ‚ใ‚‹
01:44
Louise spoke with the BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth.
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ใƒซใ‚คใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€BBC ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช 4 ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€ŒWord of Mouthใ€ใง่ฌ›ๆผ”ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
01:48
And I was really interested in looking at how people apologise,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใฏ ไบบใ€…ใ€็‰นใซๅ…ฌไบบใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€
01:52
particularly public figures,
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01:54
so I did a lot of research in the workplace and looking at the media,
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่ทๅ ดใ‚„ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€็‰นใซ
01:58
and looking at politicians in particular,
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใซใคใ„ใฆใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:00
and one of the things that really interested me at the time
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ๅฝ“ๆ™‚ใ€
02:03
was a lot of writers were talking about us entering an age of an apology,
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ๅคšใใฎไฝœๅฎถใŒ็งใŸใกใฏ ่ฌ็ฝชใฎๆ™‚ไปฃใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใŸใŒใ€
02:06
and there's a real sense that public figures in particular
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็‰นใซๅ…ฌไบบใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไบ‹ๆŸ„ใซใคใ„ใฆ
02:10
are called upon to apologise for multiple different things,
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่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅฎŸๆ„ŸใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€
02:13
and if they don't apologise, then that's a big faux pas.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ฌ็ฝชใ—ใชใ„ใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅคงใใชๅ˜˜ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใ‚นใ€‚
02:17
Saying sorry is especially important in politics,
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏ ๆ”ฟๆฒปใซใŠใ„ใฆ็‰นใซ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:20
and Professor Mullany studied the apologies of 'public figures' โ€”
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ใƒžใƒฉใƒ‹ใƒผๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏ ใ€Œๅ…ฌไบบใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
02:24
'famous people, including politicians,
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02:27
who are often discussed in newspapers and seen on radio and television'.
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ๆ–ฐ่žใง้ ป็นใซ่ฉฑ้กŒใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Š ใ€ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚„ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใงใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆœ‰ๅไบบใ€ใฎ่ฌ็ฝชใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใŸใ€‚
02:32
When politicians make mistakes, they are expected to apologise,
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใŸใจใใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
02:36
and failing to say sorry is a 'faux pas' โ€”
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่ฌ็ฝชใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ€Œๅคฑๆ…‹ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
02:39
'a remark made in a social situation that causes embarrassment or offence'.
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ๅฝ“ๆƒ‘ใ‚„ไธๅฟซๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™็คพไผš็š„็Šถๆณใงใฎ็™บ่จ€ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
02:45
Most politicians hate apologising and with good reason.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใฏๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅซŒใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:48
Saying sorry means taking responsibility, and the apology needs to be sincere.
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ ่ฌ็ฝชใซใฏ่ช ๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:54
A good example of this is the apology Boris Johnson made
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ใ“ใฎ่‰ฏใ„ไพ‹ใฏใ€
02:58
to the House of Commons during the Partygate scandal in the UK
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่‹ฑๅ›ฝใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚ฒใƒผใƒˆใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ€ใƒซใฎ้š›ใซใƒœใƒชใ‚นใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใŒไธ‹้™ขใง่กŒใฃใŸ่ฌ็ฝชใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ้š›ใ€
03:02
when he broke COVID lockdown rules and had to pay a 'fine' โ€”
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ๅฝผใฏๆ–ฐๅž‹ใ‚ณใƒญใƒŠใ‚ฆใ‚คใƒซใ‚นๆ„ŸๆŸ“็—‡ใฎใƒญใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’็ ดใ‚Š ใ€ใ€Œ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ€ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:06
that's 'a sum of money paid as a punishment for breaking the rules'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ ็ ดใฃใŸใ“ใจใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ฝฐใจใ—ใฆๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ้‡‘้กใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒซใƒผใƒซ'ใ€‚
03:10
Here, Professor Louise Mullany analyses the apology
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใƒซใ‚คใƒผใ‚บใƒปใƒžใƒฉใƒ‹ใƒผๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒใ€
03:13
for BBC Radio 4 programme Word of Mouth.
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BBCใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช4ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ ๅฃใ‚ณใƒŸใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่ฌ็ฝชใ‚’ๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
03:17
It's very unusual in a political apology,
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ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„่ฌ็ฝชใจใ—ใฆใฏ้žๅธธใซ็•ฐไพ‹ใงใ€
03:19
because he comes out and says, "I am responsible",
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ๅฝผใฏๅ‡บใฆใใฆ ใ€Œ็งใซ่ฒฌไปปใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ 
03:22
but there is the caveat that he wasn't certain that he was breaking the rules,
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ใŒใ€ ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ ดใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€
03:26
he didn't realise, which he continues to say
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ๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆณจๆ„็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใ„็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:29
in his apology that came out after the fine.
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็ฝฐ้‡‘ใฎๅพŒใซๅ‡บใŸ่ฌ็ฝชใฎไธญใงใ€‚
03:32
So, he repeats the apology, and he caveats it around other political events,
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ่ฌ็ฝชใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใ€ ไป–ใฎๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ญฆๅ‘Šใ—ใ€
03:37
and he uses humility, when he was in the House the day after he'd paid his fine,
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็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใฃใŸ็ฟŒๆ—ฅใซไธ‹้™ขใซใ„ใŸใจใใ€
03:43
and was very quick to say, "I've paid the fine, I've given the reparation,
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้žๅธธใซใ™ใใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่ฌ™่™šใชๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’ใจใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€่ณ ๅ„Ÿ
03:46
I've paid the money, let's draw a line under the whole business now".
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้‡‘ใ‚‚ๆ‰•ใฃใŸใ—ใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นๅ…จไฝ“ใซใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
03:50
Boris Johnson claimed he didn't know he was breaking the rules.
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ใƒœใƒชใ‚นใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใฏใ€ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’็ ดใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:54
His apology contained a 'caveat' โ€”
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ๅฝผใฎ่ฌ็ฝชใซใฏใ€Œ่ญฆๅ‘Šใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
03:57
'a warning that what he said was limited, or not completely true'.
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ๅฝผใฎ็™บ่จ€ใฏ้™ๅฎš็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ‹ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†่ญฆๅ‘Šใ€ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚
04:02
Eventually, Boris Johnson did apologise, but many people didn't trust him
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใƒœใƒชใ‚นใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใฏ่ฌ็ฝชใ—ใŸ ใŒใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใ‚’ไฟก้ ผใ—ใฆใŠใ‚‰ใš
04:07
and he couldn't draw a line under the Partygate scandal.
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ใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ฒใƒผใƒˆใ‚นใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒ€ใƒซใซใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
04:11
If you 'draw a line under something',
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไธ‹ใซ็ทšใ‚’ๅผ•ใใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
04:13
'you try to move on from a bad situation and make a fresh start'.
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ใ€Œๆ‚ชใ„็Šถๆณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‰้€ฒใ—ใฆ ๆ–ฐใŸใชใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚ใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
Apologising is hard work โ€” the apology must be sincere,
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่ฌ็ฝชใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅคงๅค‰ใชไฝœๆฅญใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ฌ็ฝชใฏ่ช ๆ„ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
04:20
and often the person does something to show they mean it.
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ใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€็›ธๆ‰‹ใฏๆœฌๆฐ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใจใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:24
Which reminds me that it's time to reveal the answer to my question, Beth.
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ใใ†ใ„ใˆใฐใ€ ็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸใŒๆฅใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใƒ™ใ‚นใ€‚
04:28
Yes. You asked me how many times a day the average Brit says sorry,
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ๅนณๅ‡็š„ใชใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅใซไฝ•ๅ›žใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใจ่žใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใ
04:33
and I guessed it was six. Was I right?
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6ๅ›žใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:36
Well, I'm very sorry, but that was the wrong answer.
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็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใŸ็ญ”ใˆใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:40
The average Brit says sorry around eight times a day,
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ๅนณๅ‡็š„ใช่‹ฑๅ›ฝไบบใฏ 1 ๆ—ฅใซ็ด„ 8 ๅ›žใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
04:43
making it probably the most over-used word in the English language. Sorry about that!
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„๏ผ
04:48
Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned from this programme
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€
04:52
about saying sorry, starting with 'sarcastic',
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ใ€Œ็šฎ่‚‰ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ€Œใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:55
'doing or saying the opposite of what you really mean',
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04:58
for example, saying "I'm really sorry" when you aren't.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใจใฏๅๅฏพใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฃใฆใ€‚
05:02
A 'public figure' is 'a famous person
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ใ€Œๅ…ฌไบบใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ
05:04
whose life and behaviour is often discussed in the media and in public'.
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ใใฎไบบ็”Ÿใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใŒ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚„ๅ…ฌใฎๅ ดใง้ ป็นใซ่ฉฑ้กŒใซใชใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๅไบบใ€ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:09
A 'faux pas' is 'a socially embarrassing remark or action'.
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ใ€Œfaux pasใ€ใจใฏใ€Œ็คพไผš็š„ใซๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ ็™บ่จ€ใ‚„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:12
A 'fine' is 'a sum of money paid as a punishment
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ใ€Œ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ€ใจใฏใ€Œ
05:15
for doing something illegal or breaking a rule'.
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้•ๆณ•่กŒ็‚บ ใ‚„่ฆๅ‰‡้•ๅใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ฝฐใจใ—ใฆๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹้‡‘้กใ€ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:19
If you say something with a 'caveat',
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ใ€Œ่ญฆๅ‘Šใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็™บ่จ€ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎ็™บ่จ€ใซใฏใ€Œ
05:20
it 'contains a warning that what you have said
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็™บ่จ€ใ—ใŸๅ†…ๅฎนใŒ
05:23
may not be completely true or is limited in some way'.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎ็‚นใง้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†่ญฆๅ‘ŠใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚
05:27
And finally, if you 'draw a line under something',
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎไธ‹ใซ็ทšใ‚’ๅผ•ใใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ
05:30
you 'consider it finished in order to move on and make a fresh start'.
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ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚“ใงๆ–ฐใŸใชใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:34
I'm sorry to say that, once again, our six minutes are up
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Š ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ 6 ๅˆ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใซ
05:37
and it's time to draw a line under this programme. Goodbye for now!
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ใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
05:40
Bye!
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
05:41
Sorry, everyone, we haven't finished yet.
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใพใ ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:43
Oh, yeah, sorry. We want to tell you about some of our other podcasts.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ไป–ใฎใƒใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚นใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:47
Actually, we shouldn't have to apologise because the other podcasts are brilliant!
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ไป–ใฎใƒใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚นใƒˆใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใงใ€่ฌใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:51
True. You can learn vocabulary from news headlines in News Review.
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็œŸๅฎŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใ€ใงใฏใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฎ่ฆ‹ๅ‡บใ—ใ‹ใ‚‰่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ The English We Speak ใฎ
05:54
Impress your friends with idiomatic expressions in The English We Speak.
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ๆ…ฃ็”จ็š„ใช่กจ็พใงๅ‹้”ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:58
And we have even more.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:00
Go to BBC Learning English.com and download them for free.
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BBC Learning English.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ ใ€็„กๆ–™ใงใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใƒญใƒผใƒ‰ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:05
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
06:09
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English, the show that brings you an interesting topic,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚6 Minute English ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ใ“ใฎ ็•ช็ต„ใฏใ€่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€
06:13
authentic listening practice and six new items of vocabulary. I'm Dan.
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ๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ็ทด็ฟ’ ใ€6 ใคใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใŠๅฑŠใ‘ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ€ใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:17
And I'm Neil. We'll be discussing the rise
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
06:19
of those little graphics we call emojis and emoticons.
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚„้ก”ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฐใ•ใชใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใฎๅฐ้ ญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:23
You know, I think emojis are a vital tool for communication
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๆฌ ใ‹ใ›ใชใ„ใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
06:26
and, actually, they're not that new either.
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ใŒใ€ๅฎŸใฏ ใใ‚Œใปใฉๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:28
โ€” Oh, really? โ€” Well, that's the perfect opportunity
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- ใพใ‚ใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸ โ€” ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€
06:30
to ask this week's question.
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ไปŠ้€ฑใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹็ตถๅฅฝใฎๆฉŸไผšใงใ™ใ€‚
06:32
When was the first emoticon used?
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
06:34
Was it a) 1606? b) 1862? c) 1982?
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1606ๅนดใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ b) 1862ๅนด? c) 1982ๅนด?
06:40
It must be 1982. I'll go with c).
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1982 ๅนดใฎใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚็งใฏ c) ใง่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:43
We'll find out if you're right or wrong later in the programme.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ€ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:46
You know, I think we should clear one thing up before we go any further โ€”
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ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ๅ…ˆใซ ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ 1 ใคๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใฆใŠใใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:49
what's the difference between an emoticon and an emoji?
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้ก”ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใจ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
06:53
Good point. 'Emoticons' came first.
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ใ„ใ„่ฆ–็‚นใญใ€‚ ใ€Œ้ก”ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:55
They're 'the images made using normal keys on a keyboard,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ‚ญใƒผใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใฎ้€šๅธธใฎใ‚ญใƒผ ใ€
06:58
usually punctuation, letters and numbers.'
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้€šๅธธใฏๅฅ่ชญ็‚นใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€ๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็”ปๅƒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:01
For example, a colon โ€” two dots โ€”
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ณใƒญใƒณ (2 ใคใฎใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆ) ใฎ
07:03
followed by the curved line of a close brackets is a...?
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ๅพŒใซ ๅณๆ‹ฌๅผงใฎๆ›ฒ็ทšใŒ็ถšใๅ ดๅˆใ€...?
07:06
โ€” A smiley face. โ€” Hey!
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โ€” ็ฌ‘้ก”ใ€‚ - ใŠใ„๏ผ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎใƒกใƒผใƒซใง
07:08
Something you use in way too many of your emails!
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ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
07:11
Well, thanks!
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†๏ผ
07:13
Whereas an 'emoji' is something completely different. It's 'an actual image'.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€Œ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ€ใฏใพใฃใŸใ ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ŒๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆ˜ ๅƒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:17
It could be a simple, yellow, smiley face
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ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใช้ป„่‰ฒใฎใ‚นใƒžใ‚คใƒชใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚นใ€
07:19
or something like a dancing lady or even a bowl of noodles.
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่ธŠใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ้บบ้กžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
07:22
Ah, yes, all those little images we have in our phones.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑใซไฟๅญ˜ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฐใ•ใช็”ปๅƒใฏใ™ในใฆใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:26
But you'll have to convince me โ€” why do people use them so much?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใœไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใใ‚Œใปใฉไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
07:29
Well, let's listen to Professor Vyv Evans. He wrote a book called The Emoji Code.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒดใ‚ฃใƒดใƒปใ‚จใƒดใ‚กใƒณใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่žใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใ€ŽThe Emoji Codeใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆœฌใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:34
They enable us to express emotion and empathy in digital communication.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„ๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ‚’่กจ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:39
Increasingly, what we're finding is that digital communication is taking over
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ใพใ™ใพใ™ใ€ๅฏพ้ขใงใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šๅ–ใ‚Šใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅด้ขใŒ ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๅ–ใฃใฆไปฃใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
07:43
from certain aspects of face-to-face interaction.
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ใ€‚
07:46
In the UK today, for example, adults spend 22 hours online on average each week.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่‹ฑๅ›ฝใงใฏใ€ๆˆไบบใฏ ๆฏŽ้€ฑๅนณๅ‡ 22 ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใง้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:53
One of the reasons emojis are so interesting
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„็†็”ฑใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
07:55
is that they really do enable us
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็งใŸใกใฎ
07:57
to express our emotional selves much more effectively.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซ่กจ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:00
OK, so he used a very useful word โ€” 'empathy'.
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OKใ€ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผใฏใ€Œๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใจใ„ใ†้žๅธธใซไพฟๅˆฉใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
08:03
It means 'the ability to show you understand someone else's feelings'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ ไป–ไบบใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:07
OK, tell me more, Dan.
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ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚ฑใƒผใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ•™ใˆใฆใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ€‚
08:09
Yes, adding an emoticon can show you understand and express emotion
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ใฏใ„ใ€็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—่กจ็พใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—
08:13
and show empathy more clearly.
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ใ€ๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
08:15
In digital communication,
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ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใฏใ€ๅฏพ้ขใงใฎใ‚„ใ‚Šใจใ‚Šใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
08:17
we lack the visual signals we have in face-to-face interaction, as he says.
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่ฆ–่ฆš็š„ใชไฟกๅทใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:21
'Interaction', meaning 'when people or things communicate with each other'.
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ใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒฉใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œไบบ ใ‚„็‰ฉใŒไบ’ใ„ใซ้€šไฟกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:25
We can also interact with things like machines, computers and social media.
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็งใŸใกใฏๆฉŸๆขฐใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใชใฉใจๅฏพ่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:29
Yes, Professor Evans says 60% of information
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚จใƒดใ‚กใƒณใ‚นๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€
08:32
when we're talking to each other comes from non-verbal cues.
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็งใŸใกใŒไผš่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎ 60% ใฏ ้ž่จ€่ชž็š„ใชๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚‰ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:35
Wow, that's a lot.
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ใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:37
A 'cue' is 'a signal that you need to do something'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€Œ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:40
For example, an actor goes on stage after their cue.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไฟณๅ„ชใฏๅˆๅ›ณใฎๅพŒใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ธใซไธŠใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:43
And 'non-verbal' means 'without using spoken language'.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ŒใƒŽใƒณใƒใƒผใƒใƒซใ€ใจใฏ ใ€Œ่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
08:47
So, here in the studio there are lots of other 'non-verbal' signals
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚ธใ‚ชใซใฏใ€
08:50
about how we're feeling, 'non-verbal cues'.
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็งใŸใกใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ€Œ้ž่จ€่ชž็š„ใ€ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใ€ใ€Œ้ž่จ€่ชž็š„ๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใŒไป–ใซใ‚‚ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:53
For example, my facial expression, my body language, the look in my eyes, Dan.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฎ่กจๆƒ…ใ€ ใƒœใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฒใƒผใ‚ธใ€็›ฎใฎ่กจๆƒ…ใงใ™ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ€‚ ใฉใ“ใ‹
08:57
There's a glint of rage in there somewhere, Neil.
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ใซๆ€’ใ‚Šใฎ่ผใใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
09:00
OK, so let's apply this to digital communication.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซๅฝ“ใฆใฏใ‚ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ็งใŒใƒใƒณใƒžใƒผใงๆŒ‡ใ‚’ๆฎดใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ๅ†…ๅฎนใฎ
09:03
Imagine I sent you a text saying I hit my finger with a hammer โ€”
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ใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซ้€ใฃใŸใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:07
how would you respond?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ†ๅๅฟœใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
09:08
Well, it depends. Did you hurt yourself badly?
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็Šถๆณใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ใฒใฉใๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
09:11
If I followed it with a sad face emoji, then?
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็ถšใ„ใฆๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„้ก”ใฎ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ๏ผŸ
09:14
Then I guess I'd know you hurt yourself. Poor you.
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใใ†ใชใ‚ใชใŸใ€‚
09:17
But if I followed it with a laughing emoji,
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ ็ฌ‘ใ„ใฎ็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใŸใ‚‰ใ€็ฌ‘ใ„ใ™ใŽใฆ
09:20
the one with the tears coming out because I'm laughing so much?
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ๆถ™ใŒๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ๏ผŸ ใใ†
09:23
Then I'd probably reply saying how stupid and clumsy you are!
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ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€็งใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉๆ„šใ‹ใงไธๅ™จ็”จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผ
09:26
Dan Exactly โ€” without adding the emoji, it's hard to know my emotional state.
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ใƒ€ใƒณ ใพใ•ใซใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใ„ใจใ€ ็งใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:31
The emoji is the 'non-verbal cue', like my facial expression.
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏ ็งใฎ้ก”ใฎ่กจๆƒ…ใจๅŒๆง˜ใ€ใ€Œ้ž่จ€่ชž็š„ๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:34
By the way, is there an emoji meaning clumsy?
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ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€ ไธๅ™จ็”จใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:37
'Clumsy' means 'physically awkward' โ€”
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ใ€Œไธๅ™จ็”จใ€ใจใฏใ€Œ่บซไฝ“็š„ใซไธๅ™จ็”จใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€
09:40
someone who's 'clumsy' falls over a lot and drops things.
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ใ€Œไธๅ™จ็”จใ€ใชไบบใฏใ‚ˆใ่ปขใ‚“ใง ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฝใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:43
Anyway, you were saying emoticons aren't as new as I think?
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€้ก”ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏ ็งใŒๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใปใฉๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:46
Yes, I asked when they were invented.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ„ใค็™บๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:48
Is it a)1606? b)1862? Or c)1982?
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a)1606ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) 1862ๅนด? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ 1982 ๅนด้ ƒ?
09:53
And I said 1982.
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09:55
Well, in fact, a witty speech Abraham Lincoln reprinted in a newspaper
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€1862 ๅนดใซ ๆ–ฐ่žใซ่ปข่ผ‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚จใ‚คใƒ–ใƒฉใƒใƒ  ใƒชใƒณใ‚ซใƒผใƒณใฎๆฉŸ็ŸฅใซๅฏŒใ‚“ใ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใซใฏใ€ๅณๆ‹ฌๅผงไป˜ใใฎใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใŒ
09:58
as far back as 1862 included a semicolon with a close brackets.
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ๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
10:03
Like a winking face?
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ใ‚ฆใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฏ้ก”ใฟใŸใ„ใช๏ผŸ
10:05
Exactly. Though people think this was sadly just a typographical error
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ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไบบใ€…ใฏใ€ ๆ‚ฒใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใ€
10:09
or what we normally call a typo.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ้€šๅธธใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:11
A 'typo', 'a spelling mistake made when typing too fast or carelessly'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใŒ้€Ÿใ™ใŽใŸใ‚Šใ€ไธๆณจๆ„ใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใจใใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒšใƒซใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:16
The official birth of emoticons is usually given as 1982,
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็ตตๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎๆญฃๅผใช่ช•็”Ÿใฏ ้€šๅธธใ€1982 ๅนดใซ
10:19
when a US professor instructed his students
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็ฑณๅ›ฝใฎๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒ ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใซใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง
10:22
to use smiley faces to indicate jokes in a digital communication.
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚นใƒžใ‚คใƒชใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒ‡็คบใ—ใŸใจใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:26
Wow, so they're over 30 years old. Maybe I should start using them.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚‚ใ†30ๆญณใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ ใŸใถใ‚“็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚
10:30
Let's round up with another look at today's words.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใพใจใ‚ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:33
Sure. The first word we had was 'empathy'. Do you have a lot of 'empathy', Neil?
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซๅฃใซใ—ใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏใ€Œๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:38
Yes, I think I'm quite good at 'understanding other people's feelings'.
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ใฏใ„ใ€็งใฏ ใ€Œไบบใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใฎใฏๅพ—ๆ„ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:41
My friends tell me that, anyway!
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ๅ‹้”ใฏใจใซใ‹ใใใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผ ๅŒๅƒšใซ
10:43
It's important to empathise with your colleagues too.
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ๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ ใ€‚
10:45
That's not what I saw in your eyes!
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็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็›ฎใซๆ˜ ใฃใŸใฎใฏใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ
10:47
Yes, 'empathy' is an important part of all human interaction.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ€Œๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใฏ ใ™ในใฆใฎไบบ้–“้–ขไฟ‚ใฎ้‡่ฆใช้ƒจๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:51
Nicely done. If two people 'interact',
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ใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ 2 ไบบใŒใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒฉใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
10:53
it means they 'communicate with each other and react to each other'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œไบ’ใ„ใซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ— ใ€ไบ’ใ„ใซๅๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:56
It's a pretty broad term.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅบƒใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใค็”จ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใŒใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใจใฉใฎ
10:58
We could also talk about the way children 'interact' with the internet.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€Œไบคๆตใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹
11:01
Way too much!
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๏ผ
11:02
Next up, we had 'non-verbal', meaning 'without spoken language'.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€ŒใƒŽใƒณใƒใƒผใƒใƒซใ€ใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ่ฉฑใ—่จ€่‘‰ใชใ—ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:06
When I first travelled to Poland,
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ๅˆใ‚ใฆใƒใƒผใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใซๆ—…่กŒใ—ใŸใจใใ€
11:08
I used a lot of 'non-verbal' communication to get my message across.
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็งใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œ้ž่จ€่ชžใ€ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅคš็”จใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
11:11
Hand movements, counting with fingers, things like that. Next word, Dan?
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ๆ‰‹ใฎๅ‹•ใใจใ‹ๆŒ‡ใงๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‹ ใจใ‹ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฏใƒ€ใƒณ๏ผŸ
11:15
Next word? Aha! That is my 'cue' to say the next word, which is in fact 'cue'.
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ๆฌกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‚๏ผ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆฌกใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎใ€Œๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€Œๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใชใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
11:20
A 'cue' is 'a signal to do something'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:22
A commander could give his officer a 'cue' to attack.
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ๆŒ‡ๆฎๅฎ˜ใฏๅฐ†ๆ กใซ ๆ”ปๆ’ƒใฎใ€Œๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
11:25
Or I could give you a 'cue' to sing a song?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€ๆญŒใ‚’ๆญŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎใ€Œๅˆๅ›ณใ€ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
11:27
No, thanks. I'll stick with defining words, thank you.
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็ตๆง‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅฎš็พฉใซใ“ใ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
11:31
Like 'clumsy', meaning 'physically awkward'.
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ใ€Œclumsyใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ€Œ่บซไฝ“็š„ใซใŽใ“ใกใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
11:34
I'd have to say, Dan, you're a sporty guy, a talented footballer,
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ใƒ€ใƒณใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใƒžใƒณใง ๆ‰่ƒฝใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผ้ธๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใŒใ€
11:37
you're not 'clumsy' at all.
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ๅ…จ็„ถใ€Œไธๅ™จ็”จใ€ใงใฏใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:39
That's what I thought until I broke my leg after a 'clumsy' opponent ran into me.
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ใ€Œไธๅ™จ็”จใชใ€็›ธๆ‰‹ใซใถใคใ‹ใฃใฆ่ถณใ‚’้ชจๆŠ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€็งใฏใใ†ๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:43
Ouch. Finally, we had type.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€‚ ใคใ„ใซใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:47
No, no, hang on, that's not right. It should say 'typo'.
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ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚
11:51
A 'typo' is 'a mistake in a written document or a digital file or message'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ ๆ–‡ๆ›ธใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใƒซใ€ใพใŸใฏใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ€ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ—ใƒˆใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ๅ‰ใซใ€
11:56
Always check your scripts for 'typos' before reading them, Neil.
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ๅฟ…ใšใ€Œใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใ‚นใ€ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
11:59
And that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ6ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใœใฒใพใŸใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผ
12:02
And we are on social media too โ€” Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ Facebookใ€Twitterใ€Instagramใ€YouTube ใชใฉใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚‚ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:06
See you there.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใฏใพใŸใ€‚
12:07
โ€” Bye! โ€” Bye!
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- ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
12:09
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
12:14
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
12:18
And I'm Beth.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ™ใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ด่ฆš
12:19
If you're Deaf or hard of hearing,
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้šœๅฎณ่€…ใพใŸใฏ่ด่ฆš้šœๅฎณ่€…ใซใจใฃใฆใ€
12:22
watching television would be impossible without 'subtitles',
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ใ€Œๅญ—ๅน•ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ็™ปๅ ดไบบ็‰ฉใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹
12:26
'the words of dialogue added at the bottom of the screen
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็”ป้ขใฎไธ‹้ƒจใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ปใƒชใƒ•ใ€ใชใ—ใงใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™
12:30
explaining what the characters are saying'.
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ใ€‚
12:33
Subtitled captions aren't only for dialogue.
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ๅญ—ๅน•ไป˜ใใ‚ญใƒฃใƒ—ใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ ไผš่ฉฑใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ
12:37
In the most dramatic, action-packed scenes of a movie,
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ใƒ‰ใƒฉใƒžใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณๆบ€่ผ‰ใฎใ‚ทใƒผใƒณใงใฏ ใ€
12:41
there might be no-one speaking, but there are plenty of sounds โ€”
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่ชฐใ‚‚่ฉฑใ•ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€
12:46
a scream, a thrilling car chase โ€”
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ๅซใณๅฃฐใ‚„ใ‚นใƒชใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใชใ‚ซใƒผใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚นใชใฉใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ŸณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
12:49
and all these sounds need to be described as well.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎ้Ÿณใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
12:52
In this programme, we'll be meeting Karli Witkowska,
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€ใ€Žใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒป
12:55
a subtitler who works on the Stranger Things show,
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ใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚น ๆœช็Ÿฅใฎไธ–็•Œใ€ใฎๅญ—ๅน•ๅˆถไฝœ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใƒผใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ•ใ‚นใ‚ซๆฐใซไผšใ„ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ
12:59
to find out more.
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่ฉณใ—ใ่žใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:00
And, of course, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพฟๅˆฉใชๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:04
But first I have a question for you, Neil.
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ใงใ‚‚ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:07
Movie subtitles are written ahead of time,
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎๅญ—ๅน•ใฏไบ‹ๅ‰ใซไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€
13:11
but subtitling for live TV has to be done in the moment, as the person is speaking.
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็”Ÿๆ”พ้€ใฎๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใ€ ไบบใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใซไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:18
This can lead to mistakes, sometimes very funny ones,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
13:21
including a subtitle which appeared in an interview
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13:25
for the BBC Six O'Clock News in 2019.
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2019 ๅนดใฎ BBC Six O'Clock News ใฎใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใซ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใชใฉใ€้žๅธธใซ้ข็™ฝใ„้–“้•ใ„ใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:29
But what did the subtitle say?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅญ—ๅน•ใซใฏไฝ•ใŒๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
13:31
Was it a) We can't allow Spider-Man to become prime minister?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ a) ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒณใŒ้ฆ–็›ธใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จฑๅฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ ?
13:36
b) We can't allow Superman to become prime minister?
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b) ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒžใƒณใŒ้ฆ–็›ธใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่จฑใ›ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ ๏ผŸ
13:41
Or c) We can't allow Batman to become prime minister?
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ใพใŸใฏ c) ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใŒ้ฆ–็›ธใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จฑๅฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ ?
13:45
Hmm, I guess the subtitling mistake involved Spider-Man.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ๅญ—ๅน•ใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใฏ ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒณใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
13:50
I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏ็•ช็ต„ๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
13:53
Of course, it's not just Deaf audiences that subtitles help.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅญ—ๅน•ใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคใฎใฏ่ด่ฆš้šœๅฎณ่€…ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
13:58
The translated subtitles of foreign films are great for learning languages,
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ๅค–ๅ›ฝๆ˜ ็”ปใฎ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใ€
14:03
letting you read a word and hear how it's pronounced at the same time.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ชญใฟใชใŒใ‚‰ ๅŒๆ™‚ใซใใฎ็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€่จ€่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
14:07
And because subtitles describe everything, from monster squelches to bombs exploding,
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ใพใŸใ€ๅญ—ๅน•ใงใฏๆ€ช็‰ฉใฎ้Žฎๅœงใ‹ใ‚‰็ˆ†ๅผพใฎ็ˆ†็™บใพใงใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€
14:13
it's a great way to learn new adjectives.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ™ใ€‚
14:17
Here's subtitler Karli Witkowska
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14:19
explaining to BBC Radio 4 programme Word Of Mouth
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BBCใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช4ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ Word Of Mouthใ€ใงใ€ๅญ—ๅน•ๆ‹…ๅฝ“่€…ใฎใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใƒผใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ•ใ‚นใ‚ซใ•ใ‚“ใŒใ€
14:24
how her choice of adjective creates emotion for the viewer.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ้ธๆŠžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ่ฆ–่ด่€…ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ™ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
14:28
It depends on the genre and depends on the shows,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใ‚„ใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:30
and so if you have a very upbeat sort of period piece
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€้žๅธธใซ้™ฝๆฐ—ใช ๆ™‚ไปฃๅŠ‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†
14:36
where the music is very jaunty,
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ใช้ŸณๆฅฝใŒ้žๅธธใซ้™ฝๆฐ—ใชๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใฎ้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ
14:38
like, you would use the word 'jaunty' to describe the music.
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ใ€Œ้™ฝๆฐ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
14:40
It just... It's creating an idea of what a sound is like
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ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใ ... ใ‚ตใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—
14:47
and using a very, very descriptive word in order to do so.
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ใ€ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซ้žๅธธใซ้žๅธธใซ่ชฌๆ˜Ž็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
14:52
Karli bases her descriptions on the film's 'genre' โ€”
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ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใฏ ๆ˜ ็”ปใฎใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎไธ€้€ฃใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๆŒใค
14:55
'a style of film, music or book with its own particular set of features'.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใ€ๆœฌใฎใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใ€ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Žใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒปใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚น ๆœช็Ÿฅใฎไธ–็•Œใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
15:01
The sound effects needed for a thriller like Stranger Things โ€”
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ใ‚นใƒชใƒฉใƒผใซๅฟ…่ฆใช้Ÿณ้ŸฟๅŠนๆžœ๏ผˆ
15:04
creaking stairs and sudden screams โ€”
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้šŽๆฎตใฎ่ป‹ใ‚€้Ÿณ ใ‚„็ช็„ถใฎๅซใณๅฃฐ๏ผ‰ใฏใ€
15:06
are very different from the sounds used in historical period dramas
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15:11
which are more 'upbeat', 'light-hearted and cheerful'.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€Œ้™ฝๆฐ—ใ€ใง ใ€Œๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ้™ฝๆฐ—ใชใ€ๆ™‚ไปฃๅŠ‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้Ÿณ้Ÿฟใจใฏๅคงใใ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:14
This influences the adjective Karli chooses to describe a sound.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใŒ้Ÿณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
15:19
For example, 'upbeat' music might be described as 'jaunty' โ€”
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใฏ ใ€Œ้™ฝๆฐ—ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
15:23
'full of energy and confidence'.
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ใ€Œใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใจ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่กจ็พใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:26
Subtitles started out as an accessibility feature for Deaf audiences
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ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใ€ ่ด่ฆš้šœๅฎณ่€…ใฎ่ฆ–่ด่€…ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚ทใƒ“ใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃๆฉŸ่ƒฝใจใ—ใฆใ€ใพใŸ
15:31
and to translate foreign language films into English.
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ๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ชžๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่‹ฑ่ชžใซ็ฟป่จณใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
15:35
But, since the growth of online streaming services like Netflix,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ Netflix ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚ชใƒณใƒฉใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใŒๆˆ้•ทใ—ใฆไปฅๆฅใ€
15:39
subtitling has become something of an art.
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ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏไธ€็จฎใฎ่Šธ่ก“ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:42
Karli belongs to a team of subtitlers
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ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชใƒผใฏใ€ๅญ—ๅน•ๅˆถไฝœ่€…ใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใซๅฑžใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
15:45
who try to make their descriptions as close as possible to the sounds they hear.
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่ชฌๆ˜Žใ‚’ ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹้Ÿณใซใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:50
Here she tells BBC Radio 4's Word Of Mouth
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€BBC Radio 4 ใฎ Word Of Mouth ใงใ€
15:53
about a time her team found exactly the right word.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใŒ ใพใ•ใซๆญฃใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใจใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:57
I loved 'gobsmacked silence',
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็งใฏใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ–ใƒžใƒƒใ‚ฏใชๆฒˆ้ป™ใ€ใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
16:00
because you were able to tell that people were, like, almost on the verge of a gasp,
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ไบบใ€…ใŒ ๆฏใ‚’ๅ‘‘ใฟใใ†ใซใชใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€
16:06
or on the verge of, like, a shock, and that was the atmosphere,
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ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
16:10
but there wasn't actually a sound,
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ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†้Ÿณใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€
16:12
so when my colleague came up with that one,
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ๅŒๅƒšใŒ ใใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ใคใ„ใŸใจใใฏใ€
16:14
I definitely wanted to give him a virtual high five.
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็ตถๅฏพใซ ใƒใƒผใƒใƒฃใƒซใƒใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
16:18
In this scene, the surprised characters were about to 'gasp' โ€”
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒผใƒณใงใฏใ€้ฉšใ„ใŸ็™ปๅ ดไบบ็‰ฉใŸใกใŒ ใ€Œใ‚ใˆใŽใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
16:21
'take in a short, quick breath of air'.
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็Ÿญใ็ด ๆ—ฉใ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅธใ„่พผใฟใ€ใใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
16:25
There was no speech or sound in the scene,
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็พๅ ดใซใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚้Ÿณใ‚‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใŒใ€
16:27
but Karli's team found the perfect adjective to describe the silence โ€”
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ใ‚ซใƒผใƒชๆฐใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใฏ ใใฎๆฒˆ้ป™ใ‚’่กจใ™ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใ€‚
16:32
'gobsmacked', which is slang for 'being so surprised you can't speak'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ–ใ‚บใƒžใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ‰๏ผˆgobsmacked๏ผ‰ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใงใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚้ฉšใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ›ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ ใ€‚
16:37
This was definitely one description that deserved a 'high five' โ€”
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใชใ ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
16:41
'lifting up your hand to clap hands with someone else
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16:45
as a greeting or to say well done'.
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ๆŒจๆ‹ถใ‚„ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใฆไป–ใฎไบบใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใŸใŸใใ€ใซๅ€คใ™ใ‚‹ๆๅ†™ใฎ1ใคใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
16:48
In fact, the phrase 'gobsmacked silence' was so good it went viral
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ดใƒ–ใ‚บใƒžใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ‰ใƒปใ‚ตใ‚คใƒฌใƒณใ‚นใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใŒ ้žๅธธใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ€ฅ้€Ÿใซๅบƒใพใ‚Š
16:53
and started being used in all kinds of situations.
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ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
16:57
Maybe gobsmacked was how the viewers of that TV news programme felt,
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ ใใฎใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น็•ช็ต„ใฎ่ฆ–่ด่€…ใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ
17:01
you know, the mistaken subtitle you asked me about in your question.
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่ณชๅ•ใง็งใซๅฐ‹ใญใŸ้–“้•ใฃใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใซๆ„•็„ถใจใ—ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
17:06
I guessed the incorrect subtitle
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้–“้•ใฃใŸใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซใฏ
17:08
was "We can't allow Spider-Man to become prime minister".
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒณใŒ ้ฆ–็›ธใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่จฑใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:12
Which was the wrong answer, I'm afraid.
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใŸ็ญ”ใˆใงใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
17:16
In fact, the interviewee said, "We can't allow that man to become prime minister",
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒ“ใƒฅใ‚คใƒผใฏใƒœใƒชใ‚นใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใ€Œ ใ‚ใฎไบบใŒ้ฆ–็›ธใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่จฑใ›ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่ชžใฃใฆใ„
17:22
speaking about Boris Johnson, but the misheard subtitle appeared as Batman.
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ใŸใŒใ€่žใ ้–“้•ใˆใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใงใฏใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚
17:28
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learnt from this programme on subtitles,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงๅญ—ๅน•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใพใš
17:33
starting with 'genre' โ€”
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒซใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎไธ€้€ฃใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๆŒใค
17:35
'a style of film, music or book with its own particular set of characteristics'.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€้Ÿณๆฅฝใ€ๆœฌใฎใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
17:41
Something which is 'upbeat' is 'cheerful, hopeful and light-hearted'.
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏใ€ ใ€Œ้™ฝๆฐ—ใงใ€ๅธŒๆœ›ใซๆบ€ใกใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใ€ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
17:45
The adjective 'jaunty' means 'full of energy and confidence'.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€Œjauntyใ€ใฏ ใ€Œใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใจ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
17:49
If you 'gasp', you 'take in a short, quick breath of air in surprise or in pain'.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใˆใŽๅ‘ผๅธใ€ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ ้ฉšใ„ใŸใ‚Š็—›ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ€็Ÿญใ็ด ๆ—ฉใ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅธใ„่พผใ‚€ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:55
You can use the slang expression 'gobsmacked'
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17:58
when someone is 'so surprised they can't speak'.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ใ€Œใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซใ‚‚้ฉšใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ›ใชใ„ใ€ใจใใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐ่กจ็พใ€Œgobsmackedใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:01
And finally, if you give someone a 'high five',
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซ ใ€Œใƒใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒใ€ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€ŒๆŒจๆ‹ถใจใ—ใฆใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใ€
18:04
you 'hold up your hand above your head,
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ๆ‰‹ใ‚’้ ญใฎไธŠใซไธŠใ’ใฆ
18:06
clapping hands with somebody else as a greeting, or to say well done'.
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ไป–ใฎไบบใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใŸใŸใใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
18:11
Once again, our 6 minutes are up. Goodbye for now!
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚6ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
18:13
Bye!
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
18:15
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
18:20
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:24
And I'm Rob.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:25
The British are not famous for their food,
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใฏ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใงๆœ‰ๅใงใฏใชใใ€
18:28
or rather they are famous, but for bad food!
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ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ๆœ‰ๅใงใ™ใŒใ€ ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใŒใพใšใ„ใ“ใจใงๆœ‰ๅใงใ™ใ€‚
18:32
While French and Italian cooking is admired around the world,
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ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นๆ–™็†ใ‚„ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขๆ–™็†ใฏ ไธ–็•Œไธญใง่ณž่ณ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€
18:36
the UK has a reputation for overboiled vegetables, mushy peas,
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใฏ ่Œนใงใ™ใŽใŸ้‡Ž่œใ€ใฉใ‚ใฉใ‚ใ‚จใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚ฆ่ฑ†ใ€
18:41
and 'black pudding' โ€” 'a dish made from pig's blood'!
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ ่ฑšใฎ่ก€ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–™็†ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒ—ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใงๆœ‰ๅใงใ™ใ€‚
18:44
Ugh, that doesn't sound very tasty, does it?
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใซใฏๆ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ ใญ๏ผŸ
18:48
But I don't think our reputation for bad cooking is still true today, Sam.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฎ ๆ–™็†ใŒใพใšใ„ใจใ„ใ†่ฉ•ๅˆคใฏไปŠใงใ‚‚็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€‚
18:52
The last twenty years have seen big changes
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18:55
as Brits have fallen in love with international foods
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่‹ฑๅ›ฝไบบใŒ
18:58
like Indian curry and Asian rice dishes,
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚ขใฎ็ฑณๆ–™็†ใชใฉใฎๅคšๅ›ฝ็ฑๆ–™็†ใ‚„ใ€
19:01
and with non-traditional cooking like vegetarian and vegan food.
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ใƒ™ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขใƒณๆ–™็†ใ‚„ใƒ“ใƒผใ‚ฌใƒณๆ–™็†ใชใฉใฎ้žไผ็ตฑ็š„ใชๆ–™็†ใซๅคขไธญใซใชใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€้ŽๅŽป20ๅนด้–“ใงๅคงใใชๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
19:05
Some of the most popular food in Britain comes from other countries,
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ไบบๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใฎไธญใซใฏ ไป–ใฎๅ›ฝใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€้ ใ„ๅ›ฝใฎ
19:09
and includes the recipes, flavours and tastes of those faraway places.
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ€ๅ‘ณใ€ๅ‘ณใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
19:13
But how do recipes and cooking ideas from all over the world
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚„ๆ–™็†ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆ
19:17
make their way onto the British dining table?
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใฎ้ฃŸๅ“ใซๅฑŠใใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
19:21
In this programme, we'll be finding out.
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่งฃๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
19:23
We'll be meeting the recipe translators.
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใซไผšใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:25
These chefs translate 'recipes' โ€”
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ทใ‚งใƒ•ใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
19:28
'the instructions explaining how to combine the different items,
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ†ใƒ ใ‚„ๆๆ–™ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆ
19:31
the ingredients, they will cook' โ€” from their own language into English.
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่ชฟ็†ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸๆŒ‡็คบใ€ใ‚’ ๆฏๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‹ใ‚‰่‹ฑ่ชžใซ็ฟป่จณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:35
And, of course, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:39
Sounds good, Rob, but first I have a question for you.
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ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ ใใฎๅ‰ใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:42
It may be true that British cooking is better than it used to be,
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ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นๆ–™็†ใŒ ไปฅๅ‰ใซๆฏ”ในใฆ่‰ฏใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
19:46
but there's still some pretty bad food out there.
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ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใพใšใ„ๆ–™็†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€‚
19:49
So, according to a 2019 YouGov survey, which UK food was voted the worst?
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ใงใฏใ€2019 ๅนดใฎ YouGov ่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใฎใฉใฎ้ฃŸๅ“ใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆœ€ๆ‚ชใซ้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
19:56
Was it a) steak and kidney pies? b) Scotch eggs? Or c) haggis?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ) ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใจใ‚ญใƒ‰ใƒ‹ใƒผใฎใƒ‘ใ‚คใงใ—ใŸใ‹? b) ใ‚นใ‚ณใƒƒใƒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ฐ? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ใƒใ‚ฎใ‚น๏ผŸ
20:03
Oh, I've got to say Scotch eggs, I've never liked them that much!
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ‚นใ‚ณใƒƒใƒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ฐใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ๏ผ
20:07
OK. All right, Rob, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’
20:12
Now, as anyone who speaks more than one language knows,
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่ฉฑใ™ไบบใชใ‚‰่ชฐใงใ‚‚ ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
20:15
translating involves more than getting the dictionary out.
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็ฟป่จณใซใฏ ่พžๆ›ธใ‚’ๅผ•ใใ ใ‘ใงใฏไธๅๅˆ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
20:19
Recipe translators need to know the vocabulary
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใฏใ€ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใฎๆ ธๅฟƒใ‚’็ถญๆŒใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆๆ–™ใ‚„่ชฟ็†ๆŠ€่ก“ใฎ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
20:22
for different ingredients and cooking techniques,
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20:24
while also preserving the heart of the recipe.
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ใ€‚
20:28
Listen as BBC World Service programme The Food Chain
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BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ ใ‚ถ ใƒ•ใƒผใƒ‰ ใƒใ‚งใƒผใƒณใ€ใง
20:31
talks with recipe translator Rosa Llopis.
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใฎใƒญใƒผใ‚ถ ใƒญใƒ”ใ‚นๆฐใŒ่ชžใ‚‹่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:35
Long story short, I began to work as an interpreter for Le Cordon Bleu,
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้•ทใ„่ฉฑใ‚’ๆ‰‹็Ÿญใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นๆ–™็†ๅญฆๆ ก ใƒซใƒปใ‚ณใƒซใƒ‰ใƒณใƒปใƒ–ใƒซใƒผใง้€š่จณใจใ—ใฆๅƒใๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
20:39
the French cuisine school, and I realised there was no,
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20:47
I mean, no such a specialisation, in Spain at least,
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ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใซใฏ
20:50
like, in gastronomy or cooking translation.
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็พŽ้ฃŸ ใ‚„ๆ–™็†ใฎ็ฟป่จณใชใฉใ€ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฐ‚้–€ๅˆ†้‡ŽใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:54
Recipe translation is closely connected to 'gastronomy' โ€”
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใฎ็ฟป่จณใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็พŽ้ฃŸใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
20:58
'the art and knowledge involved in preparing and eating good food'.
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ใ€Œ ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ—ใฆ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ๆŠ€่ก“ใจ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ€ใจๅฏ†ๆŽฅใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:02
This is contained in a country's traditional recipes,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
21:05
written in its own language, not English,
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใชใใใฎๅ›ฝใฎ่จ€่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใใฎๅ›ฝใฎไผ็ตฑ็š„ใชใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใซๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
21:07
hence Rosa's decision to specialise in recipe translation.
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ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใฏ ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใฎ็ฟป่จณใซ็‰นๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
21:11
If you 'specialise' in a subject,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็ง‘็›ฎใ‚’ใ€Œๅฐ‚้–€ๅŒ–ใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œ
21:13
you 'focus on studying and learning all about it'.
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ใใฎ็ง‘็›ฎใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใซ้›†ไธญใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
21:16
When Rosa is asked how she became a recipe translator,
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ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ใฉใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใซใชใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ€
21:20
she begins by saying 'to cut a long story short'.
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ใ€Œ้•ทใ„่ฉฑใ‚’็Ÿญใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
21:24
This phrase can be used when you are
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ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€Œ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‹ใ•ใšใซ
21:26
'explaining what happened in a few words, without giving all the details'.
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ใ€ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•ฐ่ชžใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
21:31
Like most recipe translators, Rosa's goal is to produce a cookbook in English
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใจๅŒๆง˜ใ€ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใฎ็›ฎๆจ™ใฏใ€ๆฏๅ›ฝใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใฎๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚’ๆŽฒ่ผ‰ใ—ใŸ ๆ–™็†ๆœฌใ‚’่‹ฑ่ชžใงไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
21:36
containing the best recipes from her own country, Spain.
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ใ€‚
21:40
But doing this is not so easy,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
21:42
as she explained to BBC World Service programme The Food Chain.
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BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น็•ช็ต„ใ€ŒThe Food Chainใ€ใงๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
21:46
If my readers can't replicate those recipes, they won't buy the book,
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็งใฎ่ชญ่€…ใŒใใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚’ๅ†็พใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใใฎๆœฌใฏ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
21:52
so what I mean is, I don't only have to find, for instance,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใฏใ€ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆๆ–™ๅใฎ็ฟป่จณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
21:56
the translation of the name of an ingredient.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใง
21:59
If it's an ingredient that we don't use or we don't have in Spain,
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ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„้ฃŸๆ ใ‚„ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใซใชใ„้ฃŸๆใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‘ณใ‚„็ตๆžœใ‚’็œŸไผผใงใใ‚‹
22:04
I always try to offer an alternative so they can mimic the flavour or the results.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ๅธธใซไปฃๆ›ฟๅ“ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
22:13
Rosa's cookbook allows readers to 'replicate' her dishes โ€”
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ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใฎๆ–™็†ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใจใ€่ชญ่€…ใฏ ๅฝผๅฅณใฎๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ€Œๅ†็พใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ใ€Œ
22:17
'to make them again in exactly the same way'.
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ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆไฝœใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
22:21
But this isn't easy when the recipe includes
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใซๅ…ฅๆ‰‹ๅ›ฐ้›ฃใชๆๆ–™ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
22:23
ingredients which are difficult to find.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณๆ–™็†ใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
22:26
Something like lemongrass, which is used in some Spanish cooking,
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ใƒฌใƒขใƒณใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
22:30
but can be hard to find in the shops.
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ใŒใ€ใŠๅบ—ใง่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
22:33
For this reason, Rosa gives an alternative โ€”
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ใ“ใฎ็†็”ฑใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใฏไปฃๆ›ฟๆ‰‹ๆฎตใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
22:36
a substitute ingredient which 'mimics', or 'copies', the flavour of a certain food.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎ้ฃŸๅ“ใฎ้ขจๅ‘ณใ‚’ใ€Œๆจกๅ€ฃใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃๆ›ฟๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:42
To mimic the flavour of lemongrass, for example, she recommends using lemon juice.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒฌใƒขใƒณใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใฎ้ขจๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆจกๅ€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ ใ€ใƒฌใƒขใƒณๆฑใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:47
It's not easy work, but thanks to recipe translators like Rosa,
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชไป•ไบ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใƒญใƒผใ‚ถใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”็ฟป่จณ่€…ใฎใŠใ‹โ€‹โ€‹ใ’ใงใ€
22:52
people here in the UK can cook something
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ใ“ใ“่‹ฑๅ›ฝใฎไบบใ€…ใฏ่‚‰ใ‚„ใ‚†ใง้‡Ž่œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
22:54
a little tastier than meat and boiled vegetables.
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ใ€‚
22:58
Speaking of which, it's time to reveal the answer to my question, Rob.
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ใใ†ใ„ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒญใƒ–ใ€็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:02
Yes, you asked which food was voted the worst by a recent UK YouGov survey
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ใฏใ„ใ€ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ่‹ฑๅ›ฝใฎ YouGov ่ชฟๆŸปใงๆœ€ๆ‚ชใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใซ้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸใฎใฏใฉใ‚Œใ‹ใจ่žใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ€
23:09
and I said it was Scotch eggs.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚นใ‚ณใƒƒใƒใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ฐใ ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:11
That's boiled eggs wrapped in sausage meat and breadcrumbs, yuck!
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚†ใงๅตใ‚’ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใฎ่‚‰ ใจใƒ‘ใƒณ็ฒ‰ใงๅŒ…ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใ†ใ‚“๏ผ
23:15
Well, in fact, the correct answer was c) haggis, which doesn't sound much nicer,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€ๆญฃ่งฃใฏ c) ใƒใ‚ฎใ‚นใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:21
because the Scottish dish haggis is made using a sheep's stomach!
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ใ‚นใ‚ณใƒƒใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ๆ–™็†ใฎใƒใ‚ฎใ‚นใฏ ็พŠใฎ่ƒƒใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ„ใ„้Ÿฟใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
23:26
Eurgh, yuck!
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใƒคใƒใ„๏ผ
23:28
OK, let's quickly move on to recap the vocabulary
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ใ•ใฆใ€
23:31
we've learnt from this programme, starting with 'ingredient' โ€”
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆๆ–™ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
23:34
'an item of food that is combined with other food to prepare a particular dish'.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ–™็†ใ‚’ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไป–ใฎ้ฃŸๅ“ใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹้ฃŸๅ“ใฎๅ“็›ฎใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:40
'Gastronomy' is 'the art and knowledge
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ใ€Œใ‚ฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒŽใƒŸใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€ŒใŠใ„ใ—ใ„้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’
23:42
involved in preparing and eating good food'.
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ—ใฆ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹่Šธ่ก“ใจ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
23:45
If you 'specialise' in something,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œๅฐ‚้–€ๅŒ–ใ€ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
23:47
you have 'spent time studying and learning all about it,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๅญฆใณใ€ๅญฆใณใ€
23:50
becoming an expert in that subject'.
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ใใฎไธป้กŒใฎๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใซใชใฃใŸใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
23:53
The phrase 'to cut a long story short' is used in British English
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ใ€Œ้•ทใ„่ฉฑใ‚’็Ÿญใใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚น่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ€Œ่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‹ใ•ใšใซใ€
23:57
when you want 'to explain what happened in a few words,
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ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•ฐ่ชžใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใ€ใจใใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
24:00
without giving all the details'.
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ใ€‚
24:03
To 'replicate' something means 'to make or do it again in exactly the same way'.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œ่ค‡่ฃฝใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆไฝœใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่กŒใ†ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
24:07
And finally, to 'mimic' something means
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œๆจกๅ€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œใใฎ
24:10
'to copy the way in which it is done, sometimes in a funny way'.
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ใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใ‚’ใ€ ๆ™‚ใซใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๆ–นๆณ•ใง็œŸไผผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:14
Well, once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใพใŸใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
24:18
Bye-bye!
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ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚ค๏ผ
24:19
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
24:24
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
24:28
And I'm Rob.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ 1990 ๅนดไปฃใซ
24:29
When Sarah Ott was growing up in Florida in the 1990s, she loved playing in nature.
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ใƒ•ใƒญใƒชใƒ€ใง่‚ฒใฃใŸใ‚ตใƒฉ ใ‚ชใƒƒใƒˆใฏ ใ€่‡ช็„ถใฎไธญใง้ŠใถใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:36
She picked up litter in the street and took it home to recycle.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ้“ใซ่ฝใกใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ดใƒŸใ‚’ๆ‹พใ„ ใ€ใƒชใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฎถใซๆŒใกๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:39
But later, in college, Sarah became surrounded by people in her community
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใใฎๅพŒใ€ๅคงๅญฆใซ้€ฒๅญฆใ—ใŸใ‚ตใƒฉใฏใ€ๅœฐๅŸŸ ็คพไผšใง
24:44
who didn't share her love of the environment โ€”
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็’ฐๅขƒใธใฎๆ„›ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใชใ„ไบบใ€…ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
24:47
people who didn't believe that climate change was real.
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบใ€…ใซๅ›ฒใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
24:51
And, slowly, Sarah started to doubt it as well.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ตใƒฉใ‚‚ๅพใ€…ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’็–‘ใ„ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆŽจ่จˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
24:54
'Climate deniers' โ€” 'people who don't believe that climate change is happening,
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ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
24:59
or that it isn't caused by humans' โ€”
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒไบบ้–“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใจไฟกใ˜ใชใ„ไบบใ€…ใ€ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบๅฃใฎ
25:02
make up around nine percent of the American population,
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็ด„9ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†
25:05
according to some estimates.
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ใ€‚
25:08
Now, Sarah works as a climate campaigner
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็พๅœจใ€ใ‚ตใƒฉใฏ็ฑณๅ›ฝๅ›ฝ็ซ‹็ง‘ๅญฆๆ•™่‚ฒใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใงๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒšใƒผใƒณๆดปๅ‹•ๅฎถใจใ—ใฆๅƒใ„ใฆใŠใ‚Š
25:11
at the US National Center for Science Education,
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ใ€
25:14
teaching children the science behind climate change,
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ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใซๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใฎ่ƒŒๅพŒใซใ‚ใ‚‹็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
25:18
but her journey there was a difficult one, and she lost many friends on the way.
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ใŒใ€ใใ“ใงใฎๅฝผๅฅณใฎๆ—…ใฏๅ›ฐ้›ฃใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ ้€”ไธญใงๅคšใใฎๅ‹ไบบใ‚’ๅคฑใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
25:23
In this programme, we'll be discussing 'climate deniers',
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใ€ๅœฐ็ƒๆธฉๆš–ๅŒ–ใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚’็–‘ใ†
25:26
and finding out how to talk with people who doubt the science of global warming.
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ไบบใ€…ใจใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ†ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
25:31
And, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
25:34
But before that, I have a question for you, Rob.
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
25:37
Whatever 'climate deniers' think, there is strong agreement on the issue
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ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ€ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ”ฟๅบœ้–“ใƒ‘ใƒใƒซ๏ผˆIPCC๏ผ‰
25:41
among scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC.
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ใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€…ใฎ้–“ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ—ใฆๅผทใ„ๅˆๆ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ€‚
25:48
So, what percentage of the world's scientific community
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ใงใฏใ€ ไธ–็•Œใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ็•Œใฎไฝ•ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใŒใ€
25:51
agree that climate change is real?
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
25:54
Is it a) 79 percent? b) 89 percent? Or c) 99 percent?
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a) 79ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) 89ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆ? ใพใŸใฏ c) 99 ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆ?
26:01
Ooh, I'll have a guess and I'll say it's 99 percent.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ๆŽจๆธฌใงใ™ ใŒใ€99ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
26:05
OK, I will reveal the answer later in the programme, Rob.
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OKใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€‚
26:09
Marco Silva is a climate disinformation reporter for the BBC.
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ใƒžใƒซใ‚ณใƒปใ‚ทใƒซใƒใฏ BBCใฎๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฝๆƒ…ๅ ฑ่จ˜่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
26:13
He told BBC World Service programme The Climate Question
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ๅŒๆฐใฏBBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ The Climate Questionใ€ใงใ€
26:17
what he's learned about reporting on the issue from around the world.
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ใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎๅ ฑ้“ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชžใฃใŸใ€‚
26:22
It's quite important to make here a very clear distinction between being wrong,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€
26:28
ill-informed about climate change and being a full-blown climate denier.
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใฆ็„ก็Ÿฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใจใ€ๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซๅŒบๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
26:33
A lot of people may not be very well-versed with the science,
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ๅคšใใฎไบบใฏ ็ง‘ๅญฆใ‚„
26:37
the facts of climate change.
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใซใ‚ใพใ‚Š่ฉณใ—ใใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
26:38
To be honest, they can at times be quite complex, quite dense.
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ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใงใ€้žๅธธใซๅฏ†ๅบฆใฎ้ซ˜ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎไปถใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ
26:43
Some people may have genuine questions about the subject.
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็ด”็ฒ‹ใซ็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
26:47
So, with information, with facts, those people can be convinced.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใจไบ‹ๅฎŸใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไบบใ€…ใฏ็ดๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
26:53
Climate deniers, though, people who reject the basic facts of climate change,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
26:58
are likely to be more difficult to persuade.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
27:01
Marco distinguishes a 'full-blown' 'climate denier' โ€”
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ใƒžใƒซใ‚ณใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชใ€ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ
27:05
someone who 'is completely committed to the idea',
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ใใฎ่€ƒใˆใซๅฎŒๅ…จใซ็†ฑๅฟƒใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ไบบใ‚’ใ€
27:08
from someone who is simply 'ill-informed',
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ๅ˜ใซใ€Œๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ไบบใ€
27:10
meaning someone who 'knows less than they should about a particular topic'.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ ็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟ…่ฆไปฅไธŠใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ไบบใ‚’ๅŒบๅˆฅใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
27:15
Marco thinks it's possible persuade an ill-informed person
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ใƒžใƒซใ‚ณๆฐใฏใ€
27:19
that climate change is a fact,
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27:21
for example by sharing personal stories
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่ฟ‘ๅนดใฎๅคฉๅ€™ใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใช่ฉฑใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
27:24
of how the weather has changed in recent years,
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27:27
or by asking them why they doubt the scientific evidence.
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็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„่จผๆ‹ ใ‚’็–‘ใ†็†็”ฑใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฎใชใ„ไบบใซๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
27:31
'Full-blown' 'climate deniers', on the other hand, are much harder to persuade.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€Œๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชใ€ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใ‚’ ่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ BBC ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ ใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€ŒThe Climate Questionใ€ใงใ€
27:36
Here's Marco Silva again, sharing some advice on how best to talk to people
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ใƒžใƒซใ‚ณ ใ‚ทใƒซใƒใŒๆฐ—ๅ€™ใซใคใ„ใฆ ไบบใ€…ใซ่ฉฑใ™ๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
27:41
about the climate with BBC World Service programme The Climate Question.
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ใ€‚
27:46
A number of researchers and academics have looked into exactly this topic before.
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ๅคšใใฎ็ ”็ฉถ่€…ใ‚„ๅญฆ่€…ใŒ ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใพใ•ใซใ“ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใ‚’่ชฟๆŸปใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ฑใƒณใƒ–ใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธๅคงๅญฆ
27:53
Professor Sander van der Linden,
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27:55
Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Cambridge, is one of them.
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ใฎ็คพไผšๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆๆ•™ๆŽˆใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใƒปใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใƒปใƒ‡ใƒซใƒปใƒชใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใ‚‚ใใฎ ไธ€ไบบใ ใ€‚
27:59
He's been looking into this long and hard,
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ๅฝผใฏใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ้•ทใ็†ฑๅฟƒใซ่ชฟๆŸปใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
28:02
and when I spoke to him, he gave me a couple of tips.
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็งใŒๅฝผใซ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใจใใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
28:06
For instance, don't challenge a climate denier directly.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็•ฐ่ญฐใ‚’ๅ”ฑใˆใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ
28:11
Don't confront them telling them that they're this or that,
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ใ“ใ†ใ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚ใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ€
28:15
throwing insults at them, that their beliefs are wrong โ€”
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซไพฎ่พฑใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใ‹ใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎไฟกๅฟตใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
28:18
that sort of attitude or strategy is only likely to backfire.
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ๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚„ๆˆฆ็•ฅใฏ ้€†ๅŠนๆžœใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:23
If you do that, the chances are
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€
28:25
people are just going to hold on to their views even more firmly.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚ŠใจๆŒใก็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
28:30
Marco mentions Professor van der Linden,
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ใƒžใƒซใ‚ณใฏใ€
28:33
a psychologist who has 'taken a long, hard look' at the issue of climate denial.
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ๅฆๅฎšใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ใ€Œ้•ทใใ€ๅŽณใ—ใๆคœ่จŽใ—ใŸใ€ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใƒปใƒ‡ใƒซใƒปใƒชใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œ
28:40
If you 'take a long, hard look' at something,
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้•ทใใ€ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใจ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ
28:43
you 'examine it very carefully in order to improve it for the future'.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใƒป
28:47
Professor van der Linden advises us not to challenge 'climate deniers' directly,
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ใƒ‡ใƒซใƒปใƒชใƒณใƒ‡ใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใซ็›ดๆŽฅ็•ฐ่ญฐใ‚’ๅ”ฑใˆใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ใพใŸใ€Œ
28:52
and never to 'throw insults' โ€”
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ไพฎ่พฑใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใซ
28:54
'to say offensive, hurtful things directly to someone'.
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ๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใงๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็›ดๆŽฅ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’ๆฑบใ—ใฆใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใจใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
28:58
This approach is unlikely to work and will probably 'backfire',
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒญใƒผใƒใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใ€ ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€Œ่ฃ็›ฎใซๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ€
29:02
or 'have the opposite effect from that intended',
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ใ‹ใ€
29:05
such as making that person's opinion even stronger.
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ใใฎไบบใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅผทใใ™ใ‚‹ใชใฉใ€Œๆ„ๅ›ณใจใฏ้€†ใฎๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
29:08
Instead, what's needed is understanding and empathy โ€”
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ใใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใฏใ€ ็†่งฃใจๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
29:12
realising that 'climate deniers' cannot control the life events
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ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใŒ็ง‘ๅญฆไธไฟกใซใคใชใŒใฃใŸ ไบบ็”Ÿใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
29:16
that led them to mistrust science
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29:19
and the patience to try to show them the difference between fact and fiction.
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ใจใ€ ไบ‹ๅฎŸใจใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎ้•ใ„ใ‚’ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ็คบใใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ่€ๅŠ›ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
29:25
OK, it's time to reveal the answer to your question now, Sam โ€”
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OKใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ‚ตใƒ  โ€”
29:28
what percentage of the global scientific community
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ไธ–็•Œใฎ็ง‘ๅญฆ็•Œใฎไฝ•ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใŒใ€
29:32
agree that human-caused climate change is real?
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ไบบ็‚บ็š„ใชๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒๆœฌ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ ?
29:36
And I guessed it was 99 percent.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏ99ใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใ ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
29:38
โ€” And that was the correct answer, Rob! โ€” Aha!
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โ€” ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ—ใŸใ€ใƒญใƒ–๏ผ โ€” ใ‚ใ‚๏ผ
29:41
The scientific evidence for a climate emergency is overwhelming,
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ๆฐ—ๅ€™็ทŠๆ€ฅไบ‹ๆ…‹ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„่จผๆ‹ ใฏๅœงๅ€’็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
29:45
leaving just the question of what we do about it.
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ๆฎ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
29:48
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned
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ใ•ใฆใ€
29:51
from this programme on 'climate deniers' โ€”
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ  ใ€Œๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅฆๅฎš่ซ–่€…ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
29:54
'people who do not accept that climate change is real'.
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ใ€Œ ๆฐ—ๅ€™ๅค‰ๅ‹•ใŒ็พๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ไบบใ€…ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:57
Someone who is 'ill-informed'
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ใ€Œๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ไบบใฏใ€ใ€Œ
29:59
'knows less than they should about a particular topic'.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟ…่ฆไปฅไธŠใซ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€‚
30:03
The adjective 'full-blown' means 'completely committed or developed'.
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ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒซใƒ–ใƒญใƒผใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฏใ€ ใ€ŒๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ้–‹็™บใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œ
30:08
The idiom 'to take a long, hard look' at something
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้•ทใใ€ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ…ฃ็”จๅฅใฏใ€ใ€Œ
30:11
means 'to examine something very carefully in order to improve it for the future'.
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ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใŸใ‚ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’้žๅธธใซๆณจๆ„ๆทฑใ่ชฟในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
30:16
If you 'throw insults',
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ใ€Œไพฎ่พฑใ‚’ๆŠ•ใ’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ
30:18
you 'say offensive, hurtful things directly to someone'.
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ๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใงๅ‚ทใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็›ดๆŽฅ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
30:22
And finally, if your actions 'backfire',
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใŒใ€Œ่ฃ็›ฎใซๅ‡บใŸใ€ๅ ดๅˆใ€
30:25
they 'have the opposite effect from the one you intended'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจใฏ้€†ใฎๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใ€ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
30:29
Once again, our six minutes are up! Bye for now!
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
30:32
Bye-bye!
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ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚ค๏ผ
30:34
6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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